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Alokasyon at Mga Sistemang Pang
Alokasyon at Mga Sistemang Pang
Balik Aral!
ALOKASYON
Distribusyon – paraan kung paano ipapamahagi ang mga salik ng produksyon (lupa, paggawa, kapital).
URI NG ALOKASYON
Kung paano gagamitin ng mahusay ang mga ito upang matugunan ang PANGANGAILANGAN AT
KAGUSTUHAN ng tao.
BUDGET
Ito ang pamamaraan ng pagtugon ng tao ukol sa suliranin ng kakapusan ng mga pinagkukunang
yaman.
Pagtatakda takdang dami ng pinagkukunang yaman para matugunan ang mga pangangailangan at
kagustuhan ng tao.
Ito ay isinasagawa upang hindi humantong sa pagka-ubos ang mga limitadong pinagkukunang
yaman.
Ang Pamilihan ay itinuturing na pangunahing mekanismo ng alokasyon dahil ito ang nagpapakita kung
paano nagagawang ibahagi ang mga Pinagkukunang yaman ng bansa sa paglikha ng maraming
produkto.
Isa sa mga paraan sa pamamahagi ng pinagkukunang yaman ay ang pagpapalawak ng gamit sa mga ito.
May mga pamamarang ginagamit sa pamamahagi ng mga pinagkukunang yaman upang sagutin ang
mga problemang Pang-ekonomiya.
May tatlong mahalagang pamamaraan upang mapalawak ang mga pinagkukunang yaman.
Konserbasyon ay ang matalinong paggamit ng mga likas na yaman. Ito ay isinasagawa upang ang
susunod na henerasyon ay mayroong aabutan at gagamitin na mga likas na yaman.
Ang wastong paggamit ng mga likas na yaman ay makatutulong sa pagpapaunlad ng ating ekonomiya.
2. Pamumuhunan
Ang pamumuhunan ay ang pagdaragdag ng kapital upang maisagawa ang mga gawain.
Pagbili ng mga dekalidad at mataas na uri ng mga gamit tulad ng mga makinarya o ibang kagamitan.
Pisikal na yaman
Edukasyon
Pagdaragdag ng capital upang makabili mga dekalidad na uri ng binhi tulad ng palay at iba pang
pananim.
Pagbili ng modernong makinarya upang mapabilis ang pagproseso.
Pagbibigay ng edukasyon, pagsasanay at workshop sa mga manggagawa upang maging produktibo
3. Paggamit ng makabagong teknolohiya
Mga pangunahing katanungang pang- ekonomiko upang matiyak na efficient at maayos ang alokasyon ng
mga pinagkukunang- yaman.
Hindi makagagawa ang lipunan ng produktong kailangan ng tao ayon sa dami at uri na gusto ng
lahat. Bahagi ito ng suliranin ng kakapusan. Ang desisyon kung anong produkto at serbisyo ang
gagawin ay nakasalalay sa pangangailangan ng tao.
Kung paano isasakatuparan ang pagbuo ng produkto at serbisyo ay nakasalalay kung anong input
ang gagamitin. Marami ring mga paraan na maaaring gamitin kung papaano isasakatuparan ang
produksiyon.
Maaaring gumamit ng teknolohiya o tradisyonal na paraan ng paggawa upang mabuo ang
output
Kabilang dito kung sinu-sino ang lilikha ng mga kalakal at serbisyo at ang mga paraan, teknolohiya at
presyo ng mga bagay na kailangan sa paglikha nito.
Kabilang dito kung sino-sino ang makikinabang sa mga malilikhang kalakal at serbisyo at kung paano
maisasagawa ang maayos na distribusyon nito.
MGA SISTEMANG PANG-EKONOMIYA
Paraan na isinasagawa ng mga bansa sa daigdig upang sagutin ang problemang pangkabuhayan ay
ang pagpapatupad ng iba’t-ibang sistemang pang-ekonomya.
Ang bawat sistema ay maaaring baguhin ayon sa pangangailangan ng ekonomiya kaya sinasabing
walang perpektong sistema na angkop sa isang bansa sa bawat pagdaan ng panahon.
Layunin nito na mapigilan ang labis-labis na paglikha ng mga kalakal at serbisyo at maiwasan ang
kakulangan ng mga ito.
Sistemang Pang-ekonomiya
Layunin nito na mapigilan ang labis-labis na paglikha ng mga kalakal at serbisyo at maiwasan ang
kakulangan ng mga ito.
Ang paraan ng pagsasaayos ng iba’t ibang yunit upang makatugon sa suliraning pangkabuhayan ng
isang lipunan.
