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Lecture-Kinetics of Particles Newton S 2nd Law3-1
Lecture-Kinetics of Particles Newton S 2nd Law3-1
SECOND LAW:
A particle acted upon by an unbalanced force F experiences an acceleration a
that has the same direction as the force and a magnitude that is directly
proportional to the force.
THIRD LAW:
The mutual forces of action and reaction between two particles are equal,
opposite and collinear.
The first and third laws are extensively used during statics
However, Newton’s second law of motion forms the basis for most of the
dynamics concepts, since this law relates the accelerated motion of the particle
to the forces that act on it.
If the mass of the particle is ‘m’, Newton’s second law of motion may be
written in mathematical form as:
F = ma
This equation is referred to as the equation of motion
Newton’s Law of Gravitational Attraction:
Newton’s law of Gravitational Attraction may be expressed mathematically as:
F = [G m1 m2]/r2
where F = Force of attraction between two particles
G = Universal constant of gravitation, 66.73x10-12 m3/kg.s2
m1 m2 = mass of each of the two particles
r = distance between the centers of the two particles
• If the resultant force acting on a particle is not zero,
the particle will have an acceleration proportional to the
magnitude of resultant and in the direction of the
resultant.
F ma
• If particle is subjected
to several forces:
F ma
• If no force acts on particle, particle will not accelerate, i.e., it will remain
stationary or continue on a straight line at constant velocity.
5
The equation of motion is:
F = ma
Consider a particle P which has a mass m and is subjected to the action of two
forces F1 and F2
We can graphically account for the magnitude and direction of each force acting
on the particle by drawing the particle’s free body diagram
Since the resultant of these forces produces the vector ma, its magnitude and
direction can be represented graphically on the kinetic diagram
The equation of motion for a system of particles can be
written as:
ΣF = maG
i.e. the sum of the external forces acting on the system of
particles is equal to the total mass of the particles times the
acceleration of its center of mass G.
Gravitational Force
Normal Force
Friction Force
Tension Force
Spring Force
The magnitude of the gravitational force acting on
an object of mass m near the Earth’s surface is
called the weight w of the object: w = mg
g can also be found from the Law of Universal
Gravitation
Weight has a unit of Newton
mM
Fg G 2 w Fg mg
R
M
g G 2 9.8 m/s 2
R
Weight depends upon location R = 6,400 km
Mass is sometimes confused with weight.
Mass is a measure of the amount of matter
in an object; weight is the measure of the
gravitational force exerted on an object.
The force of gravity on a person or object at
the surface of a planet is known as weight.
So, when you step on a bathroom scale, you
are determining the gravitational force
Earth is exerting on you.
Force from a solid
surface which
keeps object from w Fg mg
falling through
Direction: always
perpendicular to
the surface N Fg ma y
Magnitude:
N mg ma y
depends on
situation N mg
• μ – Greek letter “Mu”
• Coefficient of friction.
– μs – coefficient of static friction
– μk – coefficient of kinetic friction
– depends on materials used and their surface
conditions
• Coefficient of friction: Decimal between 0.0 and 1.0,
unitless.
situation
• International System of Units (SI Units): base units
are the units of length (m), mass (kg), and time
(second). The unit of force is derived,
m kg m
1 N 1 kg 1 2 1 2
s s
400sin30
400cos30
Equations of Motion :
SOLUTION:
Fx ma :
FBD Kinetics diagram
P cos 30 0.25 N 80 2.5
Psin30
200
Pcos30
Fy 0 :
N P sin 30 785 0
W mg 80 9.81 785 N Solve for P and N
F mk N 0.25 N N P sin 30 785
P cos30 0.25 P sin 30 785 200
P 534.7 N
N 1052.4 N
Sample Problem 3
xA
• Kinematic relationship: If A moves xA to the
right, B moves down 0.5 xA
xB
O
x xB 12 x A aB 12 a A
y
F x mA a A
T1 100 a A (1)
FBD Kinetics diagram
Considering Block B:
Equations of Motion :
F y mB aB
m B g T2 m B a B
300 9.81 T2 300 a B
T2 2940- 300 a B (2)
Equations of Motion :
F y mC aC
T2 2T1 0 (3)
T1 100 aA (1)
T 2 2 T1 0 (3)
x B 12 x A a B 12 a A
2940- 300 aB 2 200aB 0
aB 4.2 m / s 2
a A 8.4 m / s 2
Solving for T1
T1 100 aA (1)
T1 100 (8 . 4 )
T1 840 N
Solving for T2
T 2 2 T1 0 (3)
T 2 2 T1
T 2 2 ( 840 )
T 2 1680 N