The Need For Energy Measurement & Analysis (EMA)

Measurement &
Verification Pte Ltd
Energy Measurement & Analysis
The Need for Energy Measurement & Analysis (EMA)

The Education and Research arm of the Building and Construction Authority
The Education and Research arm of the Building and Construction Authority
9 Feb 2022
1
The Education and Research am of the Building and Construction Authority
The contents of this document are protected by copyright and other forms of proprietary rights. All
rights, title and interest in the contents are owned by, licensed to or controlled by Measurement &
Verification and Steven Kang and shall not be reproduced, modified, republished, uploaded,
posted, transmitted or otherwise distributed in any way, without the prior written permission of by
Measurement & Verification and Steven Kang.
The reference herein to any specific commercial products, process, or service by trade name,
trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise, does not constitute or imply endorsement,
recommendation, or favoring by Measurement & Verification and Steven Kang.
Copyrights: Steven Kang 2

Lecturer’s Profile
• Steven Kang
• Measurement & verification Pte Ltd
• Managing Director
• Email: steven.kang@mnv.com.sg
• Email: steven.kang.bl@gmail.com
Measurement &
Verification Pte Ltd

Agenda
1. Introduction
2. The Opportunity Cost of Poor EM&A
3. What Is Good EM&A and How It Helps To
Improve Energy Efficiency
4. Key Standards Regarding EM&A

Beware, not all that Volkswagen admitted in
glitters is gold late 2015 that it rigged
Jessica Lim about 11 million diesel
Thu, Jan 21, 2010 vehicles to cheat
The Straits Times emissions tests the world
over.
Consumers in search of
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Chinese New Year admitted to doctoring
should be careful. fuel-economy ratings.
A recent survey of 33 GM, Fiat Chrysler,
goldsmiths by the Daimler, Renault have all
Consumers Association faced diesel-cheating
of Singapore (Case) regulator probes or
found that four were lawsuits.
selling gold which is
less pure than claimed.
50.39s
51.14s
51.14s
51.14s
Agenda
1. Introduction

The Need for EMA
• One of the fundamental actions required to improve energy efficiency is to

measure and verify how efficiently energy is being used. The data from accurate
measurement will provide the knowledge to hone energy efficiency skills and also
provide data to develop a reliable financial business case that can motivate
management to invest with confidence.
• You cannot manage what you do not measure.
• What gets measured, gets done.

15 Years Life Cycle Cost of Chiller Plant

Agenda
1. Introduction

What Is Good EM&A and How It Helps To Improve Energy Efficiency
Some would agree that the foundation of good engineering is the unit of
measurement. It quantifies the attributes of the world in a precise and repeatable
way that provides the foundation for engineering to progress.

Characteristics of Good EMA
1. Good EMA accounts for both Energy Consumption and Energy Efficiency
CMH x Hrs
of op

Characteristics of Good EMA
• The level of uncertainty of the EM&A must be commensurate with the level of
savings expected from EM&A and the energy conservation measures. The
quantity of savings at stake places limits on the target expenditure for EM&A.
• The EM&A system should be continuous for systems with variables that changes
significantly with time. For instance, if the EM&A is for a system where the energy
use varies both across day and seasons, as with a chilled water system, a
continuous EM&A system would be required. However, if the EM&A is for a
system that is operated according to a well-defined schedule under a constant
load, such as a constant-speed exhaust fan motor, the period required to
determine annual savings could be quite short.
• The EM&A system should meet the minimum standards adopted by the
regulators, facility owners and designers.

Agenda
1. Introduction

Key Standards Regarding EM&A
• SS591-2013: Code of practice for long term measurement of central chilled water
system energy efficiency
• SS530-2014: Code of practice for energy efficiency standard for building services
and equipment
• SS553-2016: Code of practice for air-conditioning and mechanical ventilation in
buildings
• BCA Green Mark for Non-Residential Buildings (New and Existing)

SS591: Types of Data To Be Collected
All measured data of chilled water system are to be logged at 1 minute sampling time interval and recorded to the 3rd
decimal digit. The measured data must be trended over the entire chilled water system operating period

SS591- Required Metrics
Minimum Requirements Recommended Requirements

System cooling load Individual chiller energy efficiency (kW/RT)
Supply chilled water temperature
Temperature difference between chilled water supply

and return
Total heat rejected
Heat balance substantiating test
Chilled water system energy efficiency (kW/RT)
Equipment energy efficiency (kW/RT) for chillers,

chilled water pumps, condenser water pumps and
cooling towers

The uncertainty of measurement shall include the uncertainty of the entire chain of
measurement i.e. sensor, transmitter, wiring, data acquisition system, etc.
CHWRT: 12C CHWST: 7C
DT = 12-7 = 5C
12.5C 6.5C
e=0.5C e=0.5C
If the allowable tolerance is +/- 0.5C

