International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer 46 (2013) 112–125

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International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer

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Numerical study on mixed convection in an inclined lid-driven cavity

with discrete heating☆
S. Sivasankaran a,⁎, V. Sivakumar b, Ahmed Kadhim Hussein c
a
Institute of Mathematical Sciences, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
b
Department of Mathematics, Knowledge Institute of Technology, Salem 637 504, India
c
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Babylon University, Babylon City, Hilla, Iraq

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Available online 6 June 2013 The present investigation deals with numerical analysis on mixed convection in an inclined square cavity
with different sizes and locations of the heater. The left wall is heated fully or partially with higher temper-
Keywords: ature whereas the opposite wall is kept with lower temperature. In the left wall, three different sizes and lo-
Mixed convection cations of the heater are considered. The governing transformed equations are solved numerically using the
Lid-driven cavity finite volume method. Simulations are performed on different Richardson numbers, different sizes and loca-
Discrete heating
tions of the heater and the cavity inclination angles. It is observed that the high heat transfer is found at cavity
Inclination
inclination angle of γ = 30° in the buoyancy convection dominated regime when the heater is located at the
middle of the cavity.
© 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

1. Introduction thermal activities. Numerical simulation of mixed convection heat

The fundamental problem of mixed convection heat transfer in a
closed cavity has received considerable attention from researchers
in the past decades because of its applications in cooling of electronic
systems, nuclear reactors, chemical processing equipment, lubricat-
ing grooves, coating and industrial processes, float glass manufactur-
ing and solidification processes [1–4]. Mohammad and Viskanta [5]
made an analysis on mixed convection in a square lid-driven cavity
with a stable vertical temperature gradient. They found that the
multi-cellular flow regimes and transition to three-dimensional flow
occur in the cavity. Mixed convection in a square cavity in the presence
of the magnetic field was studied by Chamkha [6]. The result showed
that the average Nusselt number for aiding flow increases on increasing
the Grashof number with a fixed value of the Reynolds number.
Jeng and Tzeng [7] numerically investigated the heat transfer in a
lid-driven cavity filled with water-saturated aluminum foam. Their re-
sult shows that the local heat transfer rate increases with the Reynolds
number for constant Grashof number. Ghasemi and Aminossadati [8]
studied mixed convection in a lid-driven triangular enclosure. They
concluded that the downward sliding wall provides higher heat transfer
rate compared to the upward sliding wall. Hydro-magnetic mixed
convection heat transfer in a lid-driven cavity heated from below was
numerically studied by Nasrin and Parvin [9]. They observed that the
variation in the Reynolds number affects significantly the flow and
☆ Communicated by W.J. Minkowycz.
⁎ Corresponding author.
E-mail address: sd.siva@yahoo.com (S. Sivasankaran).
and mass transfer in a right triangular enclosure was investigated by
Ching et al. [10]. They showed that multiple cells are formed for higher
Richardson numbers when the lid moves downward.
Convection in a square cavity with partially heated walls has been
a central topic due to its applications such as electronic equipment
cooling, solar energy collectors and nuclear reactor [11]. Natural con-
vection in an enclosure with partial heating and cooling was studied
by Yucel and Turkoglu [12]. They observed that the mean Nusselt num-
ber decreases on increasing the heater size for a given cooler size. Oztop
[13] made a numerical simulation on combined convection in a partially
heated lid-driven enclosure. He found that the location of the heater is
the most effective parameter on combined convection flow. The effect
of location and size of the heater on mixed convection in a lid-driven
cavity was investigated by Sivakumar et al. [14]. They observed that
the heat transfer rate is enhanced on reducing the heater size along
the left wall. Sankar and Do [15] performed a numerical investigation
on the effect of discrete heating on free convection heat transfer in a
vertical cylindrical annulus. They exhibited that the maximum heat
transfer takes place at the bottom heater. Numerical study on natural
convection in a rectangular porous enclosure with five different loca-
tions of heating and cooling zones was investigated by Bhuvaneswari
et al. [16]. They found that the heat transfer rate is increased on increas-
ing the Grashof number.
The effects due to the inclination of the cavity play an important
role in the cooling of electronic equipments especially inside the lap-
top computers. These types of computers work at different inclination
angles on humans’ hands and in different environmental conditions.
Natural convection in an inclined enclosure was numerically studied
by Rasoul and Prinos [17]. They observed that the mean heat transfer

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 S. Sivasankaran et al. / International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer 46 (2013) 112–125 113

2. Mathematical formulation
Nomenclature
Fig. 1(a) shows the physical model of the present study schemat-
cp specific heat (J/(kg.K)) ically. The system is considered to be unsteady, laminar, incompress-
g gravitational acceleration (m/s2) ible mixed convective flow and heat transfer in a two dimensional
Gr Grashof number (−) square cavity of length L filled with air. The top horizontal wall (lid)
k thermal conductivity (W/(m⋅K)) of the cavity moves rightwards with a constant speed U0. The right
L cavity length (m) wall is maintained at a lower temperature Tc while the left wall is ei-
LH heater length (m) ther fully or partially heated to higher temperature TH such that
Nu local Nusselt number (−) TH > Tc. Three different sizes LH of the heater and three different loca-
Nu average Nusselt number (−) tions of it are used along the left wall. The remaining portions of the
p pressure (N/m2) left wall, top and bottom walls of the cavity are taken to be insulated.
Pr Prandtl number (−) The cavity inclination angle (γ) varies from 0° to 90°. The gravity acts
Re Reynolds number (−) in the negative y-direction and changes according to the inclination of
Ri Richardson number (−) the enclosure. The thermo-physical properties of the fluid are taken
T dimensionless temperature to be constant, except the density in the buoyancy term. The density
t time (s) varies linearly with temperature as ρ = ρ0[1 − β(T − Tc)], where β
u, v velocity components (m/s) is being the coefficient of thermal expansion and subscript 0 denotes
U, V dimensionless velocities the reference state. The Boussinesq approximation is valid. In this
U0 lid velocity (m/s) investigation, the viscous dissipation is neglected. With above men-
x, y Cartesian coordinates (m) tioned assumptions, the unsteady governing equations can be written
X, Y dimensionless coordinates as

∂u ∂v
þ ¼0 ð1Þ
Greek symbols ∂x ∂y
α thermal diffusivity (m2/s)
β coefficient of thermal expansion (K−1) !
∂u ∂u ∂u 1 ∂p ∂2 u ∂2 u
ε1 center of the heater from bottom (m) þu þv ¼− þν þ þ gβðT−T c Þ sin γ ð2Þ
∂t ∂x ∂y ρ0 ∂x ∂x2 ∂y2
ζ dimensionless vorticity
θ temperature (K)
μ dynamic viscosity (Pa.s)
v kinematic viscosity (m2/s)
a)
ρ density (kg/m3)
τ dimensionless time
ψ stream function (m2/s)
Ψ dimensionless stream function
Ω vorticity (1/s)

