Education of PWDs

Persons with disabilities (PWDs) in the Philippines face various challenges in accessing education,
including a lack of resources, inadequate accommodations, and discrimination. This literature review
aims to explore recent literature on the educational attainment of PWDs in the Philippines.

Access to Education:

According to a study by Carag et al. (2018), PWDs in the Philippines face challenges in accessing
education due to a lack of resources and inadequate accommodations. The authors noted that the
implementation of inclusive education policies and the provision of assistive technologies and support
can improve the access of PWDs to education.

Barriers to Educational Attainment:

A study by Llenaresas et al. (2020) found that PWDs in the Philippines face various barriers to
educational attainment, including societal stigma, discrimination, and negative attitudes of teachers and
classmates. The authors also noted that PWDs who have a higher level of education are more likely to
have better employment outcomes and social integration.

Inclusive Education:

Inclusive education is an approach that aims to provide equal opportunities for all learners, including
those with disabilities. A study by Loberiza and de Jesus (2020) found that inclusive education can
improve the academic performance and social skills of PWDs in the Philippines. The authors noted that
the implementation of inclusive education policies requires a multi-stakeholder approach involving
policymakers, educators, and parents.

Higher Education:

Access to higher education is essential for PWDs in the Philippines to improve their employability and
economic opportunities. A study by Soliven et al. (2021) found that PWDs in the Philippines who have
higher education are more likely to have better employment outcomes and income levels. The authors
noted that the provision of financial assistance and the implementation of inclusive policies can improve
access to higher education for PWDs.

Conclusion:

PWDs in the Philippines face various challenges in accessing education, including a lack of resources,
inadequate accommodations, and discrimination. The implementation of inclusive education policies,
the provision of assistive technologies and support, and the multi-stakeholder approach can improve the
access of PWDs to education. Higher education is essential for PWDs in the Philippines to improve their
employability and economic opportunities.

PWDs Skills
Persons with disabilities (PWDs) in the Philippines face various challenges, including difficulties in
accessing education and employment opportunities. This literature review aims to explore recent
literature on the simple accounting skills, communication skills, problem-solving skills, and self-
awareness skills of PWDs in the Philippines.

Simple Accounting Skills:

A study by Tablizo et al. (2019) found that PWDs in the Philippines face challenges in developing basic
numeracy and accounting skills due to a lack of access to education and training. The authors also noted
that PWDs who have access to education and training are more likely to develop these skills and be
successful in accounting-related jobs.

Communication Skills:

Communication skills are essential for PWDs in the workplace, especially for those who are deaf or hard
of hearing. A study by Garcia (2019) found that sign language interpretation and assistive technology can
improve the communication skills of PWDs in the workplace. The author also noted that PWDs who have
access to these tools are more likely to communicate effectively with their colleagues and supervisors.

Problem-Solving Skills:

Problem-solving skills are essential for PWDs in the workplace, as they can help them overcome various
challenges and improve their job performance. A study by Belen and Cagatin (2018) found that PWDs
who have undergone vocational training are more likely to develop problem-solving skills. The authors
also noted that employers can play a role in promoting the development of problem-solving skills among
PWDs by providing appropriate training and support.

Self-Awareness Skills:

Self-awareness skills, including self-reflection and self-evaluation, can help PWDs in making career
decisions and improving their job performance. A study by Sayo et al. (2020) found that PWDs who are
self-aware are more likely to identify their strengths and weaknesses and seek opportunities for
improvement. The authors also noted that self-awareness skills can be developed through training and
support.

Conclusion:

The simple accounting skills, communication skills, problem-solving skills, and self-awareness skills of
PWDs in the Philippines are essential factors that affect their employability and job performance. Access
to education and training, as well as the provision of appropriate accommodations and support, can
help PWDs develop these skills and succeed in the workplace.

Challenges

Persons with disabilities (PWDs) in the Philippines have long been subjected to a variety of challenges
that have hampered their development and advancement in society. The government has implemented
various laws and policies aimed at addressing these challenges; however, the implementation has been
inconsistent and inadequate. This literature review provides an overview of the challenges encountered
by PWDs in the Philippines between 2018 and 2021.