Cooling capacity Max error in DT = 1C
Kw = 4.19 x Flow (l/s) x DT (C) Max Allowable % error in DT = 1 / 5 = 20%
RT = 1.19 x Flow (l/s) x DT (C)
1 RT = 3.517 kW If the allowable tolerance is +/- 0.05C

Max error in DT = 0.1C
Efficiency Max Allowable % error in DT = 0.1 / 5 = 2%
CoP = kW cooling / kW input power
kW/RT = 3.517 / CoP

Root sum square for random error = (e1)2 + (e2)2 ….. (en)2
Proprietary Information of Measurement & Verification Pte Ltd 24

SS530-2014

SS530-2014

SS530-2014

SS530-2014

Individual VAV fans with motors 7.4 kW and larger shall
meet one of the following requirements:
a. Be driven by an electrical variable speed drive;
a. Have other controls and devices for the fan that will
result in fan motor demand of less than 30% of
design wattage at 50% of design air volume when
static pressure setpoint equals one-third of the total
design static pressure based on manufacturer’s
certified fan data.

0.6

Energy Sustainability Codes
and Green Mark 2021

What are the new Environment Sustainability (ES) codes?
For New Buildings For Existing Buildings
Code Reference Code Reference

Code for Environment Sustainability of Buildings, Code for Environment Sustainability Measures For Existing Buildings
Edition 4.0 Edition 3.0
Effective Date Effective Date

1st URA Planning Permission submission on or after 01 Major Energy Use Change on or after 01 Jun 2022
Dec 2021 (Ie Add new chillers or replace existing chillers)
Affected Building Types Affected Building Types

1. All new buildings with GFA ≥ 5,000 m2 1. All existing buildings with GFA ≥ 5,000 m2
2. Existing buildings that add GFA ≥ 5,000 m2 2. Exceptions: Data Centres, Utility buildings, Religious Buildings,
3. Existing buildings with Major Retrofit Works Residential buildings (but not including service apartments),
(ie Replace or add chillers PLUS façade alterations) Ports, Airports, Industrial buildings, Railway premises

ES Codes Vs GM2021
Code for ES of Code for ES Measures Green Mark 2021 Green Mark 2021 In-
Buildings, Edition 4.0 For Existing Buildings Operation
(New Bldgs) Edition 3.0
Facility Mandatory Mandatory when triggered Voluntary Voluntary

Owner’s Choice by Major Energy Change
Affected 1. All new buildings with GFA ≥ 1. All existing buildings with 1. New developments, at the For existing building projects
bldg. types 5,000 m2 GFA ≥ 5,000 m2 design and completion (as applying for Green Mark
2. Existing buildings that add 2. Exceptions: Data Centres, built) stage recertification, without change
GFA ≥ 5,000 m2 Utility buildings, Religious 2. Existing buildings in in major energy use or Major
3. Existing buildings with Major Buildings, Residential operation, with no previous retrofit.
Retrofit works (Replace or buildings (but not including Green Mark certification
add chillers PLUS façade service apartments), Ports, 3. Existing buildings with major
alterations Airports, Industrial retrofit
buildings, Railway premises
Effective 1st URA Planning Permission Major Energy Use Change on GM application on or after 01 GM application on or after 01
dates submission on or after 01 Dec or after 01 Jun 2022 Ie Add Nov 2021 Nov 2021
2021 new chillers or replace
existing chillers
Levels of Only min std Only min std GM SLE Gold

compliance Goldplus or Platinum Goldplus
Goldplus or Platinum + SLE Platinum
SLE
40
Compliance Framework (New Buildings)
6 Base Requirements Chose 4 Carbon Reduction Measures

from 3 elective sections
1. Envelope andBase Requirements
Roof Thermal Transfer
for New
2. Air-Tightness Buildings
and Existing
and Leakage 1. Sustainable Design Strategies
Buildings with Major Retrofits i. Enhanced Building Envelope Performance
3. Building Energy Performance
ii. Naturally Ventilated Space Design
i. Air-Conditioning Total System iii. Effective Daylighting
Efficiency (TSE)
ii. Mechanical Ventilation System 2. Sustainable Construction
iii. Lighting System
i. Resource Efficiency Measures
iv. Lift and Escalator System Min 2
Under BC (Environmental ii. Low Carbon Concrete
S u s t a i n a b i and
4. Measurement l i t y )Verification
( A m e n d mInstrumentation
ents) iii. Sustainable Products
Regulations 2021
3. Sustainable Technologies
5. Electrical Sub-metering
i. Renewable Energy System
6. Maintenance of Building Cooling System ii. Smart Building Solutions
Performance iii. Green Building Technologies
NRB03. Building Energy Performance
2 Pathways for compliance
Pathway 1: Energy Modelling Pathway 2: System Level Approach
The demonstration of the energy savings Comply with