Subscripts
0 reference state
c cold wall
H heater

rate increases on increasing the Rayleigh number for all the cavity in-
clination angles. Cianfrini et al. [18] numerically studied natural con- b)
vection in a tilted square enclosure with two adjacent walls heated 9
and the two opposite walls cooled. They revealed that the heat trans-
Ri = 100
fer across the enclosure occurs as pure conduction for inclination
8
angle 225°. Sharif [19] numerically studied the combined convection
Re = 100
in an inclined cavity. It is observed that the average Nusselt number
7 Pr = 0.71
is increased with cavity inclination. Alinia et al. [20] made a numerical
study on mixed convection in an inclined cavity. They found that Nu
inclination angle is more pronounced at high Richardson numbers 3
due to domination of natural convection.
In most of the studies found in the literature, main attention has Ri = 0.01
been given in detail to the problems of the convective flow in either
the vertical cavities or the tilted cavities with isothermal boundaries.
To the best knowledge of the authors, since the problem of mixed 2
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140
convection in an inclined cavity subjected to different lengths and lo-
Grid size
cations of the heater has not yet been dealt in the literature, we inves-
tigate the effects of the different sizes and locations of the heater on Fig. 1. (a) Schematic diagram of physical configuration and coordinate systems. (b) Grid
mixed convection in an inclined square cavity. independence test.
114 S. Sivasankaran et al. / International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer 46 (2013) 112–125

!
∂v ∂v ∂v 1 ∂p ∂2 v ∂2 v 2
∂ Ψ ∂ Ψ
2
þu þv ¼− þν þ þ gβðT−T c Þ cos γ ð3Þ þ ¼ −ζ ð8Þ
∂t ∂x ∂y ρ0 ∂y ∂x2 ∂y2 ∂X 2 ∂Y 2

!
! ∂θ ∂θ ∂θ 1 ∂2 θ ∂2 θ
2 2
∂T ∂T ∂T k ∂ T ∂ T þU þV ¼ þ ð9Þ
þu þv ¼ þ ð4Þ ∂τ ∂X ∂Y PrRe ∂X 2 ∂Y 2
∂t ∂x ∂y ρ0 cp ∂x2 ∂y2

∂Ψ ∂Ψ ∂V ∂U
The initial and boundary conditions of the problem are as follows: U¼ ; V ¼− and ζ ¼ − ð10Þ
∂Y ∂X ∂X ∂Y
For t ¼ 0 : u¼v¼0 T ¼ Tc 0≤ðx; yÞ≤L
∂θ The dimensional quantities are simplified by the non-dimensional
For t > 0 : u¼v¼0 ¼0 y¼0 numbers appeared in the above equations. The non-dimensional num-
∂y
∂θ ð5Þ bers Pr = ν/α, Re = U0L/ν and Ri = Gr/Re2 represent the Prandtl num-
u ¼ U0; v ¼ 0 ¼0 y¼L ber, the Reynolds number and the Richardson number, respectively,
∂y
u ¼ v ¼ 0 T ¼ Tc x¼L where Gr = gβΔTL3/ν2, the Grashof number.
u¼v¼0 x¼0 The non-dimensionl initial and boundary conditions can be de-
scribed as follows:
Case 1. Increasing the heater length from the bottom
For τ ¼ 0 : U¼V ¼0 T ¼0 0≤ðX; Y Þ≤1
∂T
T ¼ TH x¼0 0≤y≤ε1 þ L=6 For τ > 0 : U¼V ¼0 ¼0 Y¼0
∂Y
∂θ ∂T ð11Þ
¼0 x¼0 ε1 þ L=6by≤L U ¼ 1; V ¼ 0 ¼0 Y¼1
∂x ∂Y
U¼V ¼0 T ¼0 X¼1
Case 2. Increasing the heater length from the top U¼V ¼0 X¼0

Case 1 : T¼1 X¼0 0≤Y≤ε2 þ 1=6

T ¼ TH x¼0 ε1 −L=6≤y≤L ∂T
∂θ ¼0 X¼0 ε2 þ 1=6≤Y≤1
¼0 x¼0 0≤ybε1 −L=6 ∂X
∂x
Case 2 : T¼1 X¼0 ε2 −1=6≤Y≤1
Case 3. Heater placement ∂T
¼0 X¼0 0≤Ybε 2 −1=6
∂X
T ¼ TH x¼0 ε1 −L=6≤y≤ε1 þ L=6
∂θ Case 3 : T¼1 X¼0 ε2 −1=6≤Y≤ε2 þ 1=6
¼0 x¼0 0≤ybε1 −L=6; ε 1 þ L=6by≤L
∂x ∂T
¼0 X¼0 0≤Ybε 2 −1=6; ε 2 þ 1=6bY≤1
Where ε1 = L/6, 3L/6 and 5L/6 denotes the center of the heater ∂X
from the bottom of the cavity. Case 1 is a set consisting of three con-
where ε2 = 1/6, 3/6 and 5/6. The local Nusselt number along the heater
figurations that occurs when the normalized length, LH, of the heater  
∂T
is extended from the left-bottom of the cavity, (L/3, 2L/3, L). Similarly, is expressed as Nu ¼ − ∂X . The averaged Nusselt number along the
X¼0
case 2 represents a set consisting of three configurations that the heat LH

source is extended from the left-top of the cavity. In this case the heater is defined as Nu ¼ L1 ∫ Nu dY, where LH is the length of the
H
length of the heater is varied analogous to case 1 i.e. L/3, 2L/3, and L 0

of the cavity height. In case 3, LH is kept constant at L/3, but the place-
ment is varied as first at the bottom, second at middle, and finally at
the top of the left wall so that ε1 is L/6, 3L/6 and 5L/6 from the
lower left corner. However, the heater length LH = L/3 at the bottom
in case 1 and the placement of the heater when ε1 = L/6 at the bot-
tom in case 3 are same. Similarly, the length of the heater LH = L/3
at the top in the case 2 and the placement of the heater at ε1 = 5L/6
on the top in case 3 are identical. The complete length of the heater ex-
tended fully from left-bottom in case 1 and the total length of the heater
increased from the left-top in case 2 are alike. Thus, out of nine config-
urations, there are six distinct configurations among three cases. The
non-dimensionalization of the Eqs. (1) to (5) has been performed
using the following dimensionless variables:
heater.
3. Method of solution
The discretization is performed on the governing Eqs. (7)–(10) to-
gether with the boundary conditions (11) by the finite volume method
[23]. The upwind difference scheme and the central difference scheme
are used for the convective terms and the diffusion terms, respectively.
From the grid-independence test, it is determined to choose 81 × 81
grid sizes (see Fig. 1(b)). The velocity components (10) are calculated
by the central difference approximation. The time step is taken as
Δτ = 10−5. An iterative process is used to solve each variable got
from the resulting set of discretized equations. The sequential process

