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Av1 3 Tep
Av1 3 Tep
Av1 3 Tep
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗𝑥 + 𝑦 ∙ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
a. 𝑟⃗ = 𝑥 ∙ 1 1𝑦 + 𝑧 ∙ ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
1𝑧
𝜕𝑟⃗
ℎ𝑖 = |𝑔
⃗⃗⃗⃗|
𝑖 =| |
𝜕𝑢𝑖
𝜕𝑟⃗
ℎ𝑥 = | ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗𝑥 | = 1
| = |1
𝜕𝑥
𝜕𝑟⃗
ℎ𝑦 = | | = |1 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑦| = 1
𝜕𝑦
𝜕𝑟⃗
ℎ𝑧 = | | = |1 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗𝑧 | = 1
𝜕𝑧
ℎ𝑥 = ℎ𝑦 = ℎ𝑧 = 1
𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑦 2 𝜕𝑧 2
ℎ𝑖 = √( ) +( ) +( )
𝜕𝑢𝑖 𝜕𝑢𝑖 𝜕𝑢𝑖
𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑦 2 𝜕𝑧 2
√
ℎ𝑟 = ( ) + ( ) + ( ) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝛼 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝛼 + 0 = 1
𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑟
𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑦 2 𝜕𝑧 2
ℎ𝛼 = √( ) + ( ) + ( ) = 𝑟 2 ∙ 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝛼 + 𝑟 2 ∙ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝛼 + 0 = 𝑟
𝜕𝛼 𝜕𝛼 𝜕𝛼
𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑦 2 𝜕𝑧 2
ℎ𝑧 = √( ) + ( ) + ( ) = 0 + 0 + 1 = 1
𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧
(ℎ𝑟 , ℎ𝛼 , ℎ𝑧 ) = (1, 𝑟, 1)
𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑦 2 𝜕𝑧 2
ℎ𝑟 = √( ) + ( ) + ( )
𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑟
ℎ𝑟 = √𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 ∙ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝛼 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 ∙ 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝛼 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 = 1
𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑦 2 𝜕𝑧 2