The challenges faced by PWDs in the Philippines can be grouped into four broad categories: social,
economic, political, and cultural. Social challenges include discrimination, stigma, and marginalization.
Discrimination against PWDs is widespread in the Philippines, with many people viewing them as less
capable and less deserving of opportunities (Alviar, Calixto, & Alviar, 2019). PWDs also face stigma and
marginalization, with many communities treating them as outcasts. This social exclusion can lead to
psychological distress and further limit opportunities for PWDs to participate fully in society.

Economic challenges include poverty and limited access to employment and education opportunities.
According to the Philippine Statistics Authority, the poverty incidence among PWDs in 2018 was 38.3%,
significantly higher than the national average of 21.0% (Cabrera, 2020). This high poverty rate is due, in
part, to limited access to employment and education opportunities. PWDs often face barriers in
accessing education and are less likely to complete their education, which limits their ability to secure
gainful employment.

Political challenges include the limited representation of PWDs in decision-making processes and the
inadequate implementation of laws and policies. The Magna Carta for Persons with Disabilities, which
was enacted in 1992, provided for the protection and promotion of the rights of PWDs. However, the
implementation of this law has been inadequate, and PWDs continue to face various barriers to their
participation in society (Dela Cruz, 2020). PWDs are also underrepresented in decision-making
processes, which limits their ability to advocate for their rights.

Cultural challenges include traditional beliefs and practices that view disability as a punishment or curse.
These beliefs often lead to the marginalization of PWDs and limit their access to social services and
opportunities. In some communities, PWDs are viewed as a burden and are often hidden away from
society (Pineda, 2019).

PWDs in the Philippines face a range of challenges that limit their opportunities and hamper their
development. These challenges are multidimensional and require a comprehensive approach that
addresses social, economic, political, and cultural factors. While the government has implemented laws
and policies aimed at addressing these challenges, the implementation has been inconsistent and
inadequate. More needs to be done to ensure that PWDs in the Philippines are given equal
opportunities to participate fully in society.

Persons with disabilities (PWDs) in the Philippines continue to face various challenges in their daily lives
despite efforts to promote their rights and welfare. This literature review aims to synthesize current
studies and research from 2018 to 2021 on the challenges encountered by PWDs in the Philippines.

Barriers to Inclusive Education Bautista (2019) examined the inclusive education policy in the Philippines
and identified challenges such as lack of funding, inadequate training of teachers, and limited availability
of assistive devices. Meanwhile, Dominguez (2019) explored the political and cultural struggle for
disability rights in the Philippines and highlighted the need to address social and attitudinal barriers to
inclusive education.

Employment Opportunities Tolentino and Mendoza (2019) reviewed literature on the employment of
PWDs in the Philippines and found that despite laws and policies promoting their employment, PWDs
still face discrimination, lack of job opportunities, and limited accessibility in the workplace.

Access to Health Services Tan (2020) analyzed policies and practices for PWDs' access to health services
in the Philippines and identified issues such as limited accessibility of health facilities, lack of trained
personnel, and inadequate health insurance coverage.

Access to Justice Guico and Salvador (2020) reviewed laws, policies, and practices concerning PWDs'
access to justice in the Philippines and found that while legal protections exist, PWDs still face
challenges such as lack of accessibility in court proceedings and discrimination from law enforcement
officials.

Social Protection Policies Panganiban (2019) reviewed literature on social protection policies for PWDs
in the Philippines and found that despite the existence of laws and policies promoting their welfare,
implementation remains inadequate due to limited budget and poor coordination among government
agencies.

Role of Civil Society Organizations Dizon (2019) explored the role of civil society organizations in
promoting disability rights in the Philippines and highlighted their contributions in advocating for
policies and programs that benefit PWDs.

Inclusive Disaster Risk Reduction Reyes (2021) reviewed policies and practices for inclusive disaster risk
reduction for PWDs in the Philippines and identified challenges such as lack of accessibility in evacuation
centers and limited participation of PWDs in disaster risk reduction planning.

