A Project stage I report on

DESIGN OF FIXTURE FOR

CENTRAL DRILL
By
Ms. Mayuri Jamdade
Mr. Aditya Kadam
Mr. Ibrahim Khan
Mr. Raheel Momin
Guide
Prof. S. H. Kondo

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL
ENGINEERING
GURU GOBIND SINGH COLLEGE OF
ENGINEERING & RESEARCH CENTRE,
NASHIK
[2022-23]
 GURU GOBIND SINGH COLLEGE OF
ENGINEERING & RESEARCH CENTRE,
NASHIK

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that Mrs. Mayuri Jamdade, Mr. Aditya Kadam, Mr. Ibrahim
Khan, Mr. Raheel Momin has successfully completed the project stage I entitled
“DESIGNOF FIXTURE FOR CENTRAL DRILL” under my supervision, in the
partial fulfillment of Bachelor of Engineering –Mechanical Engineering of Savitribai
Phule Pune University, Pune.

Date: Place: Nashik

Prof. S. H. Kondo Internal Examiner

Guide

Dr. C. D. Mohod Dr. N. G. Nikam

HOD Principal

External Examiner Seal

 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We feel great pleasure to present the project stage I entitled “DESIGN OF FIXTURE
FOR CENTRAL DRILL”. But it would be unfair on our part if we do not acknowledge
efforts of some of the people without the support of whom, this project work would not
have been a success.
First and for most we are very much thankful to our respected Guide Prof. S. H.
Kondo for his leading guidance in this project work. Also, he has been persistent source
of inspiration to us, we would like to express our sincere thanks to our project coordinator
Mr. K. R. Pagar and all faculties for their guidance and support during the project
work. We would like to express our sincere thanks and appreciation to Dr. C. D. Mohod
(HOD) for his valuable support. Also, we would like to express our special thanks to our
Honorable Principal Dr. N.G. Nikam for his encouragement during the work.
We would like to express our sincere thanks to Department of Mechanical
Engineering, Guru Gobind College of Engineering and Research Centre, Nashik, for
providing various facilities for completing project work.
Most importantly we would like to express our sincere gratitude towards our Friends
& Family for always being there when we needed them most.

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 CONTENTS
CHAPTER NAME OF TOPICS PAGE NO.
Cover Page i
Certificates ii
Acknowledgement iii
Contents iv
Abstract v
1 INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 Objectives 1
1.2 Problem Statement 2
1.3 Methodology 2

2 LITERATURE REVIEW 6
3 Introduction To The Workpiece 9
3.1 9
Design of the workpiece
3.2 11
3.3 Processes on the workpiece 13
Handling Machines

4 SELECTION OF MATERIAL
4.1 Fixture Body 15
4.2 Bush 16
5 SUMMARY 17
REFERENCES vi

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 ABSTRACT

In machining fixtures, minimizing workpiece deformation due to clamping and cutting

forces is essential to maintain the machining accuracy. The various methodology used for
clamping operation used in different application by various authors are reviewed in this
paper. Fixture is required in various industries according to their application. This can be
achieved by selecting the optimal location of fixturing elements such as locators and
clamps. The fixture set up for component is done manually. For that more cycle time
required for loading and unloading the material. So, there is need to develop system
which can help in improving productivity and time. Fixtures reduce operation time and
increases productivity and high quality of operation is possible.

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CHAPTER 1
1. INTRODUCTION
A fixture is a device for locating, holding, and supporting a workpiece during a manufacturing
operation. Fixtures are essential elements of production processes as they are required in most
automated manufacturing, inspection, and assembly operations. Fixtures must correctly locate a
workpiece in a given orientation concerning a cutting tool or measuring device, or concerning
another component, for instance in assembly or welding. Such location must be invariant in the
sense that the devices must clamp and secure the workpiece in that location for the particular
processing operation. There are many standard work-holding devices such as jaw chucks,
machine vises, drill chucks, collets, etc. which are widely used in workshops and are usually kept
in stock for general applications. Fixtures are normally designed for a definite operation to
process a specific workpiece and are designed and manufactured individually. Jigs are similar to
fixtures, but they not only locate and hold the part but also guide the cutting tools in drilling and
boring operations. These work-holding devices are collectively known as jigs and fixtures

1.1 Problem statement

The fixture used to drill the holes in the workpiece is not very feasible to drill the holes in the
required position. Fixture setup is done manually due to this cycle time being more. Product
quality is not obtained as per specification.

1.2 Objectives

• To design the fixture for the drill machine.

• To reduce the cycle time for the process.
• To analyze all the parts of the fixture.
• To implement the fixture design.