ðx; yÞ T−T c ðu; vÞ tU ΩL

ðX; Y Þ ¼ ; θ¼ ; ðU; V Þ ¼ ;τ ¼ 0 ; ζ ¼ ; Table 1
L ΔT U0 L U0 Comparison of average Nusselt number with available results in the literature for a
ð6Þ
ε1 ψ p lid-driven cavity.
ε2 ¼ ; Ψ ¼ & P¼
L LU 0 ρU 2o
Gr Re = 400 Re = 1000

Present Sharif [19] Iwatsu et al. [22] Present Sharif [19] Iwatsu et al. [22]
The non-dimensional governing equations are obtained: work work
!   102 4.09 4.05 3.84 6.48 6.55 6.33
∂ζ ∂ζ ∂ζ 1 ∂2 ζ ∂2 ζ ∂θ ∂θ 104 3.85 3.82 3.62 6.47 6.50 6.29
þU þV ¼ þ þ Ri cos γ− sin γ ð7Þ
∂τ ∂X ∂Y Re ∂X 2 ∂Y 2 ∂X ∂Y 106 1.10 1.17 1.22 1.66 1.81 1.77
 S. Sivasankaran et al. / International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer 46 (2013) 112–125
is performed over and over to all points until the convergence. The more
detail of method of the solution is given in our recent paper [21]. The
validation of the present computational code is verified against the
existing numerical result of Sharif [19] and Iwatsu et al. [22] for a top
heated moving lid and bottom cooled cavity filled with air. It is shown
in Table 1.
4. Results and discussion
The effect of the cavity inclination angle on a lid-driven square
enclosure with different lengths and locations of the heater is numer-
ically studied. The working fluid is chosen as air with Prandlt number
(Pr = 0.71). The three different sizes (LH = 1/3, 2/3 & 1) and three
different locations of heater (ε2 = 1/6, 3/6 & 5/6) are considered.
The angle of inclination is taken as 0° ~ 90°. The Richardson number
is varied from 0.01 to 100.
4.1. Effect of the cavity inclination angle
The angles for the cavity inclination under this investigation are
considered to be 0°, 30°, 45°, 60°and 90°. While studying different
cavity inclination angles, the length of the heater is fixed and kept
at the middle of the left wall. Fig. 2(a)–(f) exhibits the streamlines
for different cavity inclination angles and the Richardson numbers
with ε2 = 3/6. At Ri = 0.01, the fluid flow contains single clockwise
rotating eddy that occupies almost the whole cavity in Fig. 2(a).
Changing the cavity inclination angle increases the strength of the
flow moment up to 60° and decreases for 90° at Ri = 0.01. It is under-
stood in this situation that the shear force plays a significant role to
dominate the buoyancy force as well as the effect of the cavity incli-
nation angle. A clockwise circulating eddy occurs in the mixed con-
vection mode. Since the shear force and the buoyancy force equally
interacts each other, the center of the eddy pretends to move towards
the moving wall. The similar trend in the flow pattern in the mixed
convection mode is observed on increasing the cavity inclination
angle. At Ri = 100, the cell is elongated horizontally and the core re-
gion is in the upper portion of the cavity at γ = 0° in Fig. 2(a). While
tilting the cavity from 0° to 30°, the core region is broken into the two
inner cells. On further tilting the cavity from 30° to 60°, the inner cells
disappear and the fluid flow becomes single eddy. When the hot wall
comes bottom of the cavity at γ = 90°, the flow has been entirely
changed and multi-cellular flow structure is formed. It clearly indi-
cates that keeping the cavity at γ = 90° influences the buoyancy
force. On changing the cavity inclination angle, the absolute value of
|Ψmax | is monotonically increased up to γ = 60° and then decreased
at γ = 90° for all the Richardson numbers. It is clearly observed that
tilting the cavity from 0° to 60° increases the flow movement. Howev-
er, further increase in the cavity inclination angle has tendency to
slow down the flow in all mode of the convection.
The isotherms for different cavity inclination angles and the
Richardson numbers with ε2 = 3/6 are shown in Fig. 3(a)–(f). In
the forced convection dominated mode, the isotherms are distrib-
uted from the heating portion for γ = 0° (see Fig. 3(a)). The similar
phenomenon continues for all the inclination angles at this mode. It
clearly indicates that the shear force induced by lid-movement
plays dominant role than cavity inclination angle. In the mixed
convection mode, a slight variation is observed in the temperature
distributions inside the cavity for all the inclination angles. At
Ri = 100, the vertical temperature stratification happens at γ = 0°.
The isotherms are clustered along the heater and at right-top corner
of the cavity. It clearly shows that the thermal boundary layers are
formed at both locations (see Fig. 3(a)). On increasing the cavity inclina-
tion angle from 0° to 90°, the vertical temperature stratification is
deformed and the thermal boundary layers at the right-top corner dis-
appear. At γ = 90°, the temperature gradients shows the boom-like
structure.
115
In order to understand and assess the effect of the cavity inclina-
tion angles on the total heat transfer, Fig. 4(a)–(e) present the
detailed distributions of local Nusselt number for Ri = 0.01 and
Ri = 100 at different lengths and locations of the heater. It is ob-
served that titling the cavity from 0° to 90° at Ri = 0.01 makes little
impact on the local heat transfer rate for all possible heater lengths
and locations. The local heat transfer rate gets rise in the middle of
the heater in fully heated cavity. Sudden rise is observed near the
meeting of the adiabatic portion and the heater when the heater is
placed either top or bottom. On keeping the heater in the middle of
the cavity, the local Nusselt number is raised at both edges of the
heater. On the other hand, the local heat transfer rate is obviously
fluctuated as the cavity inclination angle varies from 0° to 90°. It is
understood that tilting the cavity influences the fluid flow in the
natural convection regime according to the different lengths and loca-
tions of the heater.
Average Nusselt number for different γ with different lengths and
locations of the heater is shown in Fig. 5(a)–(f). It is found that slight
changes happen in the average Nusselt number at Ri b 1 on changing
the cavity inclination angle. For Ri = 1, oscillatory behavior is found
in the average heat transfer rate on increasing γ. In the natural con-
vection regime, the mean heat transfer rate is gradually decreased
on titling the cavity from 0° to 90° for LH = 1, ε2 = 3/6, LH = 2/3,
ε2 = 2/6 and LH = 1/3, ε2 = 1/6. In these cases, the maximum heat
transfer rate is observed at γ = 0° whereas the minimum heat trans-
fer rate is found at γ = 90°. For the remaining cases, it is increased
and then decreased on increasing the cavity inclination angle. But,
the maximum heat transfer rate is noticed at γ = 30° whereas the
minimum heat transfer is reached at γ = 90° in this case. It is
found that the average heat transfer rate is low at γ = 90° for all
the lengths and locations of the heater in the natural convection re-
gime. The high heat transfer rate is also observed at γ = 0° when
the heater is kept at the bottom of the cavity. But, keeping the heater
at either top or middle of the cavity provide high heat transfer rate at
γ = 30°.
4.2. Effect of the heater size and location
The streamlines for different lengths and locations of heater and dif-
ferent cavity inclination angles with Ri = 0.01 and Ri = 100 are
exhibited in Fig. 6(a)–(f). Increasing the length of heater from the bot-
tom of the cavity is illustrated in Fig. 6(a), (c) and (d). Fig. 6(a), (b)
and (f) represent for increasing the length of heater from the top of
the cavity. Different heater locations are exhibited in Fig. 6(d)–(f).
Streamlines show that the clockwise rotating single cell that occupies
majority of the cavity in the forced convection dominated mode. On in-
creasing the length of the heater either from the bottom or from the top
and keeping heater at different locations, the fluid flow pattern looks
similar for all cavity inclination angles. It reveals that the shear force
due to the lid-movement dominates the buoyancy force in force con-
vection regime. At Ri = 100, the buoyancy force which rise the fluid
particles heated near the heater acts parallel to the vertical wall and
moves horizontally and descends towards the cold wall at LH = 1/3,
ε2 = 1/6 for γ = 0°. The core region of the cell is broken into two
cells and that are developed in size on increasing heater size from
bottom. But, in the case of γ = 45° and 90°, increasing heater size influ-
ences the fluid flow. When the heater is kept at the top with length
LH = 1/3, the heated fluid impingent on the top wall. The core region is
horizontally elongated and the flow consists of single eddy for γ = 0°
in Fig. 6(f) in the natural convection regime. On increasing the heater
size from top to bottom, the size of the core region of the cell is reduced
and two inner cells are formed (see Fig. 6(a) and (b)). Slight changes are
observed at γ = 45° for increasing the heater’s length either from the
bottom or top. The shape of the flow is not much changed according
to the different lengths of the heater at γ = 90°. Accordingly, increasing
the heater size either from the top or bottom affects the fluid flow. The
116 S. Sivasankaran et al. / International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer 46 (2013) 112–125