ℎ𝛼 = √( ) + ( ) + ( )
𝜕𝛼 𝜕𝛼 𝜕𝛼
𝜕𝑥 2 𝜕𝑦 2 𝜕𝑧 2
ℎ𝜃 = √( ) +( ) +( )
𝜕𝜃 𝜕𝜃 𝜕𝜃
1 ∂V 1 ∂V 1 ∂V
𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑑 ∙ 𝑉 = ∇ ∙ 𝑉 = ⃗⃗
1u1 ∙ + ⃗⃗
1u2 ∙ + ⃗⃗
1u3 ∙
h1 ∂u1 h2 ∂u2 h3 ∂u3
a. x, y, z
(ℎ𝑥 , ℎ𝑦 , ℎ𝑧) = (1,1,1)
∂V ∂V ∂V
∇ ∙ 𝑉 = ⃗1⃗x ∙ ∂x + ⃗1⃗y ∙ ∂y + ⃗1⃗z ∙ ∂z
b. r, 𝛼, z
(ℎ𝑟 , ℎ𝛼 , ℎ𝑧 ) = (1, 𝑟, 1)
∂V 1 ∂V ∂V
∇ ∙ 𝑉 = ⃗1⃗r ∙ ∂r + ⃗1⃗𝛼 ∙ r ∂𝛼 + ⃗1⃗z ∙ ∂z
c. r, θ, 𝛼
(ℎ𝑟 , ℎ𝛼 , ℎ𝜃 ) = (1, 𝑟 ∙ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃, 𝑟)
∂V 1 ∂V 1 ∂V
∇ ∙ 𝑉 = ⃗1⃗r ∙ ∂r + ⃗1⃗θ ∙ r ∂θ + ⃗1⃗𝛼 ∙ r∙sinθ ∂𝛼
3. Na osnovu izraza za divergenciju u opštem koordinatnom sistemu izvesti izraze za
divergenciju u:
a. Dekartovom koordinatnom sistem
b. Cilindričnom koordinatnom sistem
c. Sfernom koordinatnom sistem
1 ∂ ∂ ∂
⃗⃗ = ∇ ∙ 𝐷
𝑑𝑖𝑣 ∙ 𝐷 ⃗⃗ = ∙[ (Du1 h2 h3 ) + (Du2 h1 h3 ) + (D h h )]
ℎ1 ℎ2 ℎ3 ∂u1 ∂u2 ∂u3 u3 1 2
a. x, y, z
(ℎ𝑥 , ℎ𝑦 , ℎ𝑧) = (1,1,1)
∂Dx ∂Dy ∂DZ
⃗⃗ =
∇∙𝐷 + +
∂x ∂y ∂z
b. r, 𝛼, z
(ℎ𝑟 , ℎ𝛼 , ℎ𝑧 ) = (1, 𝑟, 1)
∇∙𝐷 ⃗⃗ = 1 [ ∂ (Dr ∙ r) + ∂
(D𝛼 ) +
∂
(Dz ∙ r)]
r ∂r ∂𝛼 ∂z
c. r, θ, 𝛼
(ℎ𝑟 , ℎ𝛼 , ℎ𝜃 ) = (1, 𝑟 ∙ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃, 𝑟)
∇∙𝐷 ⃗⃗ = 2 1 [ ∂ (Dr ∙ r 2 ∙ sinθ) + ∂
(Dθ ∙ rsinθ) +
∂
(D𝛼 ∙ r)]
r sinθ ∂r ∂θ ∂𝛼
1 ∂ ∂
⃗⃗ = ⃗⃗
⃗⃗ = ∇ × 𝐻
𝑟𝑜𝑡 𝐻 1u1 ∙ [ (Hu3 h3 ) − (H h )] +
h2 h3 ∂u2 ∂u3 u2 2
1 ∂ ∂
+⃗⃗⃗1⃗u2 ∙ [ (Hu1 h1 ) − (H h )] +
h1 h3 ∂u3 ∂u1 u3 3
1 ∂ ∂
⃗⃗u ∙
+1 [ (Hu2 h2 ) − (H h )]
3
h1 h2 ∂u1 ∂u2 u1 1
a. x, y, z
(ℎ𝑥 , ℎ𝑦 , ℎ𝑧) = (1,1,1)
b. r, 𝛼, z
(ℎ𝑟 , ℎ𝛼 , ℎ𝑧 ) = (1, 𝑟, 1)
1 ∂H ∂ ∂H ∂H 1 ∂ ∂H
⃗⃗ = ⃗⃗
∇×𝐻 1r r [ ∂𝛼z − ∂z (H𝛼 ∙ r)] + ⃗⃗
1𝛼 [ ∂zr − ∂rz ] + ⃗⃗
1z r [∂r (H𝛼 ∙ r) − ∂𝛼r ]
c. r, θ, 𝛼
(ℎ𝑟 , ℎ𝛼 , ℎ𝜃 ) = (1, 𝑟 ∙ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃, 𝑟)
1 ∂ ∂
⃗⃗ = ⃗1⃗r
∇×𝐻 [ (H 𝛼 ∙ rsinθ) − (H ∙ r)]
r 2 sinθ ∂θ ∂𝛼 θ
1 ∂Hr ∂ 1 ∂ ∂Hr
+ ⃗1⃗θ [ − (H𝛼 ∙ rsinθ)] + ⃗1⃗α [ (Hθ ∙ r) − ]