requirements of 30% over prevailing standards 1) Air conditioning System
shall be carried out in accordance with the Minimum Total System Efficiency (TSE) Air-con_info_tem
2) Lighting System plate
Energy Modelling Methodology and
Requirements set out in the Code. Minimum 40% energy efficiency improvement over
prevailing SS 530 standard
3) Mechanical Ventilation System
Minimum 10% energy efficiency improvement over
Air conditioning System prevailing SS 553 standard
Minimum Total System Efficiency (TSE) 4) Vertical Transportation System
VVVF and Sleep mode

NRB03. Building Energy Performance
Total System Efficiency Standard for Air-Conditioning System
Water-Cooled System Air-Cooled System
New Buildings Existing Buildings New Buildings or Existing Buildings

(with major retrofit, major energy use (with major retrofit, major energy use changes)
changes)
TSE: 0.85 kW/RT TSE: 0.9 kW/RT TSE: 1.0 kW/RT
• Total System Efficiency Standard (TSE) consist of the water side/condensing units and the air-distribution system.
• Flexibility for practitioners in optimising the overall air-con system efficiency

NRB04. Measurement and Verification (M&V) Instrumentation
• All water-cooled chiller plant & air-cooled chiller plant shall have permanent measuring
instruments to monitor the energy performance in compliance to SS591.
• Added new requirement to have dedicated power meters for air-distribution systems
such as AHUs, PAHUs, FCUs. For FCUs, if sub-metering cannot be provided, nameplate
power can be considered.
• Included measurement and instrumentation requirement for VRF system if VRF cooled
area is ≥ 2000m2.
• Permanent measuring instruments to calculate the resultant efficiency with an uncertainty of ±
10% or better.
• Dedicated power meters (Class 1 or better) and current transformer (Class 1 or better) for all
condensing units and AHUs/PAHUs/FCUs.
• Trended at 5-minute interval.

NRB05. Electrical Submetering
Separate sub-meters shall be provided and linked to a monitoring system that can measure and trend energy
consumption data of the following system:
45
Compliance Framework (Existing Buildings)
Chose 3 Carbon Reduction Measures from 3

6 Base Requirements
elective sections
1. Sustainable Features
1. Building Energy Performance i. Building Envelope Enhancement
ii. Naturally Ventilation Strategies
2. M&V Instrumentation
iii. Sustainable Products
3. Real-time Remote Monitoring of Chiller
2. Sustainable Operation and
Operation Management
4. Energy Utilisation Reporting i. Electrical Submetering
ii. Maintenance of Building Cooling Min 1
5. Indoor Temperature System Performance
6. Indoor Air Quality Audit iii. User Engagement Plan
3. Sustainable Technology
i. Renewable Energy Sources
ii. Smart Building Solutions
iii. Green Building Technologies

Building life cycle ES regulation
Major Energy Use change
Major Energy Use change will trigger
Air-cooled / water-cooled chiller Air-cooled / water-cooled chiller
ES code for existing buildings and
require Design Submission approval
from BCA.
Unitary Air-conditioning Air-cooled / water-cooled chiller
After completion (Max 3 years), will

require As-built Submission approval from
BCA
Air-cooled / water-cooled chiller
Unitary Air-conditioning
Subjected to 3-yearly periodic audit for

the chiller plant by BCA Changes to the cooling towers, pumps, VSDs are not trigger points

ENRB01. Building Energy Performance
2 Pathways for compliance
Pathway 1: Whole Building Approach
Pathway 2: System Level Approach
Expected EUI
= Average EUI (over 3 years) – Potential Energy Savings from Retrofit
Comply with
≤ Table A2 1) Air conditioning System
Minimum Total System Efficiency (TSE)
2) Lighting System
Exclude tenanted areas
40% more energy efficient than the prescribed lighting power
budget stated in prevailing SS 530
3) Mechanical Ventilation System