Ri = 0.01 Ri = 1 Ri = 100 0.0

-0.2
-0.2

-0 .2
-0.1
-0.1
.1
-0.1 -0
-0 .1
-0.1 -0 .1
-0 .1

-0 .2
-0 .1
-0 .1
-0.1
-0 .0 -0.1
-0.1

-0 .1 -0 .1 .1
-0
-0.0 -0.1
-0.0 -0.1
-0.0 -0.0
-0.0
-0.0
-0.0
-0.0 -0.0 -0.1
-0.1
-0 .0

0 .0
-0.0 -0.1
-0.0

0.0
-0.0

|Ψmax | =0.10103 |Ψmax | =-0.11798 |Ψmax | =0.2150

(a) γ = 0
-0.0

-0.1
-0.1

-0 .3
-0 .1

- 0 .1
-0.1
-0 .1

-0.1
-0.1 1
-0 .1 -0.1 -0.
-0.0
-0.1
-0.0 -0.1
-0.0 -0.1
-0.1
-0.0
-0.0
-0.0 -0.0
-0.0 -0.3
-0.0 -0.3
-0.2
-0.0 -0.3
-0.0 -0.2
-0.2 -0.2
-0.1
-0.1 -0.1 -0.1
-0.0
0.0

-0.0

|Ψmax | =0.10322 |Ψmax | =0.13015 |Ψmax | =0.33016

(b) γ = 30

-0.1
-0.1
-0 .1
-0 .1

-0
-0.1

.4
-0.1
-0.1
-0.1 -0.1
-0.1
-0.1
-0.0 -0 .1 -0 .1
-0.0
-0.0 -0.1
-0.0 -0.1
-0.0 -0.0 -0.0
-0.4
-0.0 -0.4
-0.0 -0.0 -0.3-0.3
-0.3
-0.2
-0.0 -0.2-0.2
-0.1
-0.1-0.1-0.1
-0.0

|Ψmax | =0.10325 |Ψmax | =0.13402 |Ψmax | =0.41165

(c) γ = 45

-0.1
-0.1
-0.1
-0 .1 -0 .1
-0.1
-0.1
-0.1 -0 .1
-0 .1
-0 .1
-0.0
-0.1
-0.1
-0.0
-0.0 -0.6
-0.1
-0.0 -0.1 -0.6
-0.0 -0.0 -0.5
-0.0 -0.5
-0.0 -0.4
-0.0 -0.4 -0.3
-0.0
-0.0 -0.3
-0.2
-0.2 -0.1
0 .0

-0.1
-0.0

|Ψmax | =0.10325 |Ψmax | =0.13581 |Ψmax | =0.66252

(d) γ = 60
-0.0

-0 .0

-0.1
-0.1
0.4
-0 .1 -0 .1
-0 .1
-0.1 -0 .1 0.4
0.3
0.2
0.2
-0.1 -0.1 0.1
-0.1 -0.1 0.1
-0.0 -0.1
-0.0 -0.1
-0.0 -0.1
-0.1
-0.0 -0.0
-0.0 -0.0
-0.0
-0.0 -0.0 -0.3
-0.3
-0.0 -0.2
-0.1
0 .0

-0.1
-0 .0

|Ψmax | =0.10318 |Ψmax | =0.13218 |Ψmax | =0.37658

(f) γ = 90
Fig. 2. (a–f) Streamlines for different cavity inclination angles and Richardson numbers with LH = 1/3, ε2 = 3/6.
 S. Sivasankaran et al. / International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer 46 (2013) 112–125 117