rsinθ ∂𝛼 ∂r r ∂r ∂θ
5. Data je skalarna funkcija 𝜑 = −2𝑥𝑦 + 3𝑥𝑧 + 𝑥𝑦𝑧. Odrediti gradijent ove funkcije.
∂𝜑 ∂𝜑 ∂𝜑
∇ ∙ 𝜑 = ⃗1⃗x ∙ + ⃗1⃗y ∙ + ⃗1⃗z ∙
∂x ∂y ∂z
∂ ∂ ∂
∇ ∙ 𝜑 = ⃗⃗
1x ∙ (−2𝑥𝑦 + 3𝑥𝑧 + 𝑥𝑦𝑧) + ⃗⃗
1y −∙ (−2𝑥𝑦 + 3𝑥𝑧 + 𝑥𝑦𝑧) + ⃗⃗
1z ∙ (−2𝑥𝑦
∂x ∂y ∂z
+ 3𝑥𝑧 + 𝑥𝑦𝑧)
∇ ∙ 𝜑 = ⃗⃗
1x (−2𝑦 + 3𝑧 + 𝑥𝑧) + ⃗⃗
1y (−2𝑥 + 𝑥𝑧) + ⃗⃗
1z (3𝑥 + 𝑥𝑦)
Ex = −𝑦𝑥, Ey = 𝑥, Ez = 4𝑧
∂ ∂ ∂
∇ ∙ 𝐸⃗⃗ = (−𝑦𝑥) + (x) + (4𝑧) = −𝑦 + 0 + 4 = 4 − 𝑦
∂x ∂y ∂z
Br = −𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼, B𝛼 = 𝑟, Bz = 𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼𝑧 2
1 ∂ ∂ ∂ ∂
⃗⃗ = ⃗1⃗r [ (𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼𝑧 2 ) − (r ∙ r)] + ⃗1⃗𝛼 [ (−𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼) − (𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼𝑧 2 )]
∇×𝐵
r ∂𝛼 ∂z ∂z ∂r
1 ∂ ∂
+ ⃗1⃗z [ (r ∙ r) − (−𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼)]
r ∂r ∂𝛼
1 1
⃗⃗ = ⃗1⃗r [(𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼𝑧 2 )] + ⃗1⃗𝛼 [−(𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼𝑧 2 )] + ⃗1⃗z [2r − (𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼)]
∇×𝐵
r r
Rješenje:
𝐸𝑟 = 𝐸⃗⃗ ∙ ⃗⃗ ⃗⃗𝑥 ⃗⃗
1𝑟 = −𝑦(1 ⃗⃗𝑦 ⃗⃗
1𝑟 ) + 𝑥(1 ⃗⃗𝑧 ⃗⃗
1𝑟 ) + 3𝑧 (1 1𝑟 ) =
𝐸𝜑 = 𝐸⃗⃗ ∙ ⃗⃗ ⃗⃗𝑥 ⃗⃗
1𝜑 = −𝑦(1 ⃗⃗𝑦 ⃗⃗
1𝜑 ) + 𝑥(1 ⃗⃗𝑧 ⃗⃗
1𝜑 ) + 3𝑧 (1 1𝜑 ) =
𝐸𝑧 = 𝐸⃗⃗ ∙ ⃗⃗ ⃗⃗𝑥 ⃗⃗
1𝑧 = −𝑦(1 ⃗⃗𝑦 ⃗⃗
1𝑧 ) + 𝑥(1 ⃗⃗𝑧 ⃗⃗
1𝑧 ) + 3𝑧 (1 1𝑧 ) =
Tako da je:
⃗⃗𝜑 + 3𝑧 ⃗⃗
𝐸⃗⃗ = 𝑟1 1𝑧
Rješenje:
⃗⃗ = 𝐻𝑟 ⃗⃗
𝐻 1𝑟 + 𝐻𝛼 ⃗⃗
1𝛼 + 𝐻𝑧 ⃗⃗
1𝑧
𝒙 = 𝒓𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜶
𝒚 = 𝒓𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜶
𝒛=𝒛
⃗⃗
1𝑟 = ⃗⃗
1𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼 + ⃗⃗
1𝑦 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼
⃗1⃗𝛼 = −1
⃗⃗𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼 + ⃗1⃗𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼
⃗1⃗𝑧 = ⃗1⃗𝑧
⃗⃗𝑟 = ((𝑥𝑦)1
𝐻𝑟 = 𝐻1 ⃗⃗𝑥 + 3𝑥 2 ⃗1⃗𝑦 )(1
⃗⃗𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼 + ⃗1⃗𝑦 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼)
⃗⃗𝛼 = ((𝑥𝑦)1
𝐻𝛼 = 𝐻1 ⃗⃗𝑥 + 3𝑥 2 ⃗1⃗𝑦 )(−1
⃗⃗𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼 + ⃗1⃗𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼)
⃗⃗𝑧 = ((𝑥𝑦)1
𝐻𝑧 = 𝐻1 ⃗⃗𝑥 + 3𝑥 2 ⃗1⃗𝑦 )1
⃗⃗𝑧
⃗⃗𝑟 − 𝑟 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝛼1
