CS - 5613: Computer Networks

Chapter 1 – Introduction
Course AIM & Objectives
AIM
 Understand the fundamental concepts and basic principles
of computer networks

OBJECTIVES:
 Develop a knowledge of the function of basic concepts of
computer network systems
 Understanding basic design principles in network protocols and
Internet protocols
 Gain an understanding of the principles of operation of a wide
variety of network technologies
 Develop an appreciation of how network services are developed
and a knowledge of their uses
Learning Outcomes
 Familiarity with network terminologies, reference model, applications of
network, design issues and computer network working.
 Knowledge of Data link layer design issues, Framing, Error correction
and Detection techniques.
 Meaning of flow control and its methods.
 Problems associated with broadcast network and multiple access control
protocols.
 Knowledge of LAN, PAN, MAN and WAN.
 Design issues related to Network layer like routing, addressing and their
protocols.
 Introductory knowledge of Transport layer protocols like TCP and UDP.
 Idea about client server architecture and working of DNS, HTTP and E-
Mail.
 Security issues in computer networks and Introduction to Cryptographic
algorithms.
Books
 Text Book(s):
 Andrew S. Tanenbaum, Computer Networks, 5th Edition, Pearson-
Prentice Hall, 2011.

 Reference Book(s):
1. Behrouz A. Frouzan, Data Communications and Networking,
McGraw-Hill Education, 5th Edition, 2013.
2. William Stallings, Data and Computer Communications,
Pearson-Prentice Hall, 8 th Edition, 2007.
3. James F. Kurore & Keith W. Rose, Computer Networking,
Pearson Education, Third Edition, 2005.
4. Douglas Comer, Computer Networks and Internets with
Internet Applications, 4th Edition, Pearson, 2008.
5. William Stallings, Cryptography and Network Security:
Principles and Practice, Prentice Hall of India, 2008.
 Grading
 40% Internals Grading scale:
 Two Best tests out of O : 90 - 100
Three  A+ : 80 - 89
 Quizzes  A : 70 - 79
 Assignments
 B+ : 60 - 69
 B : 50 - 59
 60% End-Semester
 C : 40 - 49
 Final exam
 P : 35 - 39
 F : below 35
Grading

 All submitted work should be yours!

 NO sharing of Assignments

 Originality of answers

 Discussion is encouraged
Your Best Strategy
 Attend every lectures
 Continuity is very important to understand the Course

 Read articles related to network protocols and

networking concept

 Do not wait till last minute to prepare for exam or tests

 Enjoy the fun!

Tentative topics:
 Basics:
• Introduction to Computer Network
• Types of Computer Network
• Applications of Computer Network
• Topology
• Computer Network Components
• Introduction to Internet
 Chapter 1
• Protocol Definition
• packet/circuit switching
• protocol, service and interface
• Network models
• History
 Introduction

 Computer Network

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 Introduction

 Computer Network

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Introduction to Computer Networks

Computer Network

• Computer network connects two or

more autonomous computers.

• Use of same technology across one

network.

• The computers can be

geographically located anywhere.
 Introduction
⚫ Computer Network
– an interconnected collection of autonomous computers
 Internet: “network of networks”
– loosely hierarchical
– public Internet versus private intranet
 WWW a distributed systems run on the top of Internet
⚫ Distributed System
– High degree of cohesiveness and transparency
– A software system built on top of a network

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2
Internet
Three important terms in computer networking is:

• Nodes
• Communication links
• switching Devices
Applications of Network???
Applications of Network
• Resource Sharing
• Hardware (computing resources, disks, printers)
• Software (application software)
• Information Sharing
• Easy accessibility from anywhere (files, databases)
• Search Capability (WWW)
• Communication
• Email
• Message broadcast
• Remote computing
• Distributed processing (GRID Computing)
Types of Network??
Types of Network
 LAN
 MAN
 WAN
 PAN
LAN, MAN & WAN
• Network in small geographical Area (Room, Building or a
Campus) is called LAN (Local Area Network)

• Network in a City is call MAN (Metropolitan Area Network)

• Network spread geographically (Country or across Globe) is

called WAN (Wide Area Network)

• Network of personal technology devices over a short distance,

which is less than 33 feet or 10 meters or within the range of
an individual person is called PAN (Personal Area Network)
 Network Hardware

Classification of interconnected processors by scale.

