Module 1: Significance of Global
Health
Global health - is the understanding of
health care in an international and
interdisciplinary context. It includes
the study, research, and practice of
medicine with focus and emphasis on
improving health and health care
equity for populations worldwide.
Global health initiatives cover both
medical and non-medical disciplines
such as epidemiology, sociology,
economic disparities, public policy,
environmental factors, cultural studies,
etc.
1. Global Fund - is a partnership
designed to accelerate the end of
AIDS, Tuberculosis, and Malaria as
epidemics.
- is a financing mechanism
rather than an implementing
agency.
Health initiative: Accelerating the
end of AIDS, TB, Malaria as
epidemics
- Global Fund mobilizes and
invests more than 4 billion
dollars a year to support
programs run by local experts
in more than 100 countries.
The money comes from 92%
from donor government and
8% from the private sectors
and foundations. The budget
is spent to support programs
that fight AIDS, TB, and
Malaria.
- The effective implementation
and monitoring of grants is at
the core of our work to end of
HIV, TB and malaria as
epidemics and forms the
longest part of the funding
cycle.
Importance: The fund bolsters
initiatives and programs that fight TB,
Malaria and AIDS. Sufficient budget
gives the mechanism to sustain certain
programs anchored on such noble
objective.
2. Global Alliance for Vaccines and
Immunizations (GAVI)
- a global Vaccine Alliance,
bringing together public and
private sectors with the shared
goal of creating equal access
to new and underused
vaccines for children living in
the world’s poorest countries.
Health Initiative: Innovation for
Uptake, Scale and Equity in
Immunization (INFUSE)
- It seeks to bridge the gap between
vaccine delivery innovators and
implementing countries.
Importance: It ensures that vaccines
for immunity are sufficient in target
countries. This helps boost the
immune system of target beneficiaries.
3. World Health Organization
- It is designated to serve as the
lead agency tasked to direct
and coordinate with all
member nations regarding
leadership, supervision,
technical support, and
education on matters about
health.
Health Initiative: Alliance for Healthy
Cities
- It is an international network
aiming to protect and enhance
the health of city dwellers
thru legislations and
issuances.
Importance: It encourages local
governments to incorporate health
issues and health concerns into all
aspects of public policy.
Health Initiative: WHO Framework
Convention on Tobacco Control
(WHO-FCTC)
- It is the first treaty negotiated
under the auspices of the
World Health Organization
that seeks to control tobacco
consumption.
Importance: It aims at protecting
present and future generations from
the devastating health, social,
environmental, and economic
consequences of tobacco consumption
and exposure to tobacco secondhand
smoking.
Health Initiative: WHO's Global
Strategy to Reduce the Harmful Use of
Alcohol
- It is a resolution on public
health problems caused by
harmful use of alcohol
approved by World Health
Assembly year 2005 (WHA
58.26); thus, recognizing that
alcohol has a worldwide
impact and that strategies
exist to reduce such an
impact.
Importance: It establishes norms and
creates a framework to support both
domestic action and international
cooperation on alcohol consumption.
- It reduces harmful use of
alcohol through effective
policy measures and by
providing relevant
infrastructures for tobacco
control in target countries in
the whole world.
4. United Nations Development
Programme (UNDP)
- It is the United Nations'
global development network.
It advocates for change and
connects countries to
knowledge, experience, and
resources to help people build
a better life for themselves.
Health Initiative: UNDP Strategic
Plan
- It is anchored on the 2030
Agenda for Sustainable
Development and committed
to the principles of
universality, equality and
leaving no one behind
Importance: It helps countries in
achieving sustainable development by
eradicating poverty in all its forms and
dimensions.
- It accelerates structural
transformations for
sustainable development and
building resilience to crises
and shocks.
5. United Nations International
Children's Fund (UNICEF)
- It is a United Nations’ agency
responsible for providing humanitarian
and developmental aid to children
worldwide. It is among the most
widespread and recognizable social
welfare organizations in the world,
with presence in 192 countries and
territories.
Health Initiative: Digital Health
Initiative
- It is an initiative to strengthen
health systems by designing and
deploying digitally enabled solutions.
Importance: It lessens the number of
children that misses life-saving
vaccinations, treatment, and health
monitoring which outdated health
system fails to keep on track.
Health Initiative: Strengthening Health
Systems
- It is an inclusive health system for
children to survive and thrive and
become a resilient individual.
Importance: It provides access to safe
water, sanitation, hygiene and provide
support to primary health care
especially at the community level.
Module 2: Positive Impact of Global
Health Initiatives
1. Global Fund
Health Initiative: Accelerating the
end of AIDS, TB, malaria as
epidemics
Positive Impacts: The Results Report
2019 shows great progress against
some of the biggest challenges in the
fight against the three diseases
achieved in countries where the Global
Fund invested:
• 18.9 million people received
antiretroviral therapy for HIV.