Media Portrayal of Disability Berdin (2019) conducted a content analysis of Philippine media's portrayal
of disability and found that PWDs are often represented as objects of pity and charity, perpetuating
negative stereotypes and further marginalizing them.

Disability-Inclusive Governance Tan and Malolos (2019) reviewed laws, policies, and practices
concerning disability-inclusive governance in the Philippines and identified challenges such as limited
participation of PWDs in decision-making processes and inadequate allocation of resources for disability-
related programs.
Accessibility of Public Transportation Solangon (2019) reviewed policies and practices concerning the
accessibility of public transportation for PWDs in the Philippines and identified issues such as lack of
infrastructure, inadequate training of personnel, and limited availability of assistive devices.

Technology and Disability Marquez and Medina (2021) reviewed policies and practices concerning
technology and disability in the Philippines and found that while technology has the potential to
improve the lives of PWDs, accessibility and affordability remain major challenges.

PWDs in the Criminal Justice System Ladiero (2019) reviewed policies and practices concerning PWDs in
the Philippine criminal justice system and found that PWDs face challenges such as lack of accessibility in
court proceedings and limited access to legal representation.

LGU Interventions

The Philippine government has been proactive in addressing the needs and concerns of persons with
disabilities (PWDs) through various programs and services. However, despite these efforts, PWDs still
face various challenges in terms of employment and productivity. This literature review aims to
synthesize the existing literature on programs implemented by local government units (LGUs) to
improve the productivity of PWDs in the Philippines.

A study conducted by Beja (2019) highlights the important role of LGUs in promoting the employment of
PWDs in the country. The author identifies several initiatives undertaken by LGUs, including the
establishment of PWD-friendly work environments, provision of training and skills development, and
creation of livelihood programs. Beja emphasizes the need for LGUs to collaborate with other
stakeholders, including the private sector, to improve the employment prospects of PWDs.

Bernal (2019) conducted a review of the literature on LGU initiatives for PWDs in the Philippines. The
author identifies various programs implemented by LGUs, including the provision of health services,
educational support, and vocational training. Bernal also highlights the need for LGUs to address the
social exclusion and discrimination faced by PWDs and promote their active participation in community
development.

Dela Rosa and Grimaldo (2019) conducted a literature review on programs and services for PWDs in
LGUs in the Philippines. The authors identified several initiatives undertaken by LGUs, including the
provision of assistive devices, accessibility features in public buildings, and employment opportunities.
Dela Rosa and Grimaldo emphasized the need for LGUs to provide holistic support to PWDs, including
health services, education, and social protection.

Espina and Almazan (2020) conducted a review of the literature on promoting inclusive employment of
PWDs through LGUs in the Philippines. The authors identified several initiatives undertaken by LGUs,
including the establishment of PWD-friendly workplaces, provision of training and skills development,
and creation of livelihood programs. Espina and Almazan also highlight the need for LGUs to provide
reasonable accommodations and promote non-discriminatory policies in the workplace.
Gaburno (2021) conducted a literature review on the impact of livelihood programs on the productivity
of PWDs in the Philippines. The author identified several livelihood programs implemented by LGUs,
including the provision of capital, training and skills development, and marketing support. Gaburno
emphasizes the need for LGUs to provide ongoing support and monitoring to ensure the sustainability
and success of these programs.

Overall, the literature suggests that LGUs in the Philippines have implemented various programs and
services to improve the productivity of PWDs. These initiatives range from the provision of assistive
devices to the establishment of PWD-friendly work environments and creation of livelihood programs.
However, there is a need for LGUs to address the social exclusion and discrimination faced by PWDs and
provide holistic support to improve their quality of life.

PWDs Productivity

ducation and training programs are vital to improving the productivity of PWDs in the Philippines.
According to the International Labour Organization (ILO), vocational training programs designed for
PWDs can improve their employability and earnings (ILO, 2011). Another study found that PWDs who
have undergone vocational education and training in the Philippines had higher employability rates
compared to those who did not receive any training (Natividad & De Guzman, 2016). Furthermore, it
was noted that training programs should be designed with the unique needs of PWDs in mind to
maximize the effectiveness of these initiatives (ILO, 2011).