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1.3 Methodology:

Identifying the need

Select the possible steps

Selection of material

Design of Elements

Detailed Drawing

Production

Quality Checking

i. Identifying The Needs:

In the drilling operation, the fixture must be very accurate while placing the
workpiece in it for drilling the hole. The existing fixture is not that accurate in terms
of the fittings. The existing fixture is not the part that we are working on. So, to do
the drilling very accurately and on the positions, it is required to design the new

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fixture.

ii. Select The Possible Steps:

To design the new fixture, first, we need to analyze the existing fixture and where
the problem is. Then we need to design the new fixture according to the problem that
overcomes the existing problem.

iii. Selection Of Materials:

To design the new fixture, we also need to select the proper material that can take the
stresses and load produced by the drill during operation.

iv. Design Of Elements:

Generally, all fixtures consist of the following elements:

1. Locators

A locator is usually a fixed component of a fixture. It is used to establish and

maintain the position of a part in the fixture by constraining the movement of the
part. For workpieces of greater variability in shapes and surface conditions, a
locator can also be adjustable.

2. Clamps

A clamp is a force-actuating mechanism of a fixture. The forces exerted by the

clamps hold a part securely in the fixture against all other external forces.

3. Supports

A support is a fixed or adjustable element of a fixture. When severe part

displacement/deflection is expected under the action of imposed clamping and
processing forces, supports are added and placed below the workpiece to prevent or
constrain deformation. Supports over what is required for the determination of the
location of the part should be compatible with the locators and clamps.

4. Fixture body

The fixture body, or tool body, is the major structural element of a fixture. It

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maintains the spatial relationship between the fixturing elements mentioned

above, viz., locators, clamps, supports, and the machine tool on which the part is
to be processed.

v. Detailed Drawing:
Fixture planning is to conceptualize a basic fixture configuration by analyzing
all the available information regarding the material and geometry of the workpiece,
operations required, processing equipment for the operations, and the operator. The

The following outputs are included in the fixture plan:

• Fixture type and complexity

• Number of workpieces per fixture

• Orientation of workpiece within the fixture
• Locating datum faces
• Clamping surfaces

• Support surfaces, if any

The generation of fixture layout is to represent the fixture concepts in a physical form.

• Positions of locators

• Position of supports

• Types of locators

• Type of clamps

• Types of support

• Clamping forces and sequence

The following design criteria must be observed during the procedure of fixture design:

• Design specification

• Factory standards

• Ease of use of safety

• Economy

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vi. Production:
After all the designing, analysis, and selection of material, we need to manufacture
the designed fixture.

vii. Quality Check:

Now we need to check the quality of the fixture that it can resist the stresses, forces,
finishing of the fixture, and surface roughness of the final fixture.

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.CHAPTER 2

2. Literature Review:
2.1. Literature Survey:
Jigs and Fixtures are devices that are used to facilitate production work in the industry,
especially that involve machines. The perfect jigs and fixtures can work with
repeatability and interchangeability to produce the same parts in production. In the
manufacturing industry, jigs and fixtures are the most important devices that can assist
the workers in their production process become easier. Jigs and fixtures are important
tools used in industry. A tool that carries the main forces will form the final shape of the
work piece by Muhamad Farizuan Rosli.

The difference between jig and fixture is in the way of the tool is guided with the
workpart . Fixture are essential element in production operation as it always important in
industry such as automated manufacturing, inspection, and assembly operation. One of
the principles that can be follow for designing the jig and fixture for this project is as
states by Neet al.

2.2. Important Points:

• The perfect jig and fixture can work repeatedly and can be
interchangeable.
• Jigs and fixture is one of the most important parts in the manufacturing
industry.

• The jig is used to guide the tool.

• Fixture is a device used to hold the work piece.
2.3. Locating principles
One of the principal purposes of a machining fixture is to locate the workpiece surfaces for
performing a machining operation. This is usually done with respect to a number of

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factors to be considered such as the reference datum, supporting surfaces, features that
are likely to obstruct the tool movement or access direction, etc. In general, the following
surfaces should be distinguished:

• Active surfaces

These are surfaces to be machined, i.e. surfaces which are subjected to the action
of cutting tools

• Supporting and locating surfaces

These are surfaces by means of which the work piece is to be located with respect
to set-to-size cutting tools.

• Clamping surfaces

Clamping surfaces are subjected to the clamping forces for obtaining invariant
location. Clamping surfaces are usually not finish-machined surfaces as clamping
marks could damage the finish.

• Datum surfaces

Datum surfaces are reference surfaces where the dimensions are to be maintained
and measured.

• Free surfaces

Free surfaces are surfaces not involved in the set-up for the particular machining
operation.
2.4. Restrictions On The Degrees Of Freedom On The Work Piece:
• A work piece, just like any free solid body, has six degrees of freedom (some
researchers have referred this to the twelve degrees of freedom by considering the
+I- movements in each category):

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• Three rectilinear displacements along the mutually orthogonal co-ordinate axes.

