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Designing Quantitative Studies: Comparisons
Designing Quantitative Studies: Comparisons
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IN QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH
EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES
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intervening.
COMPARISON STUDIES
TIME OF DATA COLLECTION
1. COMPARISON OF 2 GROUPS
2. COMPARISON OF ONE GROUP STATUS AT 2 OR MORE POINTS IN TIME > In most studies, data are collected from participants at a
3. COMPARISON OF ONE GROUP STATUS UNDER DIFFERENT CIRCUMSTANCES single point in time.
4. COMPARISON BASED ON RELATIVE RANKINGS
5. COMPARISON WITH OTHER STUDIES
> Some designs,however, call for multiple contacts with
participants, usuallly to determine how things have changed
overtime
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COMMUNICATION WITH SUBJECTS
RESEARCH SITES & SETTINGS HOW WILL INFORMATION BE PROVIDED WHAT IS THE READING & COMPREHENSION
LEVEL OF THE LEAST SKILLED PARTICIPANTS
RESEARCH SITES: overall location for the ORALLY OR IN WRITING?
research
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questions participants might ask?
―J.R.LIM, DNM, MAN, RN
Quantitative Designs
tend to be fairly
structured
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TREND STUDIES
LONGITUDINAL DESIGN
Different samples are
A study in which data are collected
at more than one point in time over selected at repeated
an extended period
intervals, but the samples
are always drawn from
the same population.
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CROSS
SEQUENTIAL
DESIGN FOLLOW- UP STUDIES
two or more age cohorts ● are usually undertaken to determine the
subsequent development of individuals
are studied longitudinally who have a specified condition or who have
received a specified intervention
ALSO KNOWN AS
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PANEL STUDIES
ATTRITION
● ONE OF THE MOST
SERIOUS CHALLENGE IN
RESEARCH
● LOSS OF PARTICIPANTS
OVER TIME
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EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH RANDOMIZATION
ALSO CALLED “RANDOM ASSIGNMENT”
TRUE EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH DESIGN EVERY SUBJECT HAS AN EQUAL CHANCE OF
BEING ASSIGNED TO ANY GROUP
MANIPULATION: The researcher does something to at least some subjects
> IF SUBJECTS ARE ASSIGNED IN GROUPS
CONTROL: The researcher introduces controls over the experimental situation RANDOMLY, THERE IS NO SYSTEMATIC BIAS
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EXPERIMENTAL DESIGNS
● AFTER ONLY DESIGN / POST-TEST
involves randomly
assigning clusters of individuals to DESIGN
different treatment groups Data on the dependent variable are collected
only once—after random assignment is
completed and the experimental
treatment has been introduced.
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EXPERIMENTAL STRENGTHS EXPERIMENTAL LIMITATIONS
1.) Part of the difficulty lies in the requirements for randomization and then equal treatment within
1. ) True experiments are the most groups.
powerful method available for testing
hypotheses of cause-and-effect 2.) Experiments that are undertaken without a guiding theoretical framework are sometimes
criticized for being able to establish a causal connection between an independent and dependent
relationships between variables. variable without providing any causal explanation for why the intervention resulted in the observed
outcomes.
2. ) Studies using an experimental
design are in general thought to yield 3.) It may be especially difficult to maintain the integrity of the intervention and control conditions if
the highest-quality evidence regarding the study period extends over time.
the effects of specific interventions and 4.) HAWTHORNE EFFECT: Knowledge of being included in the study appears to have affected
nursing actions. people’s behavior, thereby obscuring the effect of the variable of interest.
DOUBLE-BLIND EXPERIMENTS: neither subjects nor those who administer the
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treatment know who is in the experimental or control group, which is so powerful.
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RANDOMIZATION
the most effective method of controlling individual
extraneous variables— is randomization. The primary
function of randomization is to secure comparable groups,
that is, to equalize groups with respect to extraneous
CONTROLLING EXTRANEOUS VARIABLES variables.
controls all possible sources of extraneous variation, without any conscious
decision on the researcher’s part about which variables need to be controlled
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Homogeneity BLOCKING
A randomized block design is an experimental design where the
Example: experimental units are in groups called blocks.
Physical training program: suppose our subjects were in
two different nursing homes; those in one nursing home
will receive the physical training program and those in EXAMPLE:
the other nursing home will not receive it. If gender were
considered to be an important confounding variable (and If a farm has a field of corn affected by a plant disease and wants to test the efficacy of
if the two nursing homes had different proportions of men different fungicides in controlling it, they may split the field into blocks and randomly treat
and women), we could control gender by using only men section of each block with the various fungicides to be tested. This is an example of a block
(or only women) as subjects. design experiment. By splitting the field into blocks, the farm may be able to account for
certain variations and confounding variables that might exist in the field.
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STATISTICAL CONTROL
To Achieve Quality through the use of Adequate Statistical Techniques
Quantitative researchers usually try to design a study to achieve the
highest possible precision, which is achieved through accurate measuring
tools, controls over extraneous variables, and powerful statistical methods
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COPYRIGHT & PUBLICATION It is a well known fact that
when an author submit their
work to journal, the latter
owns the copyright to the
article
JENNIFER RHAE J. LIM, DNM,MAN,RN
Distribution of copies of a
work to the public by sale
or any transfer of ownership