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Personal Area Network

Bluetooth PAN configuration

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 Local Area Networks

Wireless and wired LANs. (a) 802.11. (b) Switched Ethernet.

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Local Area Networks (LANs)
· Characterics of LANs: (a) privated-owned, (b) small size,
(c) transmission technology, (d) topology
· Ethernets are most popular (up to 10 Gb/s)

Four broadcast networks

(a) Bus 802.3
(b) Ring 802.5
(c) Token Ring 802.4 22
(d) Wireless LAN 802.11
 Local Area Networks
⚫ Characteristics
– small size
– transmission technology
• single cable (single channel)
• 10Mbps ~ 10Gb/s
• 10Gb/s : 10,000,000.000 bps
– topology:
• bus
– Ethernet (IEEE 802.3): 10 or 100 Mbps (10Gb/s)
• ring
– IBM token ring (IEEE 802.5): 4 or 16 Mbps
• Wireless broadcast
⚫ Channel allocation of broadcast networks
– static: each machine has an allocated time slot
– dynamic 23
Metropolitan Area Networks

A metropolitan area network based on cable TV.

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 Wide Area Networks (WANs)
·WANs are point-to-point networks
·WANs consist of two distinct components:
transmission lines (copper, fiber, microwave) and switches (electronics, optics)
 Store-and-forward or packet-switched subnet

Relation between hosts on LANs and the subnet. 25

 Wide Area Networks

WAN that connects three branch offices in Australia

Computer Networks, Fifth Edition by Andrew Tanenbaum and David Wetherall, © Pearson Education-Prentice Hall, 2011
 Wide Area Networks

WAN using a virtual private network.

Computer Networks, Fifth Edition by Andrew Tanenbaum and David Wetherall, © Pearson Education-Prentice Hall, 2011
 Wide Area Networks

WAN using an ISP network.

Computer Networks, Fifth Edition by Andrew Tanenbaum and David Wetherall, © Pearson Education-Prentice Hall, 2011
 Subnet (WANs)
Subnet (WANs) is consists of two components:
– transmission lines (circuits, channels, trunks)
• move bits between machines
– switching elements
• connect transmission lines
• Router: also called packet switching nodes,
intermediate systems, and data switching exchanges
• Operate in store-and-forward, or packet-switched
mode.

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30
Network Topology

• The network topology

defines the way in which
computers, printers, and
other devices are connected.

• A network topology
describes the layout of the
wire and devices as well as
the paths used by data
transmissions.
Bus Topology

• Commonly referred to as a
linear bus, all the devices
on a bus topology are
connected by one single
cable.
Star & Tree Topology
• The star topology is the most
commonly used architecture in
Ethernet LANs.
• When installed, the star topology
resembles spokes in a bicycle wheel.
• Larger networks use the extended
star topology also called tree
topology.
• When used with network devices that
filter frames or packets, like bridges,
switches, and routers, this topology
significantly reduces the traffic on
the wires by sending packets only to
the wires of the destination host.
Ring Topology
• A frame travels around the ring,
stopping at each node. If a node wants to
transmit data, it adds the data as well as
the destination address to the frame.
• The frame then continues around the
ring until it finds the destination node,
which takes the data out of the frame.
• Single ring – All the devices on the
network share a single cable
• Dual ring – The dual ring topology
allows data to be sent in both
directions.
Mesh Topology
• The mesh topology connects all
devices (nodes) to each other for
redundancy and fault tolerance.
• It is used in WANs to
interconnect LANs and for
mission critical networks like
those used by banks and financial
institutions.
• Implementing the mesh topology
is expensive and difficult.
Network Components
• Physical Media
• Interconnecting Devices
• Computers / devices
• Networking Software
• Applications
Networking Media
• Networking media or
communication media can
be defined simply as the
means by which signals
(data) are sent from one
computer to another (either
by cable or wireless means).
 Physical Media
Twisted Pair (TP)
 Bit: propagates between  two insulated copper wires
transmitter/receiver pairs  Category 3: traditional phone
 physical link: what lies wires, 10 Mbps Ethernet
between transmitter & receiver  Category 5:
100Mbps Ethernet
 guided media:
 signals propagate in solid media:
copper, fiber, coax
 unguided media:
 signals propagate freely, e.g.,
radio waves, microwaves