⃗⃗ = 𝑟 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝛼𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼1
𝐻 ⃗⃗𝛼 + 3𝑟 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝛼𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼1
⃗⃗𝑟 + 3𝑟 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 𝛼1
⃗⃗𝛼 =
⃗⃗ = 4𝑟 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝛼 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼 ⃗⃗
𝐻 ⃗⃗𝛼
1𝑟 + 𝑟 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼 (3𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝛼 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝛼)1
𝑟 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝛼 + 𝑟 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝛼 = 4
𝑟=2
⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗
∮𝐻 𝑑𝑙 = ∫ [4𝑟 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝛼𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼 ∙ ⃗⃗ ⃗⃗𝛼 ] 𝑟𝑑𝛼1
1𝑟 + 𝑟 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼(3𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝛼 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝛼)1 ⃗⃗𝛼 =
𝑐 0
0 2𝜋
⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗
∮𝐻 𝑑𝑙 = 𝑟 3 ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛼(3 − 4𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝛼) 𝑑𝛼 =
𝑐 0
0
4
∮𝐻 ⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 𝑟 3 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼 (2 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝛼) |2𝜋
⃗⃗ 𝑑𝑙 0 =0
3
𝑐
10. Dato je vektorsko polje 𝐻 ⃗⃗𝑥 − 3𝑥 2⃗⃗
⃗⃗ = (𝑥𝑦)1 1𝑦 . Izračunati cirkulaciju vektorskog polja
⃗⃗ duž kružnice 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 4. Zadatak rješavati u pravolinijskom koordinatnom
𝐻 2 2
sistemu.
Rješenje:
⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 𝑑𝑥1
𝑑𝑙 ⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗𝑥 + 𝑑𝑦1
⃗⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑦
a skalarni proizvod
cirkulacija iznosi
0 0
⃗⃗⃗⃗ = ∮(𝑥𝑦𝑑𝑥 − 3𝑥 2 𝑑𝑦)
⃗⃗ 𝑑𝑙
∮𝐻
𝑐 𝑐
⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗
∮𝐻 ⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑑𝑙 = ∫ 𝐻 ⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑑𝑙 + ∫ 𝐻 ⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑑𝑙 + ∫ 𝐻 ⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑑𝑙 + ∫ 𝐻 𝑑𝑙
