Republic of the Philippines PARTIDO STATE UNIVERSITY Camarines Sur PSU - Campus Module 2 Caramoan The Nature of Mathematics Course Code: GE4 Week /Period. Course Title: Mathematics in the Modern World Name of Faculty: Term: |. Learning Objectives By the end of the topic, students will be able to: + Identify patterns in nature and regularities in the world * Articulate the importance of mathematics in one's life. * Apply the Fibonacci Sequence + Express appreciation for mathematics as a human endeavor Il. LESSON (MThe Mathematics of Nature’s Patterns Patterns in nature are visible regularities of form found in the natural world These patterns recur in different contexts and can sometimes be modelled mathematically. All around us, we see a great diversity of living things, from the microscopic to the gigantic, from the simple to the complex, from bright colors to dull ones. One of the most intriguing things we see in nature is patterns. We tend to think of patterns as sequences or designs that are orderly and that repeat. But we can also think of patterns as anything that is not random. For example, we recognize the spots on a giraffe as a pattern, but they're not regular, nor are any of the spots the same size or shape. However, other patterns are orderly as is seen in the symmetry of a sea star or a snowflake. Natural patterns include symmetries, trees, spirals, meanders, waves, foams, tessellations, cracks and stripes Early Greek philosophers studied pattem, with Plato, Pythagoras and Empedocles attempting to explain order in nature. The modem understanding of visible patterns developed gradually over time. Types of Patterns: Symmetry is pervasive in living things. Animals mainly have bilateral or mirror symmetry, as do the leaves of plants and some flowers such as orchids. Plants often have radial or rotational symmetry, as do many flowers and some groups of animals such as sea anemones. Fivefold symmetry is found in the echinoderms, the group that includes starfish, sea urchins, and sea lilies. Page 1 of 14Republic of the Philippines PARTIDO STATE UNIVERSITY Camarines Sur ‘Animals otten show Echinoderms ke this Fivefold symmetry can Snowflakes have sixfold Fluorite showing cubic mirror or bilteral starfish have fivefold be seen in many flowers symmetry. crystal habit symmetry, like this tige symmetry. ‘and some fruts ike this median Lifted from https://en,wikipedia.org/wiki/Pattems _in_nature Lifted from https:/mww. youtube. com/watch?v=Eof3H-kwzP4&ab_channel=RANTITIMARIO. Trees, fractals A fractal is a detailed pattern that looks similar at any scale and repeats itself over time. A fractal's (pattern gets more complex as you observe it at larger scales. This example of a fractal shows simple shapes multiplying over time, yet maintaining the same pattern. Examples of fractals in nature are snowflakes, trees branching, lightning, and ferns “ a Lifted from https://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Patterns_in_nature Mpirais A spiral is a curved pattern that focuses on a center point and a series of circular shapes that revolve around it. Examples of spirals are pine cones, pineapples, hurricanes. The reason for why plants use a spiral form like the leaf picture above is because they are constantly trying to grow but stay secure. A spiral shape causes plants to condense themselves and not take up as much space, causing it to be stronger and more durable against the elements. / \ | q Fence sora! inno seep, Os dhvieisof ——Havtusshels——Femats pea! seed utp Feonacc canosens el abe Ave pith gow spel Reber stoner, spel re cetbanen | Lifted from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patterns_in_nature Page 2 of 14Republic of the Philippines PARTIDO STATE UNIVERSITY ‘Camarines Sur Tessellations Tessellations are patterns formed by repeating tiles all over a flat surface. There are 17 wallpaper groups of tilings. While common in art and design, exactly repeating tilings are less easy to find in living things. The cells in the paper nests of social wasps, and the wax cells in honeycomb built by honey bees are well-known examples. Among animals, bony fish, reptiles or the pangolin, or fruits like the salak are protected by overlapping scales or osteoderms, these form more-or-less exactly repeating units, though often the scales in fact vary continuously in size. Among flowers, the snake's head fritillary, Fritillaria meleagris, have a tessellated chequerboard pattern on their petals. The structures