Traditional
Market Economy
Command Economy
Mixed Economy
TRADISYONAL NA EKONOMIYA
Ang bawat tao sa ekonomiyang ito ay batid ang kanyang gampanin at tungkulin sa lipunan. Ngunit,
wala silang karapatan na magdesisyon sa mga uri ng produkto at serbisyo na gusto nilang matamo.
Ang pagdedesisyon sa pagsagot sa mga suliraning ano, paano, at para kanino ang gawain ay
isinasagawa ng indibidwal at pribadong sektor.
MGA URI:
A. PIYUDALISMO
Fief – ang pinagkakaloob ng mga feudal lord sa mga vassals bilang kabayaran.
B. Manoryalismo
C. Merkantilismo
D. Kapitalismo
Rebolusyong Industriyal
panahon kung saan nagsimula ang pagkilala sa mga karapatan ng pribadong sektor sa pagpapaunlad ng
industriya.
ang nagbigay-daan sa pagkilala ng mga ng mga pribadong sector binigyang pansin ang ideya ni
Adams Smith
May akda ng “An Inquiry Into the Causes and Wealth of Nations”
Adam Smith
“An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations”
Let Alone Policy
Invisible Hand
tinawag na “Ama ng makabagong Ekonomiks”
Laissez-faire
Ang pamahalaan ay hindi dapat makialam sa pagpapaunlad at pagpapatakbo ng mga indibidwal sa
mga industriya at negosyo.
1. Paggawa ng Desisyon
2. Pagtatakda ng Presyo
3. Pag-aari ng Yaman
4. Pangunahing Layunin – Tubo
Free-enterprise System
kompetisyon at hangaring tumubo ang nagpapasigla sa ekonomiya ng isang bansa
pagpapanatili ng kaayusan at kapayapaan ng ekonomiya
Pribadong sector
Sinumang indibidwal ay may kalayaang mag negosyo na hindi labag sa batas,magmay-ari ng kahit
gaano karaming yaman o capital, magtakda ng presyo, at lumikha at bumili ng ninanais na
produkto
Invisible hand
Sitwasyon na nagaganap ng walang pangkalahatang plano ng pamahalaan.
Desentralisado
Ang indibidwal at pribadong sector ang gumagawa ng desisyon ukol sa uri ng produkto,dami ng
gagawin,at paraan ng paglikha ng produkto.
Market na Ekonomiya
Ayon sa indibidwal
Common – pagkakapantay-pantay
A. Komunismo
Karl Marx at Friedrich Engels – sumulat sa mga aklat na “The Communist Manifesto” at “Das
Kapital” na tinaguriang bibliya ng komunismo.
estado ang kumokontrol at nag- mamay-ari ng lahat ng industriya at yaman ng bansa. Si Karl Marx
ang nagtaguyod ng kaisipang ito, na lahat ng tao ay pantay-pantay.
Ang komunismo ay isang sistemang pang-ekonomiya kung saan ang estado ang nagmamay-ari at
kumukontrol sa yaman ng bansa at produksyon.
Central Planning Board- nagsasagawa ng plano at ang bawat tao ay gagawa at kikilos batay sa
kanilang kaalaman at kakayahan, sila ay babayaran ng ayon sa kanilang pangangailangan at hindi
pweding magkaroon ng pribadong industriya ang sinuman.
Classless society- walang uring lipunan kung saan nagmula ang mga proletariat
Russia- ang kauna-unahang bansang tumangkilik nito sa pamumuno ni Vladimir Lenin o mas kilala sa
tawag na Nikolai Lenin- 1917
B. Pasismo
Command Economy
Ang pamahalaan ay may ganap na kapangyarihan na gamitin ng husto ang lupa, paggawa at kapital
upang makamit ang mga layuning pang-ekonomiya.
Ang mga patakaran sa command economy ay ipinatupad sa dating Soviet Union. Sa kasalukuyan,
nananatiling may ganitong sistemang pang-ekonomiya ang Cuba at North Korea.
Sosyalism
Welfare state- daan upang ang mga pangangailangan ng lahat tao ay maibigay ng pamahalaan
Sa mixed economy- binabalanse ang pagkontrol at kalayaan ng pamahalaan at mamamayan
ang pamahalaan ay binigyang proteksyon ang mga may pribadong sector
Ang pamahalaan ang nagpapagawa ng mga kalsada para magamit ng lahat ng mamamayan
Nagtatalaga ng military at pulis upang magkaroon ng kapayapaan at kaayusan sa ekonomiya
Mixed Economy
ang pangunahing industriya ay hawak ng estado at ang mamamayan ay pinapayagan na magmay-ari
ng maliliit na negosyo.
