1.

World Englishes

The term World Englishes alludes to the distinctions in the English language that arise as it is used in
different settings across the world. Researchers of World Englishes distinguish these varieties of English
utilized in various sociolinguistic settings, investigating their set of experiences, foundation, capacity,
and impact.

Languages create to satisfy the requirements of the social norms in each country. Since these social
norms contain different scope of social needs, and in light of the fact that these necessities can vary
across societies and geologies, different variants of the English language exist. These incorporate
Philippines English, Singapore English, American English, English, Australian English, Canadian English,
Indian English, etc.

While there is no single way for another variety of English to arise, its development depends on how
people use the English Language. A specific gathering of native speakers takes a natural variety of
English and adjust the highlights of that English variety to suit the necessities of their social setting.

For instance, here in the Philippines, when somebody needs to pee people will direct him/her to the
“comfort room,” a term that does not exist in the American English; Americans will use “toilet,” “wash
room,” “bathroom” that have respective meanings each. Also, here in the Philippines we used to call our
national animal as “Carabao,” an English version of the tagalog “Kalabaw” but in standard English of the
Americans it is “water buffalo.”

These instances happen likewise regarding spelling, pronunciation, sentence structure, emphasize, and
meaning. These instances happen over a period of time of usage by the native speakers from different
cultures and country.

2. Traditional vs Pop Literature

The Traditional Literature writing was centered around internal identity and insight where the stream of
consciousness is the only thing that you can discover in the writer's work. Prominent figures like Karl
Marx, Sigmund Freud, Charles Darwin, and Friedrich Nietzsche who expounded much on the universal
war and its conditions. Their work is more identified with wars, urbanization, and insurgency to impact
their readers. Most of their works were conveyed on in a conversational manner to explain the
situations. The characters they utilized were solid and more sensational to clarify the plot.

On the other hand, Pop literature writing started in the late nineteenth century when writing was
composed, clarified, and spoken. It gives us the clear understanding of prose and poetry. Present day
writers are seriously exploring the craft of writing literatures that are new and trendy. Their work isn't
restricted only about revolution or love. Today’s writers explore more in the encompassing, future, arts,
matter, love, distress, and a lot of other things. They try to influence the people with their work and
creativity.
 3. Martial Law Literature
4. EOP

5. Romanticism

Romanticism was a scholarly movement that started in the late eighteenth century, finishing around
the mid of the nineteenth century. Most of the writings of today are still influenced by this
movement. It focuses on the individuality of a person which includes the perspective, the rational
and irrational behaviors, his/her motivation, a regard for nature, and a celebration of daily life of a
normal person. It can be viewed as a response to the immense changes in the public eye that
happened during this period, including the transformations that consumed nations like France and
the United states.

 Romanticism focused on emotions and the inner life of the writer, and often used autobiographical
material to inform the work or even provide a template for it, unlike traditional literature at the
time.

Romanticism celebrated the primitive and elevated "regular people" as being deserving of
celebration, which was an innovation at the time. Romanticism also fixated on nature as a
primordial force and encouraged the concept of isolation as necessary for spiritual and artistic
development.

6. Ethnopoetics

The oral Tradition is obviously evident in the popular literature of the people in the marketplace and
cities, made by storytellers who are manipulating the classic oral literatures much as oral narrators do,
simultaneously staying devoted to the original stories. A portion of the early journalists honed their
writing capacities by making an interpretation of works into African dialects; others gathered oral
convention; most encountered their apprenticeships somehow inside the settings of living oral customs.

Themes in the literary traditions of contemporary Africa are worked out frequently within the strictures
laid down by the imported religions Christianity and Islam and within the struggle between traditional
and modern, between rural and newly urban, between genders, and between generations.

There was a clear interaction between the deeply rooted oral tradition and the developing literary
traditions of the 20th century. That interaction is revealed in the placing of literary works into the forms
of the oral tradition. The impact of the epic on the novel, for instance, continues to influence writers
today. 
 7. The Great Gatsby

The 7 Major Great Gatsby Themes

Money and Materialism: Everyone in the novel is money-obsessed, whether they were

born with money (Tom, Daisy, Jordan, and Nick to a lesser extent), whether they made
a fortune (Gatsby), or whether they're eager for more (Myrtle and George). So why are
the characters so materialistic? How does their materialism affect their choices? Get
a guide to each of the characters' material motivations and how they shape the novel.

