 Temari – Bloc Elèctric (BE)

o L0 – Introducció a l’energia elèctrica

o Energies renovables
o L1 – Hidroelèctrica
o L2 – Marina
o L3 – Eòlica
o L4 – Fotovoltaica
o Integració de sistemes d’energia
o L5a – Emmagatzemament d’energia
o L5b – Interconnexió amb la xarxa elèctrica
o L5c – Xarxes intel·ligents i microxarxes

o Conèixer els principis de funcionament, tipus, constitució i control de

diferents sistemes d’aprofitament de les energies renovables per a la
generació d’energia elèctrica.
o Integració i gestió de les centrals d’energia renovables en la xarxa elèctrica
de distribució i en microxarxes.

Carlos Olalla. MEI. Gestió i Explotació de Fonts d’Energia. Page 1

 Lecture 3. Energia Eòlica
o System Overview
o Mechanical Part
o Electric Generators for Wind Turbines
o Constant Speed
o Conventional asynchronous generator (SCIG).
o Variable Speed
o Synchronous generator and power converter.
o Conventional SCIG and power converter.
o Wound rotor asynchronous generator (WRAG or DFIG) and power
converter.
o Problems
o Homework: Deadline

Carlos Olalla. MEI. Gestió i Explotació de Fonts d’Energia. Page 2

 System Overview
Plantes eòliques connectades a la xarxa.

Carlos Olalla. MEI. Gestió i Explotació de Fonts d’Energia. Page 3

 System Overview

Carlos Olalla. MEI. Gestió i Explotació de Fonts d’Energia. Page 4

 System Overview : Cost

CAPEX Cost = Turbine + Balance of System + Financial Costs

Hydropower Cost PV Cost Windpower Cost

Source: “2016 Annual technology Baseline (ATB)". National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), Golden, CO.

Carlos Olalla. MEI. Gestió i Explotació de Fonts d’Energia. Page 5

 System Overview : Cost
Source: "U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA) - Source". www.eia.gov. Retrieved 2015-11-02.
Why Wind?

Carlos Olalla. MEI. Gestió i Explotació de Fonts d’Energia. Page 6

 System Overview : Cost
Source: "U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA) - Source". www.eia.gov. Retrieved 2015-11-02.
Why Wind?

Carlos Olalla. MEI. Gestió i Explotació de Fonts d’Energia. Page 7

 Mechanical Part
Wind Turbine: Generating unit that transforms wind
power into electricity.

o Drag Turbines (TSR 0.3)

o Lift Turbines (TSR 7)

Power Coefficient

Cp ≤ 0.59 (Betz Limit)

Carlos Olalla. MEI. Gestió i Explotació de Fonts d’Energia. Page 8

 Mechanical Part
o Drag Turbines (TSR 0.3) o Lift Turbines (TSR 7)

Carlos Olalla. MEI. Gestió i Explotació de Fonts d’Energia. Page 9

 Mechanical Part
o Vertical Axis o Horizontal Axis

1 % of market 99 % of market
o Savonius (drag / resistència) o Three Blades (99 %)
o Darrieus (lift / sustentació) o Two Blades (1 %)
o Upwind and downwind.

Carlos Olalla. MEI. Gestió i Explotació de Fonts d’Energia. Page 10

 Mechanical Part

Fabricants
o Ecotecnia → Alstom → GE
o Gamesa → Siemens Gamesa
o Vestas
o Enercon
o Goldwind

Carlos Olalla. MEI. Gestió i Explotació de Fonts d’Energia. Page 11

  Mechanical Part
CP

TSR
Power coefficient with respect to tip speed ratio.
Carlos Olalla. MEI. Gestió i Explotació de Fonts d’Energia. Page 12
 Mechanical Part
Theoretical Available Energy → Ep = m.g.H = P.t
P = ½ Cp.ρ.A.v3
ρ = air density [1.225 kg/m3 at sea level]
A = cross sectional area of the stream tube [m2]
v = wind speed [m/s]
Cp = power coefficient [<0.59]

Preal = P.ηturbine.ηgenerator
Ereal = ∫Preal(v).f(v) dv

Carlos Olalla. MEI. Gestió i Explotació de Fonts d’Energia. Page 13

 Mechanical Part
Wind Speed → histograms and probability density function
o Registre de dades amb anemometre i penell (vane).

o Cut-in speed (3-5 m/s)

o Rated/Nameplate speed (12-14 m/s)
o Cut-off speed (>25 m/s)