Hinahayaan ang malayang pagkilos ng pamilihan subalit maaring manghimasok ang pamahalaan sa
presyo at kaligtasan ng mamimili.
Hinahayaan dito ang malayang pagkilos ng pamilihan subalit maaaring manghimasok o makialam ang
pamahalaan sa mga usaping nauukol sa pangangalaga ng kalikasan, katarungang panlipunan, at
pagmamay-ari ng estado.
Mixed Economy
Ang sistemang mixed economy ay nagpapahintulot din na makagawa ng mga pribadong pagpapasya ang
mga kompanya at indibidwal. Gayumpaman, ito ay hindi nangangahulugang ganap na awtonomiya para
sa kanila sapagkat ang karamihan sa mga desisyong ito ay ginagabayan ng pamahalaan.
Pinaghalong Ekonomiya
Pinagpapasiyahan ng
Market indibidwal ayon sa Ayon sa indibidwal Ayon sa indibidwal
merkado
Pinagpapasiyahan ng
Command Ayon sa estado Ayon sa estado
estado
Reader’s Theatre
1. to enable students to understand reader’s theatre as a means for introducing a story to an audience.
2. to practice doing a reader’s theatre with the correct intonation, characterization and staging routines.
Notes
Dramatic reading aloud of a story in groups, mainly making use of one’s voice, facial expressions and
simple hand movements.
With minimal use of props and body movement.
Presenters stand in a line, holding the script in hand.
It is not drama as there is no need to memorise the script, set up elaborate props and use dramatic
body movement.
May make use of simple props e.g. head bands, and backdrop e.g. powerpoint slides
May make use of music and simple sound effects.
Presenters stand in a line. Each presenter should make sure that the audience can see him.
Use loudness (stress), facial expressions and simple hand movements to get across the meaning of
the text.
May use repetitions/chorus
Reading comprehension
Practise reading aloud with meaning
Enhance confidence in using English
Enhance peer learning/co-operation
Can be carried out as a whole class activity
Choice of text
Nuts
Little Red Hen
Three Billy Goats Gruff
The Princess And The Pea
FILIPINO
TANKA AT HAIKU
TANKA
HAIKU
During the past years, there has been a significant decline in the number of drug users in the
Philippines as reported by the Dangerous Drug Board (DDB). From around 6.7 million in 2004, it went
down to 1.7 million in 2015. This can be attributed to the intense and extensive efforts of the
government in combating the threat, trafficking, and use of illegal drugs through the operations
conducted by the different law enforcement agencies (PNP, NBI, PDEA, and DDB).
According to the 2018 statistics released by DDB, the most common types of abused substances are
Shabu, Marijuana, Cocaine, and Rugby.
RUGBY
Refers to a brand of a contact cement that is especially used to glue materials or surfaces together.
Labeled as a dangerous drug by the Philippine Drug Enforcement Agency (PDEA) as it is being
misused as an inhalant by some people.
WHAT IS DRUG?
A Drug is any chemical substance that alters either the mind or the body. Such substances can turn
harmful and fatal when not properly taken.
A. Over-the-counter (OTC) drugs are drugs that do not need a prescription in buying.
B. Prescription drugs are restricted drugs that can only be purchased legally when prescribed by
physicians.
These drugs are controlled substances as they are usually abused. They are dangerous when not
properly used. Most of these substances are psychoactive drugs affecting the central nervous system.
They change moods, feelings, personalities, and behavior.
With the high potential for abuse, the law has strict regulations on controlled substances from possession,
manufacturing sale, and distribution. Abuse of controlled drugs like stimulants, depressants, narcotics,
and hallucinogens, especially without prescription, is called illegal drug use.
Prohibited drugs – include opium and its active components and derivatives, such as heroin and
morphine.
Regulated drugs – are self-inducing sedatives such as amphetamines or any drug which
produces physiological actions similar to amphetamine.
What are the factors that influence substance use and abuse?
Risk factors of young people vulnerable to drug use: Protective factors against drug abuse:
1. Lack of self-respect 1. Self-respect
2. Unable to express emotions in healthful ways 2. Practice resistance skills
3. Friends not involved in drug misuse and
3. Peers using drugs
abuse
4. Accessibility to drugs 4. Able to delay gratification
5. Unable to delay gratification 5. Being resilient
6. Peer rejection 6. Social skills
7. Drug-dependent biological family Member 7. Set goals and planning
8. Problems in family relationships 8. Healthful family relationship
9. Role models who are drug-users 9. Positive role models
10. Using drugs early in life 10. Stress management skills
11. Not active in school activities and sports 11. Anger management skills
12. Disrespect for authority and the law 12. Involved in school activities and sports
“SUBSTANCE OF ABUSE”
Anti-psychotic drugs which depress the central nervous system creating relaxation, drowsiness, and
sleepiness.