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 Physical Media: coax, fiber
Coaxial cable: Fiber optic cable:
❑ glass fiber carrying light pulses,
 two concentric copper each pulse a bit
conductors ❑ high-speed operation:
 bidirectional ❖ high-speed point-to-point
 baseband: transmission (e.g., 10’s-
 single channel on cable 100’s Gps)
 legacy Ethernet ❑ low error rate: repeaters spaced
far apart ; immune to
 broadband: electromagnetic noise
 multiple channels on cable
 HFC

1-40
 Physical media: radio
 signal carried in Radio link types:
electromagnetic spectrum ❑ terrestrial microwave
❖ e.g. up to 45 Mbps channels
 no physical “wire”
❑ LAN (e.g., Wifi)
 bidirectional ❖ 11Mbps, 54 Mbps
 propagation environment ❑ wide-area (e.g., cellular)

effects: ❖ 3G cellular: ~ 1 Mbps

 reflection ❑ satellite

 obstruction by objects ❖ Kbps to 45Mbps channel (or

 interference
multiple smaller channels)
❖ 270 msec end-end delay
❖ geosynchronous versus low
altitude

1-41
Networking Devices
• HUB, Switches, Routers,
Wireless Access Points,
Modems etc.
 Computer Network Components

1-43
 Computers / Devices
 end systems , hosts, user, end
user, node :
 run application programs
e.g. Web, email peer-peer
• client/server model
• client host requests, receives
service from always-on server
• e.g. Web browser/server; client/server
email client/server

• peer-peer model:
• minimal (or no) use of
dedicated servers
• e.g. Skype, online gaming
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Computers: Clients and Servers
• In a client/server network
arrangement, network
services are located in a
dedicated computer whose
only function is to respond
to the requests of clients.

• The server contains the file,

print, application,
security, and other
services in a central
computer that is
continuously available to
respond to client requests.
Computers: Clients and Servers
• client-server is a software
architecture model
consisting of two
parts, client systems
and server systems, both
communicating over
a computer network or on
the same computer.
• one program (the client)
requests a service or
resource from another
program (the server)
Computers: Peer-to-peer
• A peer-to-peer (P2P)
network is created when
two or more PCs are
connected and share
resources without going
through a separate server
computer.

• each computer on a P2P

network becomes a file
server as well as a client.
Transmission Technology
• Peer-to-peer or Unicast

• Broadcast
 Internet

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 Internet Applications??

52 20-03-2023
Internet Applications
• E-mail
• Web Surfing
• E-Commerce
• News Groups
• Internet Telephony (VoIP)
• Video Conferencing
• File Sharing
• Instant Messaging
• Internet Radio
• Remote Login
• Social Networks
• Television over Internet
 Chapter 1: Introduction

1-54 Introduction
 What’s a protocol?
• Set of rules to be followed

• Communication Protocol: An agreement between the

communicating peers on how communication is to
proceed.
 What’s a protocol?
human protocols: network protocols:
 “Excuse me”  machines rather than
 “what’s the time?” humans
 “Can I take…”  all communication activity
in Internet governed by
protocols
… specific msgs sent
… specific actions taken protocols define format, order of
msgs sent and received among
when msgs received, or network entities, and actions
other events taken on msg transmission, receipt

1-56 Introduction
 What’s a protocol?
A human protocol and a computer network protocol:

TCP connection
Hi request

Hi
TCP connection
Got the response
time?
Get http://www.awl.com/kurose-
2:00 ross
time
<file>

1-57
Q: Other human protocols?
Other human protocols
- Traffic Protocol
- Curfew Protocol
- Covid-19 Protocols
How to Solve a Complex Problem?
How to Solve a Complex Problem?

 Modular Approach

 Modules Vs. Layer

The layering Principle
 Network Software

• Protocol Hierarchies (Layer structure)

• Design Issues for the Layers
• Connection-Oriented and Connectionless Services
• Service Primitives
• The Relationship of Services to Protocols

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 Network Software
Protocol Hierarchies
– a series of layers (levels)
– lower layer provides service to higher layers
– protocol:
• an agreement between the communication parties on how
communication is to proceed
– Peers:
• the corresponding layers on different machines.
– Network architecture: a set of layers and protocols
– Protocol stack:
• a list of protocols used by a certain system, one protocol per
layer
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 Network Software Protocol Hierarchies
Virtual
Communication

→ Peer

Physical
Communication

Layers, protocols, and interfaces.