of minerals provide good examples of regularly repeating three-dimensional arrays. Despite the hundreds of thousands of known minerals, there are rather few possible types of arrangement of atoms in a crystal, defined by crystal structure, crystal system, and point group; for example, there are exactly 14 Bravais lattices for the 7 lattice systems in three-dimensional space Cysias cabesheped Arrays honeycombis@ Bismuth hopper cryslal Tings tesselated lawer Tings overapong Tangs ovetapping cysts frie (eck natural tessolaton eustainghestastep of snake's head ilar, scales cfcommon roach, scales of snakefut or sa, cubic cyst crystal nat Frinane moteoges Ruwueritivs lak, Salaceezaaccs exoctanearat cya Lifted from https:/len wikipedia org/wiki/Patterns_in_nature Bubbles, foam A foam is a mass of bubbles; foams of different materials occur in nature. Foams composed of soap films obey Plateau's laws, which require three soap films to meet at each edge at 120° and four soap edges to meet at each vertex at the tetrahedral angle of about 109.5°. Plateau's ‘aws further require films to be smooth and continuous, and to have a constant. Foam of soap bubbles Radiolania drawn by Hackers Spumeliaria, _Buckminsterfulerene _Brochosomes (secretory four edges meet at each Hascke! in is the skeletons of these Cp Richard Smalley microparticles produced vertex. at angies close to Kunstformen der Natur Radiolaria have foar- ‘ang colleagues by leathonpers) often 109.5", a3 in Wo CH (1904) tke forms ‘synthesised the fullerene approximate fullerene bongs in methane molecule in 1985 ‘geometry Lifted from https://en.wikipedia org/wiki/Patterns_in_nature Page 3 of 14Republic of the Philippines PARTIDO STATE UNIVERSITY Camarines Sur Cracks Cracks are linear openings that form in materials to relieve stress. When an elastic material stretches or shrinks uniformly, it eventually reaches its breaking strength and then fails suddenly in all directions, creating cracks with 120 degree joints, so three cracks meet at a node. Conversely, when an inelastic material fails, straight cracks form to relieve the stress. Ord pottery surface, Drying inelastic mud in Veined gabvo with 90° Drying elastc mudin Cooled basait at Giants White glaze with mainly the Rann of Kutch with cracks, near Sourrna_— Sicily with mainly 120° Causeway. Verbeal 90" cracks ‘mainly 90° cracks Str, Sie cracks mainly 120" cracks ® siving hexagonal ‘columns Lifted from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pattems_in_nature Lifted from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bWPLBQAWFni&ab_channe! I=Doitmathematically. Waves Waves are yet another common pattern found in nature. Think about it, waves can be seen crashing on a beach, at the snap of a rope or sound traveling through a speaker. Khan Academy is our final source to explain the physics of wave motion or a disturbance propagating through ‘space. i con . Lifted from https:/len.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patterns_in_nature Common Number Patterns Arithmetic Sequences An Arithmetic Sequence is made by adding the same value each time. Page d of 14Republic of the Philippines PARTIDO STATE UNIVERSITY Camarines Sur Example: 1, 4, 7, 10; 43786) 15,22, 25, This sequence has a difference of 3 between each number. The pattern Is continued by adding 3 to the last number each time, like this: tT O12 3.45 67 @ 91011 1213 1415 16 17 +3 S te 435 435 F5 Exampl 3,8, 15, 16,23, 28, a5, 38, 4 This sequence has a difference of 5 between each number. The pattern Is continued by adding 5 to the last number each time, like this: oO ee ° +5 5 +5 Lifted from https:/Awww.mathsisfun. com/numberpatterns. htm! The value added each time is called the “common difference” What is the common difference in this example? 19, 27, 35, 43, ... Answer: (ihe common difference could also be negative: Example: 25, 23, 21, 19, 17, 15, This common difference Is —2 The pattern is continued by subtracting 2 each time, like this: 72 72-2 Lifted from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patterns_in_nature Geometric Sequences ‘A Geometric Sequence is made by multiplying by the same value each time. Page 5 of 14Republic of the Philippines PARTIDO STATE UNIVERSITY Camarines Sur Example: 1, 3, 9, 27, 81, 243, This sequence has a factor of 3 between each number. The pattern is continued by multiplying by 3 each time, like this: Se 01234567 8.9 10111213 1415 16 Lifted from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pattems_in_nature