𝑐 𝑃1 𝑃2 𝑃3 𝑃4
Slika 2. Četiri segmenta korištena za integraciju
𝑃2 3
(4 − 𝑥 2 )2 0 𝑦3 2 56
⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗
∫ 𝐻 𝑑𝑙 = − |2 − 3 (4𝑦 − ) |0 = −
3 3 3
𝑃1
𝑃3 𝑥=−2 𝑦=0
1
∫𝐻 ⃗⃗⃗⃗ = ∫ 𝑥(4 −
⃗⃗ 𝑑𝑙 𝑥 2 )2 𝑑𝑥 − 3 ∫ (4 − 𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑦 =
𝑃2 𝑥=0 𝑦=2
𝑃3 3
(4 − 𝑥 2 )2 −2 𝑦3 56
⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗
∫𝐻 𝑑𝑙 = − |0 − 3 (4𝑦 − ) |02 =
3 3 3
𝑃2
𝑃4 𝑥=0 𝑦=−2
1
⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗
∫𝐻 𝑑𝑙 = ∫ 𝑥(4 − 𝑥 2 )2 𝑑𝑥 − 3 ∫ (4 − 𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑦 =
𝑃3 𝑥=−2 𝑦=0
𝑃4 3
(4 − 𝑥 2 )2 0 𝑦3 40
⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗
∫𝐻 𝑑𝑙 = − |−2 − 3 (4𝑦 − ) |−2
0 =
3 3 3
𝑃3
𝑃1 𝑥=2 𝑦=0
1
⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗
∫𝐻 𝑑𝑙 = ∫ 𝑥(4 − 𝑥 2 )2 𝑑𝑥 − 3 ∫ (4 − 𝑦 2 )𝑑𝑦 =
𝑃4 𝑥=0 𝑦=−2
𝑃1 3
(4 − 𝑥 2 )2 2 𝑦3 0 40
⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗
∫ 𝐻 𝑑𝑙 = − |0 − 3 (4𝑦 − ) |−2 = −
3 3 3
𝑃4
Rješenje:
Q = ∫ ρdV = ∭ ρs dr ∙ r ∙ dθ ∙ rsinθ ∙ dα =
V
6 π 2π
r3
Q = ∫ ρ0 dr ∫ sinθdθ ∫ dα =
R1
4 0 0
𝜌0 1296 256
𝑄= ( − ) ∙ (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜋 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠0) ∙ (2𝜋 − 0) =
R1 4 4
𝐶
3 ∙ 10−4
𝑄= 𝑚3 (324 − 64)𝑐𝑚4 ∙ (1 + 1) ∙ 2𝜋 =
−2
4 ∙ 10 𝑚
𝐶
3 ∙ 10−4
𝑄= 𝑚3 260 ∙ 10−8 𝑚4 ∙ 4𝜋 =
−2
4 ∙ 10 𝑚
𝑄 = 2449,2 ∙ 10−10 𝐶 = 244,92 𝑛𝐶
Rješenje:
𝐸𝑥 𝐸𝑦
=
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
𝑥 2𝑦
=
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
=2
𝑦 𝑥
𝑐1 𝑦 = 𝑥 2
1 2
𝑦= 𝑥 = 𝑐𝑥 2
𝑐1
b)
𝐵 𝐵 5 1
⃗⃗⃗⃗ = ∫(𝑥1
∫ 𝐸⃗⃗ 𝑑𝑙 ⃗⃗𝑥 + 2𝑦1
⃗⃗𝑦 )(𝑑𝑥1
⃗⃗𝑥 + 𝑑𝑦 ⃗⃗
1𝑦 ) = ∫ 𝑥𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 2𝑦𝑑𝑦
𝐴 𝐴 1 5
25 1
= − + 1 − 25 = −12
2 2
c)
𝐵 𝐶 𝐵
∫ 𝐸⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑑𝑙 = ∫ 𝐸⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑑𝑙 + ∫ 𝐸⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑑𝑙
𝐴 𝐴 𝐶
𝐵 𝐶 𝐵
⃗⃗⃗⃗ = ∫(𝑥1
∫ 𝐸⃗⃗ 𝑑𝑙 ⃗⃗𝑥 + 2𝑦1
⃗⃗𝑦 )(01
⃗⃗𝑥 + 𝑑𝑦 ⃗1⃗𝑦 ) + ∫(𝑥1
⃗⃗𝑥 + 2𝑦1
⃗⃗𝑦 )(𝑑𝑥1
⃗⃗𝑥 + 0 ⃗1⃗𝑦 ) =
𝐴 𝐴 𝐶
𝐵 1 5
25 1
∫ 𝐸⃗⃗ ⃗⃗⃗⃗
𝑑𝑙 = ∫ 2𝑦𝑑𝑦 + ∫ 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = 1 − 25 + − = −12
2 2
𝐴 5 1
d)
0 𝐶 𝐵 𝐶
⃗⃗⃗⃗ = ∫ 𝐸⃗⃗ 𝑑𝑙
∮ 𝐸⃗⃗ 𝑑𝑙 ⃗⃗⃗⃗ + ∫ 𝐸⃗⃗ 𝑑𝑙
⃗⃗⃗⃗ + ∫ 𝐸⃗⃗ 𝑑𝑙
⃗⃗⃗⃗ = 0
𝑐 𝐴 𝐶 𝐵