• Three angular displacements with respect to the same axes.

• During a set-up, it is necessary to restrict certain degrees of freedom so as to

locate and orient the active surfaces with respect to the cutting tools. Since
supporting or restricting surfaces may vary from the true geometrical shape,
especially on rough-machined surfaces or cast blanks, it is desirable that the work
piece be located with respect to the point supports.

• Locating using point supports in the form of hemi-spherical rest buttons would
considerably reduce the influence of geometrical variations of locating surfaces
on the locating accuracy. For prismatic parts, the general principle of 3-2-1
location is most commonly employed. For achieving greatest stability, the first
three points of location on the primary surface should be as far apart as possible,
or the area enclosed by the three points as large as possible.

• For larger cast work pieces, the 4-2-1 locating principle is frequently used. Since
this violates the locating constraints, one of the locating points would need to be
an adjustable one. However, it is also a good practice for larger castings to be
designed with accurate fixturing points. These points are subsequently removed
after the first few surfaces have been machined.

• For cylindrical work pieces, three-point location cannot be obtained because of

the non-existence of plane surfaces, V-locators and close-fitting bushes are often
used instead. For circular laminae, location can be achieved with the aid of a slot
support.

• When a work piece is required to be located with respect to an inside hole or bore,
a plug is used for locating the work piece. Locating from two holes typically uses
a full and a diamond plug combination, with the latter inserted in the larger of the
two holes.

• The details of the principles of location can be easily found in general texts on
fixture design and will not be repeated here.

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CHAPTER 3

INTRODUCTION OF THE WORKPIECE

3.1. Design Of The Work Piece (Levelling Wedges):

The leveling wedges are used on machines like injection molding, slotting
machines, extrusion machines, etc. The levelling wedges are placed under the feet of the
machines where the ground is uneven. It is provided to maintain the angle and level of
the machine.

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The levelling wedge consist of the three parts. The middle part is the moving part,
by which the height is adjusted according to the requirement. It is moved with the help of

a bolt arrangement.

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3.2. Processes On The Workpiece:

There are several number of operations that are carried out on the workpiece.

1. Facing on the Lathe Machine

2. Drilling hole on Drill Machine

3. Key way on milling machine

4. Side milling on VMC

5. Grinding

6. Painting and polishing

7. Packaging and dispatching

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3.3. Handling Machines:

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3.3.1. Vertical Turret Milling Machine(DRO)

Vertical turret milling machine is also called radial milling machine,

universal milling machine, which is a kind of turret milling machine, which
belongs to the category of milling machines. The difference between a vertical
turret milling machine and a turret milling machine is that its main shaft can only
feed vertically, and the traveling direction of the main shaft forms an angle of
90° with the plane of the worktable, so it is called a vertical turret milling
machine.

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3.3.2. Lathe Machine

A lathe machine is a machine tool that removes the undesired material

from a rotating work piece in the form of chips with the help of a tool that is
traversed across the work and can be feed deep into the work. This is also known
as the ‘Mother of all Machines’. Nowadays, Lathe Machine has become a
general-purpose machine tool, employed in production and repair work, because
it permits a large variety of operations to be performed on it.

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CHAPTER 4

Selection Of Materials:

4.1. Fixture Body:

Material: Mild Steel

Properties:

1. High tensile strength

2. High impact strength

3. Good ductility and weldability

4. Good malleability

5. High yield strength approximately 250 Mpa

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4.2.Bush:

Material: EN 24 (1.5% nickel, 1% chromium, 0.2% molybdenum alloy steel)

Diameter of The Bush: 33 mm
Properties:

1. Very high strength steel alloy

2. Easy to heat treat and temper

3. Supplied hardened and temper

4. Good combination of strength, ductility and wear resistance

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SUMMARY
The main purpose of this project is to develop a new fixture for the central drill operation
which leads to improve the quality and productivity by minimizing the production cycle time.

In this machine increase the efficiency and accuracy of the operation.

To replace the old fixture which is used to drill the hole in the workpiece.

It is more beneficial to use in workshop industry which operation can be

perform both sides simultaneously.

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 REFERENCES

Reference Book

1. P.H. JOSHI, Jigs And Fixtures, 3rd Edition, Tata McGrawn Hill
Edition Private Limited, New Delhi

Research Paper

1. B.V. Krishna, Jigs And Structural Analysis Of A Jig-Fixture

Assembly For A Tail Wing, Department of Mechanical Engineering,
Blekinge Institute of Technology, Karlskrona, Sweden, 2017.
2. Shrikant.V.Peshatwar, L.P Raut, “Design and development of Fixture for
eccentric shaft: A Review” International Journal of Engineering Research and
Applications (IJERA) ISSN: 2248-9622 Vol. 3, Issue 1, February 2013.

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