Higher doses of these drugs would cause impaired memory, judgement, and coordination; paranoia
and suicidal tendencies; and coma or death.
The types of depressants are:
a) Tranquilizers – mild effects used for anxiety
b) Barbiturates- more potent depressants used for sleep disorders and seizures.
c) Hypnotics- the strongest of the depressants.
are drugs which slow down the central nervous system. Analgesic or drugs that relieve pain.
Slow down body functions like breathing and heart rate.
a. OPIUM – made from seedpod of the poppy plants which produces euphoric effects or
unconsciousness lasting for hours.
b. MORPHINE – a widely-used painkiller derived from opium.
c. HEROIN – developed from morphine as treatment for tuberculosis and cure for morphine addiction.
4. HALLUCINOGENS – also called psychedelic drugs,
are drugs which interfere with our senses and cause hallucination.
Bring imagined sights, sounds, or feelings and may result to memory loss, personality changes, non-
performance of normal activities, or losing track of time and surrounding.
These are illegal drugs because these have no medical use.
Some types of Hallucinogen drugs are LSD or lysergic acid diethylamide, PCP or angel dust ketamine,
and mescaline.
5. INHALANTS – are chemicals that produce vapor, affecting mood and behavior when inhaled.
Most abused inhalants are easily accessible because they are not produced to be inhaled. They are
common household products, construction and industrial supplies, beauty products, and medical
supplies found at home and at the workplace.
They deliver a very quick high, by sniffing, huffing, or bagging from balloons, aerosol cans, and other
container, but usually last only for a few minutes.
Harmful effects to health of these chemicals are permanent brain damage, leukemia, poisoning,
mental dysfunction, damaged heart and kidney, or even sudden death.
Some types of inhalants include rugby, nail polish remover, gasoline, nitrous oxide or laughing gas,
and furniture polish.
Drug abuse is using a harmful drug on purpose. People that abuse drugs need help. They harm
themselves and those who are close to them. Their actions bring harm to the society as well.
Is the licit or illicit use of any chemical substance that may lead to a person’s physical, mental, or
social impairment.
This includes the following;
Using drugs and substances:
1. without benefit or medical prescription of useful drugs which can greatly affect the mood or
behaviour
2. for a purpose different from the one for which the drug has been prescribed
Is the intentional and unintentional use of prescribed medication in a manner that is contrary to
directions, regardless of whether a harmful outcome occurs.
Young individuals have different reasons of misuse or abuse of drugs. They probably do so because of
the following:
3. Peer pressure – in adolescence stage, individuals have a strong need to belong to “the group”.
If peers abuse drugs, there is a strong pressure on group members to do likewise.
4. Adult Modeling – young people try to be grown-ups. Smoking and alcoholic drinking may be an early
start of adult modeling.
5. Mood Alteration – some individuals use drugs merely to change their emotions.
6. Boredom – young people who have no interest in childhood activities but are not yet able to engage in
adult activities may feel boredom.
7. Alienation – there are individuals who feel unwanted and unloved. These people view themselves as
social misfits. Drugs then act as instruments to exhaust feelings of alienation.
DRUG USE AND ABUSE DOES NOT ONLY AFFECT THE PERSON CONCERNED. THE IMMEDIATE
FAMILY, SCHOOL, AND COMMUNITY, WHERE THE PERSON BELONGS TO, ARE ALSO AFFECTED
BY THE ADDICTION.
a) Family pain
b) Physical health problems
c) Separation of family members
d) Financial troubles
e) Negligence of duties and responsibilities
f) Dishonor and embarrassment to the family
Helpful skills that will enable a person to say NO or leave a situation and not be forced into it.
Also known as “refusal skill”, these are useful against negative peer pressure
Helps individuals practice ways to reinforce decisions, gain confidence and learn delayed gratification.
The following tips are used to developed resistance skills, especially when pressured to use
drugs:
There are many ways to keep young people active and avoid peer pressure and situations that could lead
to drug use.
1. SPORTS
2. VOLUNTEERING
3. CLUBS OR ORGNIZATION
4. HOBBY
ACTIVITY:
On a long bond paper, create a poem about the effects of Drug abuse in one’s life and suggest healthy
alternatives to substance use and abuse. The poem should have five (5) stanzas with four (4) lines
each. (Should be handwritten)
Create your own title for your poem.
Write your name, grade, and the section on the upper left corner of the bond paper.