Ri = 0.01 Ri = 1 Ri = 100

0 .9
T 2 P 5 \2
0 .9
00 .9

0.4.4
0 .7.8

0 .8
0 .7 0 .8

0 .7
.5 0
0.2

0 0 .6

0 0 .6
0 .9
0 .9

0 .600.6
0 .5.6
0 .6

0 .4
0 .4 .5

0 .3
0 .4
0 .3
0.1

0 .4

0 .1
0 .2
0 .3

0 .2
0 .1

0 .1

0 .1
0.1

(a) γ = 0

0 .9
T 2 P 10 \2
0 .9
0 .9

0 .7

0 0 .4
0 .6

0 0.6.600.7.50 .8
0 .9

0 .9
0 .7 0 .8

0 .6 0 .6

0 .3 .4
0 .8

0 .40 .5
0 .5 .6

0 .4
0
0 .4

0 .3
0 .4

0.2

0 .1
0.1

0 .1
0 .1

0 .1
0 .3

0 .2

0 .2
0 .1

(b) γ = 30

0 .9
0 .9

0 .90 .9
0 .6
0 .8
0 .7

0 .4
0 .8

.6
0 .7

.7.80
0 0 .6

0.6
0 .4 00 .5
0 .6
0 .9

0 .3
0 .40 .5
0 .5 .6

0 .4 0 .3

0 .4
0 .4

0 .1

0 .1
0 .1
0.1
0 .3

0 .2

0 .1

0 .2
0 .1

0.2

(c) γ = 45
0 .6 000.8.7 0 .9
T 2 P 20 \2
0 .90 .9
0 .6
0 .8

0 .50 .6
0 .8 0 .9

0 .7

0 .4.4
0 .7
0 .6

0 .6
0 .9

0 .40 .5
0
0 .5 .6

0 .4
0 .4

0 .3

0 .3
0 .4

0 .1

0 .1
0 .1

0.1
0 .3

0 .2
0 .2

0 .1

0 .1

0.2

(d) γ = 60
00.9
.9 0 .9

.8
0 .8

0 .6 0 .6
0 .7
0 .7
0 .9

0 0 .6
0 .9

00 .8

0.6 0.5
0 .6

0 .4

00.6.7

0.4
0 .4
0 .4 .5

0.4
0 .5

0.3

0 .3
0 .4
0 .1
0 .1
0 .1

0 .1

0.1
0 .2
0 .3

0 .1
0.2

0.2

(f) γ = 90
Fig. 3. (a–f) Isotherms for different cavity inclination angles and Richardson numbers with LH = 1/3, ε2 = 3/6.

core region of the eddy is horizontally elongated on changing the heater On changing the inclination angle, the shape of the eddy gets change
location from bottom to top. It is found that the flow speed is signifi- at Ri = 100 for all locations of the heater. When the heater is at the
cantly decreased on changing the location of the heater at Ri = 100. middle of the cavity at γ = 90°, the fluid is heated from the bottom of
118 S. Sivasankaran et al. / International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer 46 (2013) 112–125

Ri = 0.01 Ri = 100
2.8

15
Ri=100
2.6 LH=1
13 ε2=3/6
2.4
11

2.2 9
Nu γ = 0° Nu
γ = 30° 7 γ = 0°
2.0
γ = 45° γ = 30°
Ri=0.01
γ = 60° 5 γ = 45°
LH=1
1.8 γ = 90° γ = 60°
ε2=3/6 3
γ = 90°
1.6 1
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0
Y Y
(a) LH=1, ε 2= 3/6
30
γ = 0°
Ri=100
6 γ = 30°
LH=2/3
γ = 45°
ε2=2/6
Ri=0.01 γ = 60°
5 20
LH=2/3 γ = 90°
γ = 0°
Nu γ = 30° ε2=2/6 Nu
4 γ = 45°
γ = 60°
10
γ = 90°
3

2
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6
Y
Y
(b) LH=2/3, ε 2= 2/6

11 γ = 0° 32
γ = 0°
Ri=0.01 Ri=100
γ = 30° γ = 30°
10
LH=2/3 LH=2/3
γ = 45° γ = 45°
9 ε2=5/6 ε2=5/6
γ = 60° γ = 60°
8 γ = 90° 22
γ = 90°
Nu 7
Nu
6

5
12
4

2
2
0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0
0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0
Y Y
(c) LH=2/3, ε 2= 5/6
Fig. 4. (a–e) Local Nusselt numbers for different cavity inclinations angles.
 S. Sivasankaran et al. / International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer 46 (2013) 112–125 119

Ri=0.01 γ = 0°
8 28 Ri=100
γ = 0° LH=1/3 γ = 30° LH=1/3
γ = 30° ε2=1/6 γ = 45° ε2=1/6
7 γ = 45° 23
γ = 60°
γ = 60°
6 γ = 90°
γ = 90°
18
Nu
5
Nu
13
4

3 8

2 3
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3
Y Y
(d) LH=1/3, ε 2= 1/6
12 36

γ = 0° Ri=100
11 Ri=0.01
LH=1/3 γ = 30° LH=1/3
10 γ = 0° ε2=3/6
ε2=3/6 γ = 45°
γ = 30°
9
26
γ = 60°
γ = 45°
γ = 90°
8 γ = 60°
Nu Nu
γ = 90°
7
16
6

4
6
3 0.35 0.40 0.45 0.50 0.55 0.60 0.65
0.35 0.40 0.45 0.50 0.55 0.60 0.65
Y Y
(e) LH=1/3, ε 2= 3/6

15 33
γ = 0° Ri=0.01 γ = 0° Ri=100
14
γ = 30° LH=1/3 γ = 30° LH=1/3
13
ε2=5/6 γ = 45° ε2=5/6
12 γ = 45°
11 γ = 60° 23
γ = 60°
10 γ = 90° γ = 90°
Nu 9 Nu

8
7 13
6
5
4
3 3
0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0
Y Y
(f) LH=1/3, ε 2= 5/6
Fig. 4 (continued).
120 S. Sivasankaran et al. / International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer 46 (2013) 112–125

8 LH=1 10.5 LH=2/3

ε2=3/6 γ = 0° ε2=2/6
9.5
7 γ = 30°
γ = 0°
8.5
γ = 45°
6 γ = 30°
__ __ 7.5 γ = 60°
γ = 45°
Nu Nu γ = 90°
5 γ = 60° 6.5
γ = 90° 5.5
4
4.5
3
3.5

2 2.5
10-2 10-1 100 101 102 10-2 -1
100 101 102
10
Ri Ri
(a) LH=1, ε 2= 3/6 (b) LH=2/3, ε 2=2/6
15
10 LH=2/3 LH=1/3
γ= 0°
ε2=5/6 13 γ = 0° ε2=1/6
9 γ = 30°
γ = 30°
γ = 45°
8 11 γ = 45°
γ = 60°
__ __ γ = 60°
7 γ = 90°
Nu Nu 9 γ = 90°
6
7
5

5
4

3 3
10-2 10-1 100 101 102 10-2 10-1 100 101 102
Ri Ri
(c) LH=2/3, ε 2=5/6 (d) LH=1/3, ε 2=1/6

15 14
14 γ = 0° LH=1/3 γ = 0° LH=1/3
13
13 γ= 30° ε2=3/6 γ= 30° ε2=5/6
12
12 γ = 45° γ = 45°
11 γ = 60° 11 γ = 60°
__ 10 γ = 90° γ = 90°
__ 10
Nu Nu 9
9

8
8
7
7
6
6
5

4 5
10-2 10-1 100 101 102 10-2 10-1 100 101 102
Ri Ri
(e)LH=1/3, ε 2=3/6 (f) LH=1/3, ε 2=5/6
Fig. 5. (a–f) Average Nusselt numbers for different cavity inclinations angles.