What we multiply by each time is called the "common ratio’ In the previous example the common ratio was 3: a a 123.4 5 6 7 8 9 1011 1213 14 15 16 -__ * We can start with any number Example: Common Ratio of 3, But Starting at 2 2, 6, 18, 54, 162, 486, ... This sequence also has 2 common ratio of 3, but it starts with 2. e hs aa 0123 4 5.67 8 9 1011 1213 14 15 16 1758 S Example: 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64, 128, 256, ... This sequence starts at 1 and has a common ratio of 2. ‘The pattern is continued by multiplying by 2 each time, like this: as et ome at oO &e'~e" —e—- ‘The common ratio can be less than 1 Page 6 of 14Republic of the Philippines PARTIDO STATE UNIVERSITY Camarines Sur Example: 10, 5, 2.5, 1.25, 0.625, 0.3125, This sequence starts at 10 and has a common ratio of 0.5 (a half). The pattern is continued by multiplying by 0.5 each time. Lifted from https://en. wikipedia org/wiki/Patterns_in_nature Special Sequences There are also many special sequences, here are some of the most common: Triangular Numbers 0 1, 3, 6, 10, 15, 21, 28, 36, 45, This Triangular Number Sequence is generated from a pattern of dots that form a triangle. By adding another row of dots and counting all the dots we can find the next number of the sequence: c. vos Ai. ifted from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pattems_in_nature Square Numbers 0, 1, 4, 9, 16, 25, 36, 49, 64, 81, ... They are the squares of whole numbers: 9 (=3x3) 16 (=4x4) etc. Page 7 of 14Republic of the Philippines PARTIDO STATE UNIVERSITY Camarines Sur About Fibonacci The Man His real name was Leonardo Pisano Bogollo, and he lived between 1170 and 1250 in Italy. “Fibonacci” was his nickname, which roughly means "Son of Bonacci”. As well as being famous for the Fibonacci Sequence, he helped spread Hindu-Arabic Numerals (like our present numbers 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9) through Europe in place of Roman Numerals (I, I, III, 1V, ¥, etc). That has saved us all a lot of trouble! Thank you Leonardo, Fibonacci Day @® Fibonacci Day is November 23rd, as it has the digits "1, 1, 2, 3° which is part of the sequence. So next Nov 23 let everyone know! Lifted from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patterns_in_nature Fibonacci Sequence The Fibonacci Sequence is the series of numbers: 0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, ‘The next number is found by adding up the two numbers before it: ® the 2 is found by adding the two numbers before it (1+1), the 3 is found by adding the two numbers before it (1+2), the 5 is (23), and so on! Example: the next number in the sequence above is 21+34 = 55 Itis that simple! Here is a longer list: 0, 1, 1, 2,3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34, 55, 89, 144, 233, 377, 610, 987, 1597, 2584, 4181, 6765, 10946, 17711, 28657, 46368, 75025, 121393, 196418, 317811, Makes A Spiral When we make squares with those widths, we get a nice spiral: Page 8 of 14Republic of the Philippines PARTIDO STATE UNIVERSITY Camarines Sur Lifted from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patterns_in_nature Lifted from https://ww. youtube. com/watch?v=OhuF 3pM6wSs&ab_channel=AikzAdonis Do you see how the squares fit neatly together? ° For example 5 and 8 make 13, 8 and 13 make 21, and so on The Rule ‘The Fibonacci Sequence can be written as a "Rule" (see Sequences and Series). First, the terms are numbered from 0 onwards like this: So term number 6 is called x¢ (which equals 8). ° Example: the sth term is I ea the 7th term plus the 6th term: sg Es 13° 21 34 55 Xe = X7 + Xe Lifted from https://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Patterns_in_nature ‘So we can write the rule: The Rule is Xn = Xn-1 + Xn-2 where: + xXnis term number "n" + X91 is the previous term (n-1) + Xz the term before that (n-2) Page 9 of 14Republic of the Philippines PARTIDO STATE UNIVERSITY Camarines Sur Example 1: term 9 is calculated like this: Xo = Xo-1 + X02 = Xs + x7 = 21413 Lifted from https://en.wikipedia.orgiwiki/Patterns_in_nature Golden Ratio Q= 1618 And here Is a surprise. When we take any two successive (one after the other) Fibonacci Numbers, their ratio is very close to the Golden Ratio “@" which is approximately 1.618034... @ 1 Golden Rectangle 1 In fact, the bigger the pair of Fibonacci Numbers, the closer the approximation. Let us try a few: Q= 1618. A B B/A aS ais 3 5 1.666666... S68 6 S 13. 1.625 144 233 1,618055556.. 