Society and Class: Building on the money and materialism theme, the novel draws
clear distinctions between the kind of money you have: old money (inherited) or new
money (earned). And there is also a clear difference between the lifestyles of the
wealthy, who live on Long Island and commute freely to Manhattan, and the working
class people stuck in between, mired in Queens. By the end of the novel, our main
characters who are not old money (Gatsby, Myrtle, and George) are all dead, while the
inherited-money club is still alive. What does this say about class in Gatsby? Why is
their society so rigidly classist? Learn more about the various social classes in Gatsby
and how they affect the novel's outcome.

The American Dream: The American Dream is the idea anyone can make it in America
(e.g. gain fame, fortune, and success) through enough hard work and determination. So
is Jay Gatsby an example of the dream? Or does his involvement in crime suggest the
Dream isn't actually real? And where does this leave the Wilsons, who are also eager to
improve their lot in life but don't make it out of the novel alive? Finally, do the closing
pages of the novel endorse the American Dream or write it off as a fantasy? Learn
what the American Dream is and how the novel sometimes believes in it, and
sometimes sees it as a reckless fantasy.

Love, Desire, and Relationships: All of the major characters are driven by love,
desire, or both, but only Tom and Daisy's marriage lasts out of the novel's five major
relationships and affairs. So is love an inherently unstable force? Or do the characters
just experience it in the wrong way? Get an in-depth guide to each of Gatsby's major
relationships.

Death and Failure: Nick narrates Gatsby two years after the events in question, and
since he's obviously aware of the tragedy awaiting not only Gatsby but Myrtle and
George as well, the novel has a sad, reflective, even mournful tone. Is the novel
saying that ambition is inherently dangerous (especially in a classist society like
1920s America), or is it more concerned with the danger of Gatsby's intense desire to
reclaim the past? Explore those questions here.

Morality and Ethics: The novel is full of bad behavior: lying, cheating, physical abuse,
crime, and finally murder. Yet none of the characters ever answer to the law, and God is
only mentioned as an exclamation, or briefly projected onto an advertisement. Does the
novel push for the need to fix this lack of morality, or does it accept it as the normal
state of affairs in the "wild, wild East"?

The Mutability of Identity: Mutability just means "subject to change," so this theme is

about how changeable (or not!) personal identity is. Do people really change? Or are
our past selves always with us? And how would this shape our desire to reclaim parts of
our past? Gatsby wants to have it both ways: to change himself from James Gatz into
the sophisticated, wealthy Jay Gatsby, but also to preserve his past with Daisy. Does he
fail because it's impossible to change? Because it's impossible to repeat the past? Or
both?

8. Poetry about change

9. ASEAN

Carlos P. Romulo's multifaceted profession crossed 50 years of public help as instructor, trooper,
college president, columnist and negotiator. It is basic information that he was the primary
Asian leader of the Unified Countries General Get together, at that point Philippine
Representative to Washington, D.C., and later Minister of international concerns. Basically
however, Romulo was particularly into writing: he was a reporter at 16, a newspaper editor by
the age of 20, and a publisher at 32. He was the simply Asian to win America's pined for Pulitzer
Prize in News coverage for a progression of articles anticipating the flare-up of World War II.
Romulo, in all, wrote and published 18 books, a range of literary works which included The
United (novel), I Walked with Heroes (autobiography), I Saw the Fall of the Philippines, Mother
America, I See the Philippines Rise (war-time memoirs).

His other books include his memoirs of his many years’ affiliations with United Nations (UN),
Forty Years: A Third World Soldier at the UN, and The Philippine Presidents, his oral history of
his experiences serving all the Philippine presidents.
10. Structures of English

pThe five main components of language are phonemes, morphemes, lexemes, syntax, and

context. Along with grammar, semantics, and pragmatics, these components work together to
create meaningful communication among individuals.
A phoneme is the smallest unit of sound that may cause a change of meaning within a language
but that doesn’t have meaning by itself.
A morpheme is the smallest unit of a word that provides a specific meaning to a string of letters
(which is called a phoneme). There are two main types of morpheme: free morphemes and
bound morphemes.
A lexeme is the set of all the inflected forms of a single word.
Syntax is the set of rules by which a person constructs full sentences.
Context is how everything within language works together to convey a particular meaning.