the cavity. It is found that multi-cell flow structure is formed in buoyancy Fig. 7(a)–(f) show typical temperature contours for different
dominated mode. But, the single cell pattern is observed in the remaining lengths and locations of the heater with Ri = 0.01 and Ri = 100. Tem-
heater location. perature distribution varies only near to the heater while increasing the
 S. Sivasankaran et al. / International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer 46 (2013) 112–125 121

Ri=0.01 Ri=100
γ =0 γ = 45 γ = 90 γ =0 γ = 45 γ = 90

-0.1 -0.1
-0.1
-0.1 -0.1 -0.1
-0.1
-0.1 -0.1
-0.1 -0.1 -0.1
-0.1 -0.1
-0.1
-0.1 -0.1 -0 .2
-0.1 -0.1 -0.1
-0.1 -0.0
-0.0 -0.0
-0.0 -0.8
-0.0 -0.0

-0 .2
-0.0 -0.0 -0.0 -0.8
-0.0 -0.0

-0 .2
-0.0 -0.7
-0.0 -0.6
-0.0

-0 .1
-0.0
-0.2 -0.4 -0.5
-0.0 -0.2 -0.4 -0.4
-0.0 -0.0 -0.4
-0.1 -0.3
-0.1 -0.3 -0.3
-0.1-0.1 -0.2
-0.2 -0.2
-0.1

0.0
-0.1 -0.1 -0.1
-0.0 -0.0
-0.0 -0.0 -0.0

|Ψmax| =0.10101 0.10335 0.10326 0.22779 0.468700 0. 90967

(a) LH=1, ε 2= 3/6 0.0

-0.2 -0 .2
-0.1 -0.1 -0.1
-0.1 -0.1 -0 .1
-0.1 -0.1
-0 .1

-0 .2
-0.1 -0 .1
-0.1 -0 .1

-0 .1 -0 .1
-0.1 -0.1
-0.1
-0.1 -0.1
-0.1 -0.1
-0.0 -0.0 -0.0
-0.8

-0 .1 -0 .1
-0.0 -0.0 -0.0
-0.0
-0.0 -0.0 -0.7
-0.0 -0.0 -0.0 -0.7
-0.6
-0.0 -0.0
-0.0 -0.6
-0 .1 -0.4 -0.5
-0.0 -0.0 -0.0 -0.1 -0.4
-0.3 -0.4 -0.3
-0.1 -0.3
-0.1 -0.2 -0.2 -0.2
-0.0 -0.2
-0.1
0.0

0.0

-0.0 -0.1 -0.1 -0.1

-0.0 -0.1
-0.0

|Ψmax| =0.09956 0.10331 0.10328 0.18306 0.40375 0.87501

(b) LH=2/3, ε 2=5/6 -0.0

-0.1 -0.1 -0.2

-0.1

-0 . 0
-0.1 -0.1 -0.1

-0.1 -0.1 -0.1

-0 .1
-0.1 -0.1 -0 .2
-0.1 -0.1 -0.1
-0.1 -0.1 -0.1

-0 .2
-0.1
-0.0 -0.1 -0.1
-0.0-0.0 -0.0 -0 .0
-0.0 0.8

-0 .2-0 .2
-0.0 -0.0 -0.0
-0.0 0.7
-0.0 -0.0 0.6
-0.0 -0.0
-0.0 0.5 0.6
-0.4 0.5
-0.0 -0.0 -0.0 -0 .2 -0.4
-0.2 -0.4 -0.3 0.4
-0.1 -0.3 0.3
-0.1
-0.1 0.3
-0.1
-0.1
-0.2
-0.2 0.2 0.2
0.0

-0.1 0.0
-0.0 -0.0 -0.0
-0.1 0.1

|Ψmax| =0.10101 0.10321 0.10318 0.25806 0.10329 0.02744

(c) LH=2/3, ε 2=2/6 0.0 0.0

-0.1 -0.1
-0.1
-0.1 -0.1 -0.1 -0.3
-0.1
-0.1 -0.1
-0.1 -0.1 -0 .1 -0.1 -0.3
-0.1 -0.1
-0.1 -0.1 -0.1 -0.1
-0.1 -0.1
-0.0 -0.0 -0.0
-0 .2

-0.0 -0.0 -0.0 -0.6

-0 .2 -0 .2

-0.0 0.6
-0.0 -0.0 -0.5
-0.0 -0.0 -0.0 0.5
-0.0 -0.5
-0.0 -0.0 0.4
-0.5-0.4
-0.0 0.3 0.4
-0.0 -0.0 -0.1
-0.2 -0.4 0.3
-0.1
-0 .1

-0.3 0.2
-0.3
-0.1
-0.1 -0.0 -0.2 -0.2
-0.1 -0.1 0.2 0.1
0.0

0.1
-0.0 -0.0 0.0

|Ψmax| =0.10101 0.103140 0.10304 0.28209 0.63987 0.02964

(d) LH=1/3, ε 2=1/6 0.0
-0.0

-0 .0

-0.2
-0.2
-0 .2

-0.1
-0.1 -0.1
-0.1 -0.1 -0.1
-0 .1 0.4
-0.1
-0 .1
-0.1 -0 .1 0.4
-0.1 -0 .1 -0 .1
0.3
0.2
-0 .2

-0 .1 -0.1
0.2
-0.1 -0.1 0.1
-0.1 -0.1 -0.1 0.1
-0.0 -0.0 -0.0
-0 .1 -0 .1 .1

-0.0
-0

-0.0 -0.0
-0.0 -0.0 -0.0
-0.0 -0.0 -0.0
-0.0
-0.4
-0.0 -0.0
-0.4
-0.0 -0.0 -0.0 -0.1 -0.3 -0.3
-0.1 -0.3
-0.3 -0.3
-0.1 -0 .0 -0.2
-0.2 -0.1 -0.2
-0.2
-0.2
-0.0 -0.1
0.0

-0.1
-0.0 -0.1
-0.0 -0.1 -0 .0
-0.0

|Ψmax| =0.10103 0.10325 0.10318 0.2150 0.41165 0.37658

(e) LH=1/3, ε 2=3/6
-0 .1
-0 .1-0 .1 -0 .1 -0 .1

-0 . 0
.1
-0

-0.1 -0.1
-0.1 -0.1
-0.1-0.1
-0.1 -0 .1 -0.1
-0.1 -0 .1 -0.1 -0 .1
-0 .1

-0.1
-0.1 -0.1 -0.1
-0.1 -0.1 -0.1
-0 .1

-0.0 -0.0 -0.0

-0.6
-0.0 -0.0
-0.0 -0.0
-0.0 -0.0 -0.5
-0.0 -0.0 -0.0 -0.5
-0.5
-0.0 -0.0 -0.0 -0.1 -0.3 -0.4 -0.4
-0.0
-0.0
-0.0 -0.0 -0.0 -0.2 -0.3 -0.2 -0.3
-0.3
-0.2
-0.2
-0.0 -0.2
-0.0 -0.1
-0.1 -0.1
-0.2 -0.1 -0.2
-0.0 -0.0
0.0