Occupied spaces & carpark, if there is replacement:
MV system shall be designed to be at least 10% more energy
efficient compared to prevailing SS 553
Provision of CO detection sensor control with VSD to regulate
demand in carpark area
Compliance based on reported
efficiency obtained from the installed 4) Vertical Transportation System
permanent MV instrumentation and If there is replacement:
meters
VVVF and Sleep mode 48
ENRB01. Minimum Total System Efficiency (TSE)
Water-Cooled System Air-Cooled/ Unitary System
TSE refers to combined system efficiency of the chilled water plant TSE refers to combined system efficiency of the condenser/ air-
and air distribution system cooled chilled water plant and air distribution system

ENRB02. Measurement and Verification (M&V) Instrumentation
• All water-cooled chiller plant & air-cooled chiller plant shall have permanent measuring
instruments to monitor the energy performance in compliance to SS591.
• Added new requirement to have dedicated power meters for air-distribution systems
such as AHUs, PAHUs, FCUs. For FCUs, if sub-metering cannot be provided, nameplate
power can be considered.
• Included measurement and instrumentation requirement for VRF system if VRF cooled
area is ≥ 2000m2.
• Permanent measuring instruments to calculate the resultant efficiency with an uncertainty of ±
10% or better.
• Dedicated power meters (Class 1 or better) and current transformer (Class 1 or better) for all
condensing units and AHUs/PAHUs/FCUs.
• Trended at 5-minute interval.

ENRB03. Real-Time Remote Monitoring of Chiller Plant System Operation
• Provision of web-based control system with remote access functionality to

facilitate real time diagnostic and monitoring of chiller plant system operation
M&V Pte Ltd has web-based,

real-time, remote
monitoring and performance
guarantee for more than
120,000 RT of installed
capacity.

ENRB04. Energy Utilisation Reporting
• Provision of EUI report with energy consumption and EUI trend over the past
three (3) years
Annual Mandatory
Submission under Section
22FJ of BCA Building Control
Act

GM 2021 Framework
Vs 2005
codes

Energy Performance

Pathway 2: Fixed Metrics (ETTV, Aircon EE)
Bldg Type Office Retail Mall Hotel Hospitals

Rating Gold+ Platinum SLE Gold+ Platinum SLE Gold+ Platinum SLE Gold+ Platinum SLE
ETTV 40 38 38 40 38 35 40 40 40 40 38 38
Non-AC areas - 10% 25% 5% 15% - 10% 30% 15%
ACMV TSE 0.8 0.74 0.68 0.8 0.74 0.68 0.8 0.74 0.68 0.8 0.75 0.7
ACMV (Unitary)
Run-around coils / heat recovery from
exhaust air or other system where
Others reheat is needed for conditioned air
Warehouse, workshops & other

Bldg Type Institute of higher learning Industrial-High Tech industrial Sports & Recreation
Rating Gold+ Platinum SLE Gold+ Platinum SLE Gold+ Platinum SLE Gold+ Platinum SLE
ETTV 40 38 38 40 38 38 40 40 40 40 40 40
Non-AC areas 20% 50% 10% 30% 40% 15% 30%
ACMV TSE 0.8 0.74 0.68 0.8 0.78 0.75 0.8 0.75 0.7 0.8 0.75 0.7
3Ph: 3 ticks 3Ph: 4 ticks 3Ph: 3 ticks 3Ph: 4 ticks
ACMV (Unitary) 1ph: 4 ticks 1ph: 5 ticks 1ph: 4 ticks 1ph: 5 ticks
Others