Network Architecture: A set of layers and protocols 34
Protocol Stack: A list of protocols used by a certain system, one protocol per layer.
 Network Software
❖ Layering
➭ To make things simple: modularization container
➭ Different layer has different functions
➭ Create layer boundary such that
▪ description of services can be small
▪ number of interactions across boundary are minimized
▪ potential for interface standardized

➭ Different level of abstraction in the handling of data (e.g.,

syntax, semantics)
➭ Provide appropriate services to upper layer
➭ Use service primitives of lower layer
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The layering Principle (Contd…)
The layering Principle (Contd…)
 Design Issues for the Layers
• Addressing (telephone number, e-mail address, IP
address,…)
• Error Control (error correction codes, ARQ,
HARQ,…)
• Flow Control (feedback-based, rate-based)
• Multiplexing (gathering several small messages
with the same destination into a single large
message or vice versa → Demultiplexing)
• Routing (directing traffic to the destination)

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 Design Issues for Layers

⚫ Identify senders and receivers

– multiple computers and processes: addressing
⚫ Data transfer
– simplex, half-duplex, full-duplex communication
– # of logical channels per connections, priorities
⚫ Error control
– error detection
– error correction
⚫ Sequencing of pieces

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 Design Issues for Layers
⚫ Flow control
– feedback from the receiver
– agreed upon transmission rate
⚫ Length of messages
– long messages: disassemble, transmit, and reassmeble
messages
– short messages: gather several small messages
⚫ Multiplexing and Demultiplexing
– when expensive to set up a separate connection
– needed in physical layer
⚫ Routing: split over two or more layers
– High level: London -> France or Germany -> Rome
– Low level: many available circuits 40
 Services and Interfaces
 Service is defined as a set of primitive operations.
 Services are provided by layer to each of layers above
it.
 Between each pair of adjacent layers is an interface.
 The interface defines which primitive operations and
services the lower layer makes available to the upper
one.

Reference : https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/interfaces-
and-services/
Protocols, Services and Interfaces
• Protocols : Implementation of function
• Services: defines layer’s semantics
• Interfaces: tells the processes above it how to access it.
• When network designers decide how many layers to
include in a network and what each one should do, one
of the most important considerations is defining clean
interfaces between the layers.
• make it simpler to replace the implementation of one
layer with a completely different implementation (e.g.,
all the telephone lines are replaced by satellite channels)
 Protocols, Services and
Interfaces
 This concept is actually a familiar one and used
throughout computer science, where it is variously
known as information hiding, abstract data types,
data encapsulation, and object-oriented
programming.
 The fundamental idea is that a particular piece of
software (or hardware) provides a service to its users
but keeps the details of its internal state and algorithms
hidden from them.
The relationship of Service
Connection-Oriented vs.
Connectionless
 Service Primitives
A service is formally specified by a set of primitives (basic operations) available to a
user or other entity to access the service.

Example: five service primitives for implementing a simple connection-oriented

service.
The OSI Reference Model
 The functions of the seven layers
• The physical layer is concerned with transmitting raw bits over a
communication channel
• The data link layer performs flow control and also transforms a raw
• transmission facility into a line that appears error free (ARQ)
• The network layer controls the operation of the subnet, e.g. routing,
flow control, internetworking,…
• The transport layer performs assembling and disassembling,
isolates the upper layers from the changes in the network hardware,
and determines the type of services
• The session layer establishes sessions (dialog control, …)
• The presentation layer is concerned with the syntax and semantics
• The application layer contains a variety of commonly used
protocols (e.g. Hyper Text Transfer Protocol for WWW, file
transfer, e-mail, network news,…)
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The TCP/IP Reference Model
 The TCP/IP Reference Model (Contd…)

Protocols and networks in the TCP/IP model initially.

The TCP/IP Reference Model (Contd…)

Overview of the Internet.

Switching (Intermediary) Devices