-0.0 -0.1 -0.0 -0.1

0 .0

|Ψmax| =0.10088 0.10316 0.10321 0.12002 0.30096 0.6341

(f) LH=1/3, ε 2=5/6
Fig. 6. (a–f) Streamlines for different lengths and locations of the heater with different cavity inclination angles and Ri = 0.01 and Ri = 100.

heater length at the forced convection mode. Almost similar isotherm formed along the heater as well as the right-top corner of the cavity on
pattern exists in the right half of the cavity for all the cavity inclination increasing the heater size either from the bottom or top at γ = 0°.
angles. In the buoyancy dominated mode, the thermal boundary layer is Moreover, the vertical temperature stratification occurs in the middle
122 S. Sivasankaran et al. / International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer 46 (2013) 112–125

Ri=0.01 Ri=100
γ =0 γ = 45 γ = 90 γ =0 γ = 45 γ = 90

0 .9
0 .9
0 .9

0 .2
0 .1

0 .1 .1

0 .1
0 .2
0
0 .3
0 .2
0 .3
0 .7

0 .2

0 .90 .8
0 .5 0 .6
.4
0 .9

0 .8

0 .4
0 .5

0.6

.5
.6
0 .6

000.4
0 .3

0 .1
0 .4
00 .7
0 .9

0 .9
0 .7
0 .6
0 .6

0 .7

0 .5

0 .2
0.2
0 .5

.8
0 00.70.6
0 .4
0 .1
0 .4

0 .8
0 .8

0 .6

0 .6

0 .6
0 .9

0 .9

0 .4

0 .9

0 .4
0 .4

0.4

0 .9
0 .3

.6
0 .1
0

0 .1

0 .1
0 .1
0 .1

0 .1
0.80. 7 .6

0 .9
0 .4

0 .4.5
0
ε 2= 3/6
0.3 0.3

(a) LH=1,

0 .9
0 .9

0 .9
T 3 L 5 \ 2 0 .9

T 3 L 1 5 \02 .9

25\2
.8 T 30L.9
0 .4 0 .50 ..66
0 .7 0 .8
0 .7 .8

0 .6
0 .4 .4
0 .50 0.60.7.6 0 .8

0
0 .9

.4
0 .7 .8
0 .9

0
0 .9

0 .3 0 .4 0
0

0 .6 0 .6
0 .9

.8.7
0 .9
0 .6

0 .6.6
0 .9

00.6

0 .7
00 .5
0
0 .5 0 .6

0 .5

0 .2

0 .4
0 .4
0 .5
0 .4
0 .4

0 .4

0.1
0 .4
0 .4

0 .1
0 .1

0 .1

0 .1
0 .2
0 .3

0 .1
0.3
0 .3
0 .1
0 .2

0 .1
0 .1
0 .1

0 .2

0.1 0 .2
0.3

0 .1
0.2

ε 2=5/6
0.3

(b) LH=2/3,

0 .9

0 .1
0 .1

0 .1
0 .3
0 .4

0 .5

0 .600 .7
0 .3

0 .4
0 .7

0.2
0 .6

0 .2

0 .400 .5

0 .5
.4
0 .1

0 .9
0 .4
0 .4

0 .4
0 .9
0 .8
0 .9

0 .9
0 .6

0 .9
0 .7

0 .7
0 .1

0 0.4.5
0 .6

0 .1
0 .4

0 .6

.6
0 .9

0 .4

.6
0 .3

.8
000 .6
.7

0 .3
0 .8
0 .8

00 .9
0.5
0 .9

0 .1

0 .6
0 .6

0 .1

0 0.1.2
0 .3

0 .4

0 .9
0 .2

0 .2

0.7

0 .1

0.1
0 .4
0 .5

0 .8
.8
0.1 0.6

ε 2=2/6
0.3 0.2 0.6

(c) LH=2/3,
0 .1

0 .1
0 .2
0 .4
0 .8

0 .9 0 0 .9
0 .1

0 .7 .8
0 .2
0 .4

0.60.4.4
0 .3

0 .3
0 .4

0 .3
0 .9

0 .6

0 .1

0 0.80.6.7
0 .500 .4
0 .7
0.6

0 .6
0 .5
0 .6

.7.8
0 .3

0 .2

0.2

0 .1
0 .4

0 .1.2
0 .4

0 .9
0 .1

0 .1
0 .9

0 .6

0 .9
0 .6

0 00.600.5

0.4
0 .2

0 .1

0 .3
0 .9

0 .1
0 .9
0 .8
0 .7

0 .7

0 .8
0 .5

0 .5
0 .4

0 .4

0 .6

0
0.6
0 .3

.6

0.1 0.1 0.5

ε 2=1/6
0.4

(d) LH=1/3,
0 .9

0 .9
T 2P 5\2

00. 9
0 .9

.8
0 .8
0 .7

0 .4
.4
0 .8
0 .9

00.4
0 .8
0 .7 0 .8

0 .7

.6
0 .600.6.50 .7
0 0 .6

.7.80

0.2
0 0 .6

0 .9
0 0 .6

0.6
0 .4 00 .5
0 .9

0 .9
0 .9

0 .3

0.6 0.5
0 .6

0 .5 .6

0 .6

00.6.7

0.4
0 .4 .5
0 .4 .5

0 .3

0.4
0.3

0 .4
0 .4

0.1

0 .4

0 .1
0.4

0 .1
0 .1

0 .1
0 .1
0 .2

0 .3
0 .3
0 .3

0 .1

0 .2

0 .1
0 .1

0 .1
0 .2
0 .1

0.1 0.2

ε 2=3/6
0.2

(e) LH=1/3,
0 .9
0 .80 .7 0 .9

0 .9
0 .9 0 .9

.9 0 .9

.9 0 .9
0 .6.7
0 .6

0 .6

0 .3
0

0 .4 0.6.40 .5.6

0 0 00 .60 .7
0 .6

0 .6
0 .6

.5
0 .8

0 .7

0 00.8.7 0
00 .8
00 .8

0 .4 00.6.60
0 .7

00 .3.4.4 .5 .6
0 .40 .5

0 .4 0 .4 .5
0 .40 .5

0 .8
0

0 .4
.4
0 .4

0 .2
0

0. 3
0 .2
0 .3

0.2
0 .3

0.3 0.2 0 .2
0.1
0.2

0.1

0.1 0.1 0.1

0 .1

0 .1
0 .1

0 .1

0 .1

0.1
0.1

(f) LH=1/3, ε 2=5/6

Fig. 7. (a–f) Isotherms for different lengths and locations of the heater with different cavity inclination angles and Ri = 0.01 and Ri = 100.