Pathway 2: Fixed Metrics (Lighting)
TABLE 2A Lighting Power Budget SS530
GoldPLUS EE Platinum EE
SS530 Description SLE EE EE ≥60% Reference LPB
GoldPLUS EE Platinum EE >50% ≥55%
Description SLE EE EE ≥60% Reference LPB (W/m2 )
>50% ≥55%
(W/m2 ) Food & Bevarge Areas
Office, Work and Study Food Courts & Hawker
6 5 4 10
Offices 6 5.5 5 12 Centres
Meeting Room 6 5.5 5 12 Canteens 6 5 4 10
Copy/Print Rooms 6 5.5 5 12 Restaurants 7 6 5 12
Classrooms 6 5.5 5 12 Lounges 7 6 5 12
Lecture Theatre 6 5.5 5 12 Bars 7 6 5 12
Computer Rooms 6 5.5 5 12 Transport and Goods
Reading Areas 6 5.5 5 12 Corridors 4 3.5 3 7
Laboratories 8 7 6 16 Stairs, Escalators,
6 4.2 3.5 6
Travelators
Atria, Halls and Retail
Lift Lobbies 4 3.5 3 7
Entrance Hall 6 5 4 10
Warehouses 6 5 4 7
Atriums 6 5 4 10
Storage Areas 6 5 4 10
Retail Atriums 6 5 4 10
Carpark 2.5 2.25 2 5
Retail Corridors (Interior) 4 3.5 3 7
Concourse 5 4.5 3.5 10 Rest, Clean, Exercise and Play
Lobby 5 4.5 3.5 10
Hotel Guest Rooms1 9 7 5 12
Auditorium 5 4.5 3.5 10
Toilets 6 5 4 10
Concert Hall 6 5 4 10
Changing Rooms 6 5 4 10
Multi Purpose Hall 8 7 6 16
Laundries 6 5 4 10
Conference Hall 8 7 6 16
Washing Areas 6 5 4 10
Retail (General Lighting) 10 7 6 15
Gymnasium & Physical
Retail - Jewellery (Total) 23 19 14 35 7 6 4.5 11
Exercise Areas
Retail - Furniture, clothing Manufacturing & Maintenance
& accessories, cosmetics, 18 14 10 25
Mechanical & Electrical
art (Total) 6 5 4 10
Rooms
Retail - Supermarket,
Manufacturing (general) 8 6.5 5.5 13
vehicle, sporting goods,
15 11 8 20 Manufacturing (electronic,
stationary, hardware, 8 7 6 14
others (Total) fine detail or assembly)

Pathway 2: Fixed Metrics (Mechanical Ventilation)
Table 2B Mechanical Ventilation

GoldPLUS EE Platinum EE
Fan System W/CMH SLE EE ≥60%
>50% ≥55%
Nameplate motor power ≥ 4kW 0.32 0.28 0.25
Nameplate motor power < 4kW NA 0.17 0.17

Pathway 3: Energy Modelling

Thank you for your
attention
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Measurement &

Verification Pte Ltd

Energy Measurement & Analysis

The Need for Energy Measurement & Analysis (EMA)

Copyrights: Steven Kang 2

Copyrights: Steven Kang 3

Copyrights: Steven Kang 4

Copyrights: Steven Kang 9

• One of the fundamental actions required to improve energy efficiency is to

• You cannot manage what you do not measure.

• What gets measured, gets done.

Copyrights: Steven Kang 10

Copyrights: Steven Kang 11

Copyrights: Steven Kang 13

Copyrights: Steven Kang 14

Copyrights: Steven Kang 15

Copyrights: Steven Kang 16

Copyrights: Steven Kang 17

Copyrights: Steven Kang 18

Copyrights: Steven Kang 20

Minimum Requirements Recommended Requirements

Temperature difference between chilled water supply

Total heat rejected

Heat balance substantiating test

Chilled water system energy efficiency (kW/RT)

Equipment energy efficiency (kW/RT) for chillers,

Copyrights: Steven Kang 22

If the allowable tolerance is +/- 0.5C

Kw = 4.19 x Flow (l/s) x DT (C) Max Allowable % error in DT = 1 / 5 = 20%

RT = 1.19 x Flow (l/s) x DT (C)

1 RT = 3.517 kW If the allowable tolerance is +/- 0.05C

Efficiency Max Allowable % error in DT = 0.1 / 5 = 2%

CoP = kW cooling / kW input power

kW/RT = 3.517 / CoP

Proprietary Information of Measurement & Verification Pte Ltd 24

Copyrights: Steven Kang 29

Copyrights: Steven Kang 30

Copyrights: Steven Kang 31

Copyrights: Steven Kang 32

a. Be driven by an electrical variable speed drive;

Copyrights: Steven Kang 35

Copyrights: Steven Kang 37

Copyrights: Steven Kang 38

For New Buildings For Existing Buildings

Code Reference Code Reference

Effective Date Effective Date

Affected Building Types Affected Building Types

Proprietary Information of Measurement & Verification Pte Ltd 39

Facility Mandatory Mandatory when triggered Voluntary Voluntary

Levels of Only min std Only min std GM SLE Gold

6 Base Requirements Chose 4 Carbon Reduction Measures

2 Pathways for compliance

Pathway 1: Energy Modelling Pathway 2: System Level Approach

The demonstration of the energy savings Comply with

Proprietary Information of Measurement & Verification Pte Ltd 42

Water-Cooled System Air-Cooled System

New Buildings Existing Buildings New Buildings or Existing Buildings

TSE: 0.85 kW/RT TSE: 0.9 kW/RT TSE: 1.0 kW/RT