Bioconversion of Renewable

Resources to Desirable End Products

“Case Study: From Biomass to
Biofuel (Biogas)”

Group 7:
Shintiakho Linggadewi (195090100111019)
Nur Aini (195090101111039)
Aisyah Fajriati (195090100111036)
Natasyah Paramita (195090107111008)
BACKGROUND Nur Aini
 CONTINUED… Nur Aini

03

04
1

02

3
How is biomass
called completely
2 renewable
01 energy?

Figure 1. Carbon cycle throughout the production and utilization of biomass

(Tursi, 2019)
 OBJECTIVES Nur Aini

1. Understand the types of biomass sources to produce biofuels

2. Understand the process of converting biomass into biofuel (biogas)
1 anaerobic digestion
through
3. Understand the advantages of biogas products from biomass energy
sources
3

2
 BIOMASS Natasyah Paramitha

Figure 2. Biomass Sources

 BIOFUEL Natasyah Paramitha

Figure 3. Development of biofuel generation

 PRODUCT OF BIOFUEL

Figure 4. Product benefits of biofuels in various sectors

Natasyah Paramitha
 CONVERSION OF BIOMASS TO BIOGAS THROUGH
ANAEROBIC DIGESTION (AD)

Shintiakho Figure 5. Anaerobic digestion process

Linggadewi
 CHARACTERISTICS OF EACH STAGE OF AD

1 2 3 4

HYDROLISIS ACIDOGENESIS ACETOGENESIS METHANOGENESIS

1

Acetogens finalize the

Occur at the The fastest3step in break down process of the Final stage of anaerobic
optimum anaerobic digestion, biomass facilitating the digestion. Methanogenic
temperature between acidogenic bacteria action of the microorganisms is a
30–50°C and having a regeneration methanogenic archaea to group of obligate
optimum pH of 5-72 time of fewer than 36 h produce methane as anaerobic archaea
biofuel.

Shintiakho
Linggadewi
 TWO-STAGE ANAEROBIC DIGESTION ON BIOLOGICAL SLUDGE
TREATMENT OF PAPER INDUSTRY

Shintiakho
Figure 6. Continuous process of two-stage anaerobic digestion reactor
Linggadewi
 IMPORTANT OPERATING FACTORS AFFECTING ANAEROBIC
DIGESTION
1 2
Temperature
Two main temperature regimes for anaerobic
digestion:
Mesophilic: 30-35°C (slower, yields less biogas,
lower heater energy costs)
Thermophilic: 49-57°C or >70°C (faster, higher
loading rates, increased biogas production, higher
levels of pathogen destruction)
pH
It should be kept in a range of 6.5 to 7.5. The
methane formers are pH sensitive, and pH values
outside of the range will affect their metabolic
rates. Resulting in decreased biogas production or
digester failure
Shintiakho
Linggadewi
 CONTINUED…
3 4
Hydraulic Retention Time
HRT refers to mean length of time that liquids
remain in a digester. A smaller digester (lower
capital cost) results in a shorter HRT, corresponds
to a higher loading rate. (θ= HRT, V= digester
volume, Q= flow rate of digester)
Shintiakho
Linggadewi
Loading Rate
The loading rate of a digester refers to the amount
of organics fed to a digester per day in
continuous digesters. In a high solids batch
digesters, the loading rate can be only half of other
single-stage reactors, which in turn necessitates a
greater land footprint
 BIOMASS PRETREATMENT Nur Aini

1. Biological Pretreatments
White rot fungi acts as a potential biological agent in
the pretreatment of lignocellulosic wastes through
1 enzymatic secretions, although the use of fungi runs
the risk of long pretreatment times and proclivity for
certain white rot fungi to destroy cellulose

3
2. Chemical Pretreatments ● Acidic pretreatment: lignocellulosic substrates are
broken down into their respective monosaccharides. The
2 acidity can be adjusted to by hydrolytic microorganisms

● Alkaline pretreatment: typically entails ammonia or

hydroxide compounds. The principle is to cause fibers to
swell, thus disrupting the structure of lignin and
Thermoanaerobacter
brockii
exposing the substrate to enzymatic degradation
 BIOMASS PRETREATMENT
Natasyah Paramitha

3. Mechanical Pretreatments
Milling: substrate size can be reduced. Although the fine milling of
lignocellulosic waste can translate into better conversion than coarse
1 milling, caution must be taken, for excessively fine particles may run the
risk of acidification due to high waste solubility

3
4. Thermal Pretreatments

2 This pretreatment involves exposing wastes to high

temperatures a pressure to induce hydrolysis while
preventing evaporation. Increased loading rates can be
applied to digesters that incorporate thermal pretreatments.
 Aisyah Fajriati

ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF PRETREATMENT

Biological Chemical Mechanical Thermal

Pretreatments Pretreatments Pretreatments Pretreatments

ADVANTAGES ADVANTAGES
ADVANTAGES
No chemical addition, Increase in surface area, ADVANTAGES
Low capital costs, high
energy consumption is pore size, decrease in No catalyst required, high
solubilization improvement,
lower, pure cellulose is crystallinity, easy handling solids recovery, lower
no addition of chemicals
obtained of material inhibitors formation
DISADVANTAGES
DISADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES
Possible formation of toxic
Long reaction time, Increase High energy requirements, Lower lignin removal, high
compounds, Possible
in methane production, loss no lignin removal, energy and water
formation of less
of cell activity expensive repair of requirements
biodegradable byproducts
pretreatment reactors
 QUANTITATIVE EVALUATIONS OF THE ANAEROBIC DIGESTION
PROCESS

THEORETICAL
BOD
BOD METHANE YIELD 4
1 The rate and quantity of biogas
The size of the biodegradable
generation depends on the availability
organics in the sludge. BOD can be of organics for digestion, the amount of
used for the overall effectiveness of the remaining organic, sudden changes in
anaerobic digester. digester pH and accumulation of excess
inhibitory compounds

COD
COD Volatile
VOLATILE Solids
SOLIDS
5
2 COD is able to make anaerobic
VS can be used as a measure of
digestion more efficient. The amount of
organic matter in water. The most
degradation in the anaerobic digester can
accurate measurement is the first
be seen if the COD is reduced.
measurement, but still the second
measurement is also used as a basis
CARBON/NITROGEN
for determining the organic loading
3 RATIO
rate of the digester.
The concentration of methane in biogas will
decrease if the C/N ratio increases, where the
optimum ratio of C/N is 25:1. The C/N ratio in
poultry manure will be relatively lower if the
Aisyah Fajriati
ammonia contained is high enough.
 PROBLEMS AND OPPORTUNITIES OF ANAEROBIC
DIGESTION

PROBLEM OPPORTUNITIES

Ammonia inhibition in methanogenic 1. Improve air quality

bacteria can1 affect methanogenesis stage 2. Harvesting biogas
of AD. 3. Protecting water quality
4. Generating energy like gas,
Two possible mechanisms of 3 ammonia electricity, and heat
toxicity 5. Killing weed seeds in manure
1. The direct inhibition of the activity 6. Improving manure nutrient to
2
of cytosolic enzymes by un-ionized plants
Aisyah Fajriati
ammonia
2. Intracellular accumulation of NH4+
Nur Aini
OPPORTUNITIES AND CHALLENGES OF BIOGAS PRODUCTION

A OPPORTUNITIES B CHALLENGES
Advantages

1. The availability of nitrogen and 1. Commercial

phosphorus will increase 2. Basic principles
2. Biogas which can be developed into 3. Business potential.
biomethane. 4. Complicated construction
3. Biogas Technology is able to make 5. Difficult operating system
farmers cook, heat, run electric generators 6. High maintenance and investment
4. Reduce fuel wood consumption costs.
5. Reduce deforestation 7. Smell
6. Reduce indoor air pollution
7. increase fertility
Aisyah Fajriati
 CONCLUSION Nur Aini

1. Sources of biomass can arise from various sectors such as agriculture, forestry, wood processing
industry, animal residues, municipal solid waste, and other waste from anthropogenic activities.
2. Biomass can produce fuel called biofuel. Biogas is a biofuel produced through a biological
process of anaerobic digestion (AD). The anaerobic digestion process of organic matter consists
of four stages, there are hydrolysis, acidogenesis, acetogenesis, and methanogenesis. The
hydrolysis stage is the process of breaking down insoluble polymers such as carbohydrates,
lipids, and proteins into soluble mono and oligomers. The acidogenesis stage is the process of
degradation of simple sugars, amino acids, and fatty acids into acetic acid, carbon dioxide,
hydrogen, volatile fatty acids, and alcohol. The acetogenesis stage is the process of degradation
of volatile fatty acids and alcohol into H2 and acetic acid. The last stage is methanogenesis
which converts a mixture of CO2, H2, formate, methanol, and acetate into the final product in
the form of methane.
3. The advantage of biogas is can reduce environmental problems by reusing waste from human
activities. Biogas can be used as heat energy for cooking purposes or for running an electric
generator. In addition, the use of biogas can reduce the consumption of firewood and reduce air
pollution.
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