of the cavity. On tilting the cavity, the temperature stratification disap- changing the heater location. When the heater is at the middle of the
pears for all cases. The isotherms for the different heater locations are cavity at γ = 90°, isotherms are formed as the boom-like structure.
illustrated in Fig. 7(d)–(f). The heat distribution is very weak at the Local Nusselt number for different sizes of the heater and the
bottom of the cavity while keeping the heater at the top of the cavity. Richardson number with different cavity inclination angles are illus-
On changing the location of the heater, the same temperature effect is trated in Fig. 8(a)–(c). It is found that the local Nusselt number curve
observed except near to the heater in Fig. 7(e). Further changing the gets rise near the insulated portion because the buoyancy force is
location of the heater to the top of the cavity, the heat transfer seems boosted in the vicinity of some unheated space above the heater for
to be conduction in lower half of the cavity for a given Richardson num- all the inclination angles. This behavior does not occur in fully heated
ber. Tilting the cavity makes some effect in heat transfer at Ri = 100 on wall. In the case of increasing the heater’s length from bottom, it is
 S. Sivasankaran et al. / International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer 46 (2013) 112–125 123

Increasing heater lengthfrom the bottom Increasing heater length from the top
18
32 Ri = 0.01
γ = 0° Ri = 0.01
γ = 0° L =2/3
16 Ri = 0.1 H LH=1/3 Ri = 0.1
ε2=5/6 Ri = 1
14
Ri = 1 ε2=5/6
Ri =10 Ri =10
12 LH=1/3 LH=2/3 22 LH=1 Ri =100
Ri =100
ε2=1/6 ε2=2/6 ε2=3/6
Nu Nu
10
LH=1
8
ε2=3/6 12
6

2 2
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0
Y Y
(a) γ = 0

14 Ri = 0.01 Ri = 0.01
32
LH=1/3
Ri = 0.1 γ = 45° Ri = 0.1
12 ε2=1/6 Ri = 1
LH=1/3 Ri = 1
LH=2/3 Ri =10 LH=2/3
γ = 45° ε2=5/6 Ri =10
10
ε2=2/6 Ri =100 22 ε2=5/6 Ri =100
Nu
Nu LH=1
8 LH=1
ε2=3/6
ε2=3/6
6 12

2 2
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0
Y Y
(b) γ = 45
31
31
γ = 90° Ri = 0.01 γ = 90° Ri = 0.01
Ri =100 Ri = 0.1 Ri = 0.1
Ri = 1 LH=2/3 LH=1/3 Ri = 1
Ri =10 ε2=5/6 ε2=5/6 Ri =10
21 L =1/3
H LH=2/3 Ri =100 21 Ri =100
ε2=1/6 ε2=2/6 LH=1
Nu Nu
ε2=3/6

11
LH=1
11
ε2=3/6

1 1
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0
Y Y
(c) γ = 90
Fig. 8. (a–c) Local Nusselt for different lengths of the heater with different cavity inclination angles.
124 S. Sivasankaran et al. / International Communications in Heat and Mass Transfer 46 (2013) 112–125

found that the local heat transfer rate for all the Richardson numbers only slight variation is observed on increasing the heater length from
is decreased and then increased on increasing the inclination angle the top while tilting the cavity. It is found that the local heat transfer
from 0°to 90°. Moreover, the local Nusselt number along the heater at rate is high when the heater length is increased from the top at γ = 0°
γ = 90° is increased as twice as at γ = 45°. In the remaining case, and γ = 45°.
Fig. 9(a)–(c) shows the average Nusselt number for different heat-
er sizes with different cavity inclinations. It is found that the mean
heat transfer rate is significantly affected on increasing the heater
LH=1/3, ε2 =1/6 size. The average heat transfer rate increases on increasing the heater
14
γ = 0°
size either from the bottom or from the top. At γ = 0°, the maximum
LH=2/3, ε2=2/6 heat transfer is obtained for LH = 1/3, ε2 = 5/6 at Ri ≤ 1 and for
12 LH = 1/3, ε2 = 1/6 at Ri > 1. For γ = 45° and 90°, the average
Nusselt number seems to be maximum at LH = 1/3, ε2 = 5/6 for all
10 convection mode. It is understood that increasing the heater size ei-
__ LH=1/3, ε2 =3/6 ther from top or bottom reduces the heat transfer rate for all cavity
Nu inclination angles. Further, it is observed that the heat transfer rate
8 LH=2/3, ε2=5/6 is increased for all locations of the heater and the cavity inclination

6 LH=1/3, ε2 =5/6 on increasing the Richardson Number. It is found that the mean
heat transfer rate is high at Ri b 1 when the heater is at the top in
the forced convection mode for all the cavity inclination angles. For
4 Ri ≥ 1, the average Nusselt numbers are to be high while keeping
LH=1,ε2=3/6 the heater at the middle of the cavity. It is also observed that the av-
2 erage heat transfer rate is reduced on tilting the cavity from 0° to 90°
10 -2 10 -1 10 0 10 1 10 2 for different heating locations.
Ri
(a) γ = 0 5. Conclusions

Numerical investigation is made on mixed convection in an in-

14 LH=1/3, ε2 =5/6
γ = 45° clined square cavity with three different sizes and three locations of
the heater along the left wall. The main results obtained in this inves-
12 tigation are summarized as follows:
LH=1/3, ε2=3/6
10 LH=1/3, ε2=1/6 ∙ The heat transfer rate is reduced on increasing heater’s size either
__ from top or bottom of the cavity for all the cavity inclination an-
Nu 8 LH=2/3, ε2 =5/6 gles.
LH=2/3, ε2=2/6 ∙ The influence of the cavity inclination is stronger in the natural
convection mode than the forced convection mode.
6 ∙ For all cavity inclination angle, keeping the heater at the top of the
cavity provides better heater transfer rate at the forced convection
4 LH=1, ε2=3/6 mode whereas locating the heater at the middle of the cavity pro-
vides high heat transfer rate at the natural convection mode.
2 ∙ While keeping the heater at the middle of the cavity in the natural
10 -2 10 -1 10 0 10 1 10 2 convection dominated regime, the maximum heat transfer is found
Ri at cavity inclination angle of γ = 30° as the formation of the
(b) γ = 45 multi-cellular flow.
∙ The heat transfer is an increasing function of the Richardson number
12 for all cavity inclination angles.
γ = 90° LH=1/3, ε2 =5/6 ∙ The local Nusselt number at γ = 90° is increased two fold as at
11
γ = 45° on increasing the size of the heater from the bottom
10
LH=1/3, ε2 =3/6
9 Acknowledgment
8
__ LH=2/3, ε2 =5/6 The author (S. Sivasankaran) would like to acknowledge University
Nu 7 LH=2/3, ε2 =2/6 of Malaya for the financial support through the Grant (RG216-12AFR).
6
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