• 719,000 HIV-positive mothers
received medicine to keep them alive
and prevent transmitting HIV to their
babies.
• 5.3 million people tested and treated
for TB.
• 131 million mosquito nets distributed
to protect families from malaria.
In Rwanda in east Africa, the Global
Fund has supported the expansion of
community
health insurance coverage for 3.3
million people on low incomes,
including approximately 300 000
people living with HIV/AIDS and 150
000 orphans.
About one-third of expenditures
supported by the Global Fund are
already devoted to upgrading health-
care infrastructures and to training and
capacity building for health-care
personnel.
2. World Health Organization
(WHO)
Health Initiative: Alliance for Healthy
Cities
Positive Impact: The first Healthy
Cities Programs were launched in
developed countries (i.e., Canada,
USA, Australia, many European
nations). The programs have proven
successful in increasing understanding
of health and environment linkages
and in the creation of intersectoral
partnerships to ensure a sustainable,
widespread programs.
Taiwan was able to develop a well-
organized framework and model to
encourage strong leadership in local
governments and to promote
participation and engagement in their
communities.
Health Initiative: WHO Framework
Convention on Tobacco Control
(WHO-FCTC)
Positive Impacts: Nearly 22 million
future premature smoking-attributable
deaths were averted because of strong
implementation of demand reduction
measures adopted by countries
between 2007 and 2014.
In Kenya since 2013, there has been
20% increase in Tobacco tax revenues
due to new regulations. Between 2001
and 2007, the proportion of currently
smoking students who wanted to stop
smoking increased.
The budget for health in the
Philippines has increased, particularly
for universal health care after raising
the tax imposed to cigarette.
Health Initiative: WHO's Global
Strategy to Reduce the Harmful Use of
Alcohol
Positive Impacts: The United States
saw a 16% median decline in motor
vehicle crashes.
Brazil reduced the opening hours of
bars from 24 hours a day to closure at
11 pm was associated with a 44% drop
in homicides.
The Russian Federation implemented
alcohol control measures in 2003. By
2016, recorded consumption of
alcohol had fallen by 40%. Over the
same period all-cause mortality
dropped by 39% in men and 36% in
women, with the sharpest decline in
causes of death linked to alcohol
consumption.
In 2019, the WHO European region is
the only region that has a significant
reduction on alcohol per capita
consumption which surpassed a 10%
relative reduction in comparison with
2010.
3. United Nations Development
Program (UNDP)
Health Initiative: UNDP Strategic
Plan
Positive Impacts: Global poverty has
fallen from 35 per cent in 1990 to
under 10 per cent in 2016, reducing
the number of poor people in the
world by over 1 billion.
Panama achieved high-income status
in 2018, leading to a decline in core
regular resources from UNDP
Malaysia’s commitment to women’s
rights and gender equality has
developed over time in both the
domestic and international arenas. The
country effectively responded to
human development challenges and
reduced inequalities with the help of
UNDP.
4. United Nations International
Children's Fund (UNICEF)
Health Initiative: Digital Health for children and women. The number
Initiative (DHI) of children dying before the age of
five years has almost halved and
Positive Impacts: UNICEF has similar progress has been made in
harnessed the power of ICT maternal mortality.
to support countries to ensure that
Stunting (chronic undernutrition)
every child survives and thrives. among children below age five
Around the world, 85.8 million decreased from 40 per cent in 1990 to
mothers, community health workers, 25 percent in 2013.
vaccinators, and health facility staff in
However, stunting continues to affect
18 countries have benefited from an estimated 161 million children
digital health platforms and the
globally.
communities they connect to the
health system. In Afghanistan, nearly 1.2 million
children under one year receive life-
In October 2018, more than 37 million saving vaccines.
Pakistan children received measles
vaccination during a 12-day On a yearly basis, 6 million pregnant
supplementary immunization women receive vaccines that prevent
campaign, using real-time monitoring nine diseases.
powered by RapidPro, according to
government reports. In 2020, 50,364 pregnant women and
79,362 children who live more than
As of December 2019, in Bangladesh, two hours away from a health facility
initial results indicate that 89 per cent received essential health care through
of registered pregnant women using mobile health teams.
the real-time monitoring by Rapidpro
have received antenatal care and 99
percent reported satisfaction with
those services; and 91 percent of
registered lactating women received
postnatal care and 97 reported that
they are satisfied with that support.
Health Initiative: Strengthening
Health Systems (SHS)
Positive Impacts: Since 1990,
through the UNICEF Health Systems
Strengthening Approach remarkable
gains have been made in improving
outcomes