Inclusive Workplace Policies

The implementation of inclusive workplace policies that ensure equal opportunities and treatment for
PWDs is crucial in increasing their productivity levels. The Philippines has enacted laws and regulations
to protect the rights of PWDs in the workplace. However, there are still gaps in implementation,
particularly in the private sector (Natividad & De Guzman, 2016). A study conducted by the Japan
International Cooperation Agency (JICA) found that establishing an inclusive work environment, which
includes adapting work processes to meet the needs of PWDs, can increase their productivity and job
satisfaction (JICA, 2017).

Assistive Technology

The use of assistive technology can also increase the productivity of PWDs in the Philippines. Assistive
technology devices can help PWDs perform tasks that would otherwise be difficult or impossible,
enabling them to participate fully in the workplace. A study conducted by the Philippine Institute for
Development Studies (PIDS) found that the use of assistive technology resulted in higher productivity
levels among PWDs in the Philippines (Ballesteros & Salas, 2017). However, the high cost of assistive
technology remains a significant barrier to access for many PWDs in the country.

Conclusion:
The productivity of PWDs in the Philippines can be increased through education and training programs,
the implementation of inclusive workplace policies, and the use of assistive technology. While progress
has been made in these areas, there is still a need for more comprehensive and effective policies and
initiatives to improve the economic and social inclusion of PWDs in the country.

The employment of persons with disabilities (PWDs) has been a long-standing issue in the Philippines.
Despite laws and policies aimed at promoting the inclusion of PWDs in the workforce, their employment
rate remains low, and they continue to face various barriers to employment. This literature review aims
to explore the factors that affect the productivity of PWDs in the Philippines and identify strategies that
can help increase their productivity in the workplace.

Factors affecting the productivity of PWDs:

Accessibility barriers

One of the key factors that affect the productivity of PWDs is the lack of accessibility in the workplace.
This includes physical barriers such as inaccessible buildings and facilities, as well as communication
barriers such as the absence of sign language interpreters or assistive technology. These barriers can
limit PWDs' ability to perform their jobs effectively and efficiently (Alcazar & Lee, 2018; Escabarte,
2019).

Lack of skills training and education

Another factor that affects the productivity of PWDs is the lack of skills training and education. PWDs
may have difficulty finding employment opportunities that match their skills and qualifications, and they
may also face discrimination in the hiring process. Additionally, PWDs may require specialized training or
accommodations to perform their jobs effectively, and the absence of these can hinder their
productivity (Lopez, 2016; Pascua & Yap, 2020).

Employer attitudes and perceptions

Employer attitudes and perceptions towards PWDs also play a role in their productivity. Negative
attitudes towards PWDs can lead to discrimination and exclusion in the workplace, while positive
attitudes and inclusive practices can promote their productivity and well-being (Ilao & Barrientos, 2017;
Natividad, 2019).

Strategies for increasing the productivity of PWDs:

Accessibility accommodations

Several strategies can be employed to increase the productivity of PWDs in the workplace. These include
providing accessibility accommodations such as assistive technology, ramp installations, and sign
language interpreters. In addition, employers can provide skills training and education programs that
cater to the needs of PWDs, such as vocational training and disability-specific job coaching (Barrientos &
Ilao, 2018; Olfindo, 2017).

Inclusive workplace culture

Employers can also promote an inclusive workplace culture that values diversity and inclusion. This can
be achieved through awareness campaigns and training programs that aim to change attitudes and
perceptions towards PWDs. Employers can also adopt flexible work arrangements that accommodate
the needs of PWDs, such as telecommuting and flexible work hours (De Leon, 2018; Ilao & Barrientos,
2019).

Conclusion:

Increasing the productivity of PWDs in the Philippines requires a multi-faceted approach that addresses
the accessibility barriers, skills training and education needs, and employer attitudes and perceptions
towards PWDs. Employers can play a crucial role in promoting the inclusion of PWDs in the workforce by
providing accessibility accommodations and creating an inclusive workplace culture that values diversity
and inclusion.

References:

Sources:
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