233 377 1.618025751... a We don't have to start with 2 and 3, here I randomly chose 192 and 16 (and got the sequence 192, 16, 208, 224, 432, 656, 1088, 1744, 2832, 4576, 7408, 11984, 19392, 31376, A B B/sA 192 46 0.08333333... 16 208 13 208 224 1.07692308... 224 432 1.92857143... 7408 11984 1.61771058... 41984 19392 1.61815754. Lifted from https://en. wikipedia. orgiwikiPattens_in_nature to Calculate Fibonacci Numbers Page 10 of 14Republic of the Philippines PARTIDO STATE UNIVERSITY Camarines Sur Fibonacci Number using the Golden Ratio: ‘The answer comes out as a whole number, exactly equal to the addition of the previous two terms. Example: x6 = (1.618034...)® — (1-1.618034. v5 x6 When I used a calculator on this (only entering the Golden Ratio to 6 decimal places) I got the answer 8.00000033 , a more accurate calculation would be closer to 8. Try n=12 and see what you get. eg ttt om hitpston wtdpecia.onghwikiP etleme_jr_neture You can also calculate a Fibonacci Number by multiplying the previous Fibonacci Number by the Golden Ratio and then rounding (works for numbers above 1) Example: 8 x @ = 8 x 1.618034... 12.94427... = 13 (rounded) Terms Below Zero The sequence works below zero also, like this: (Prove to yourself that each number is found by adding up the two numbers before it!) In fact the sequence below zero has the same numbers as the sequence above zero, except they follow a +—+-~ ... pattern. It can be written like this: Hon = (a1) iy Which says that term makes the correct +1, "" is equal to (—1)"*1 times term 4, +4, <1, ... pattern, and the value (—1)"*1 neatly Lifted from https://en.wikipedia org/wiki/Pattems_in_nature Ml. ACTIVITY 1. MAKE SPIRAL USING GRAPHING PAPER Page 11 of 14Republic of the Philippines PARTIDO STATE UNIVERSITY Camarines Sur IV. ASSESTMENT 1 around it What are fractals? a. Patterns that are iterated on an infinitely smaller scale b. Cubed or tiled patterns ©. Irregular stripes or spots d. When ripples are broken or fractured’ Tessellations are and occur in turtle shells, honeycombs, fish scales, and pineapples. a. iterative, repeating patterns b. Cubed or tiled patterns c. Spirals that get smalier as they go d. Found on living organisms Patter that focuses on a center point and a series of circular shapes that revolve a. Cracks b. Spirals c. Symmetric d. Foam What is the sequence of Fibonacci day .0,1,2,3, 1.2.3.4 0,1,1,2 41,23 , 10, 17, 24, 31, 38, hat is the next number in the above pattern? 43 44 45 46 » seaooD aos 71, 62, 53, 44, ... ‘What is the next number in the above pattern? a. 35 b. 36 ©. 37 d. 38 Here is a number pattern. What is the missing number? 63, 55, 47, ?, 31, 23 a. 15 b. 38 c. 39 d. 40 Here is a number pattern. What is the missing value? 3,6, 12,? a_10 Page 12 of 14Republic of the Philippines PARTIDO STATE UNIVERSITY Camarines Sur 9. 2,6, 18, 54, ... What is the next number in the above sequence? a 108 b. 152 c. 162 d. 216 10.96, 48, 24, 12, ... ‘What is the next number in the above sequence? a6 aos oon 14. The first positive square number is 1 squared = 12 = 4 x 1 What is the tenth positive square number? a. 20 b. 81 c. 100 d. 1000 12. What is the tenth triangular number? a. 30 b. 45 c. 55 d. 60 18. The first four Fibonacci numbers are 0, 1, 1 and 2, what is the twelfth number? a. 55 b. 7 c. 88 d. 89 14. If the first three Fibonacci numbers are given as x1 = 1, x2 = 1 and xs = 2, then what is the least value of n for which xn > 500? a n=13 b. n=14 co n=15 d. n=16 15. The Golden ratio = 1.618033988749484820... -618 correct to 3 decimal places. If xn are terms of the Fibonacci sequence, then what is the least value of n for which x'+1= 1.618 correct to 3 decimal places? Xn n=8 aogp Page 13 of 14Republic of the Philippines PARTIDO STATE UNIVERSITY Camarines Sur V. Suggested References: Medallion, M.C. (2018); Mathematics in the Moder World; Mindshaper Co.,Inc.Mla., Philippines Sirug, W.S. (2018); Mathematics in the Modem World; Mindshaper Co.,Inc.Mla., Philippines Nocon, R.C. (2018); Essential Mathematics for the Modem World. 2nd Edition; C & E Publishing, Inc. Mia., Philippines. Cabero, J.b., Salamat, L. G.(2013); Business Statistics; Anvil Publishing, Inc.: Mandaluyong City Penacilla,|.C. & Decillo G.( 2013); Quantitative Business Management Techniques: Operation Research for College Students in Management Services; C & E. Pub.Inc. Mla. Philippines. Anderson et. al. (2008). Quantitative Methods for Business. 11 Ed.. Thomson Higher Education. Canada Page 14 of 14