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Introducción A La Biología Molecular y Celular (IBMC) : Año 2023 Dr. Luciano Melli
Introducción A La Biología Molecular y Celular (IBMC) : Año 2023 Dr. Luciano Melli
Biología
Molecular y
Celular (IBMC)
Año 2023
Dr. Luciano Melli
Sumario
Replicación ADN: Experimentos
Guía de Problemas
Replicación
ADN
Cap. 4 y 5 Alberts
Cap. 15, 16 Campbell
Ácidos Nucleicos
Experimento de Griffith Living S Living R Heat-killed Mixture of heat-killed S
1928 (control) cells (control) cells (control) S cells cells and living R cells
Living S cells
are found in
blood sample.
Ácidos Nucleicos
Hershey y Chase 1 Mixed radioactively 2 Agitated in a blender to 3 Centrifuged the mixture 4 Measured the
DNA
Batch 1: Phages were Phage
grown with radioactive DNA
sulfur (35S), which was
Centrifuge
incorporated into phage
protein (pink). Radioactive
DNA Pellet (bacterial
cells and contents)
T
A T A T A A T A T A T
C G C G C G C G C G C G
T A T A T A T A T A T A
A T A T A T A T A T A T
G C G C G C C G C G C
G
(a) The parent molecule has (b) The first step in (c) Each parental strand (d) The nucleotides are
two complementary strands replication is separation now serves as a template connected to form the sugar-
of DNA. Each base is paired of the two DNA strands. that determines the order phosphate backbones of the
by hydrogen bonding with of nucleotides along a new, new strands. Each
its specific partner, A with T complementary strand. “daughter” DNA molecule
and G with C. consists of one parental
strand and one new strand.
Parent cell 1° 2°
Conservative
model. The two
parental strands
Replicación
new strands, thus
restoring
the parental
double helix.
Semiconservative
DNA replication is semiconservative. model. The two
strands of the
Each of the two new daughter parental molecule
molecules will have one old strand, separate, and each
functions as a
derived from the parent molecule, template for
synthesis of a new,
and one newly made strand complementary
strand.
Dispersive model.
Each strand of
both daughter
molecules contains
a mixture of old
and newly
synthesized DNA.
Ácidos Nucleicos
Meselson and Stahl
EXPERIMENT Matthew Meselson and Franklin Stahl cultured E. coli bacteria for several generations on a
medium containing nucleotide precursors labeled with a heavy isotope of nitrogen, 15N. The bacteria
incorporated the heavy nitrogen into their DNA. The scientists then transferred the bacteria to a medium with
only 14N, the lighter, more common isotope of nitrogen. Any new DNA that the bacteria synthesized would be
lighter than the parental DNA made in the 15N medium. Meselson and Stahl could distinguish DNA of different
densities by centrifuging DNA extracted from the bacteria.
1 Bacteria 2 Bacteria
cultured in transferred to
medium medium
containing containing
15N 14N
RESULTS
Less
3 4 DNA sample dense
DNA sample
centrifuged centrifuged
after 20 min after 40 min
(after first (after second
More
replication) replication)
dense
The bands in these two centrifuge tubes represent the results of centrifuging two DNA samples from the flaskin
step 2, one sample taken after 20 minutes and one after 40 minutes.
Ácidos Nucleicos
Meselson and Stahl
CONCLUSION Meselson and Stahl concluded that DNA replication follows the semiconservative model by comparing their
result to the results predicted by each of the three models in Figure 16.10. The first replication in the 14N medium produced a band
of hybrid (15N–14N) DNA. This result eliminated the conservative model. A second replication produced both light and hybrid DNA, a
result that eliminated the dispersive model and supported the semiconservative model.
Conservative
model
Semiconservative
model
Dispersive
model
PCR
Las bases de como replicar ADN in vitro
PCR
Las bases de como replicar ADN in vitro
1987
3) Puede ser sintetizado in vitro con la enzima ADN pol I modificada y primers.
PCR
Las bases de como replicar ADN in vitro
Desafíos:
- Había que agregar enzima nueva en cada ciclo.
- Los primers eran muy costosos de sintetizar
1 2 3
An early PCR machine with three water baths
PCR
Historia
Desafíos:
- Había que agregar enzima nueva en cada ciclo
- Los primers eran muy costosos de sintetizar
- Desarrollo de Termocicladores
- Polimerasa purificada de Thermus aquaticus
(1) Reproducción
(2) Sistema abierto (intercambio de materia y energía)
(3) Homeostasis (regulación)
Problema 10-13
Osmosis y Difusión
Una solución hipotónica es aquella que tiene menor
concentración de soluto en el medio externo en relación al
medio citoplasmático de la célula
Una solución hipertónica es aquella que tiene mayor
concentración de soluto en el medio externo en relación al
medio citoplasmático de la célula
∆G = ∆H - T∆S
Problema 25
Termodinámica
Como obtiene
Energía la célula?
Disminuyen la energía de
activación de las reacciones
químicas.
En otras palabras aumentan la
probabilidad de que la reacción
ocurra.
Punto de fusión (Temp paso de solido a liquido):
Saturados > insaturados
Trans > cis
Problema 33
https://biomodel.uah.es/model2/lip/acgr-pto-fusion.htm