Histogram of relative wind speeds Histogram of yearly hours against

(tvi /tTotal ) wind speed (8760 h)
Carlos Olalla. MEI. Gestió i Explotació de Fonts d’Energia. Page 14
 Mechanical Part
Wind Speed → histograms and probability density function
→ corba de distribució de Weibull

A = factor d’escala  vmean

k = factor de forma

Carlos Olalla. MEI. Gestió i Explotació de Fonts d’Energia. Page 15

 Mechanical Part
Exemple 1. Integral de la funció Weibull
Entre 8 i 9 m/s la turbina generarà 1 MW.
Quina serà l’energia produïda en un any per aquest rang de vent?

A = factor d’escala  vmean

k = factor de forma

Carlos Olalla. MEI. Gestió i Explotació de Fonts d’Energia. Page 16

 Mechanical Part
Generating unit power curves with respect to wind speed and rotational speed.
Pmec (pu)

n (rpm)

Carlos Olalla. MEI. Gestió i Explotació de Fonts d’Energia. Page 17

 Mechanical Part
A una determinada velocitat de vent, quina és la velocitat de rotació de les pales?
Tip Speed Ratio λ

Cp

Carlos Olalla. MEI. Gestió i Explotació de Fonts d’Energia. Page 18

 Mechanical Part
Exemple 2. En una turbina, el radi de les pales es R = 35 m.
La velocitat del vent és 10 m/s.
Quina és la velocitat de rotació de la turbina per a obtenir la màxima potencia?

Cp

Carlos Olalla. MEI. Gestió i Explotació de Fonts d’Energia. Page 19

 EG for Wind Turbines
1) Asynchronous generator with constant speed.

2) Synchronous generator with variable speed.

3) Asynchronous generator with variable speed.

Carlos Olalla. MEI. Gestió i Explotació de Fonts d’Energia. Page 20

 EG for Wind Turbines (Constant Speed)
1) Asynchronous generator with constant speed.
• Simple induction machine with squirrel cage rotor.
• A negative slip generates power. Slip about 2 %, hence rotational
speed is considered constant.
• Wind gusts cause, in such case, a sudden variation of the torque and a
quick variation of power. Direct grid-connection is only feasible in
heavily controlled grids, where the short-circuit power is large.
• Fixed-speed turbines can be stall-regulated (passive) or pitch
regulated (active).

Carlos Olalla. MEI. Gestió i Explotació de Fonts d’Energia. Page 21

 EG for Wind Turbines (Constant Speed)

Connected directly to the grid.

Electric
Grid
SCIG
PG
ωP
G 3 3
3~
QG

VAC, f
Pitch Clutch
Angle System
Motor Generator
Or And
Stall Brakes

► No power electronics. Stator frequency f is constant and the generator allows a

very small range of slip variations (< -2 %).
► Grid connection procedure → Inrush current must be limited.

Carlos Olalla. MEI. Gestió i Explotació de Fonts d’Energia. Page 22

 EG for Wind Turbines (Constant Speed)
1) Asynchronous generator with constant speed.

Stall or Pitch
No Control
Controller

Carlos Olalla. MEI. Gestió i Explotació de Fonts d’Energia. Page 23

 EG for Wind Turbines (Constant Speed)
1) Power is controlled actively (pitch) or passively (stall),
and only to avoid damage.
Reference
Speed

Pitch
Speed
Controller

Power
Pitch Motor Reference
Power

Pmec Electromagnetic
Torque Controller

Converter

Pelec

Carlos Olalla. MEI. Gestió i Explotació de Fonts d’Energia. Page 24

 EG for Wind Turbines
Can we operate with variable speed?
Reference
Speed

Pitch
Speed
Controller Speed-Torque
Curves
Power
Pitch Motor Reference
Power

Pmec Electromagnetic
Torque Controller

Can we control the wind turbine so that the maximum

Converter
power point (MPP) is followed for any wind speed below the
nameplate rating? Pelec
→ Wind speed must be measured and the power curve of
the turbine must be known.

Carlos Olalla. MEI. Gestió i Explotació de Fonts d’Energia. Page 25

 EG for Wind Turbines (Variable Speed)
2 & 3) Variable speed.

Stall / Pitch and Torque

Torque Control
Controller

Carlos Olalla. MEI. Gestió i Explotació de Fonts d’Energia. Page 26

 EG for Wind Turbines (Variable Speed)
Power Converters
The regulation of the operating point of the generator is usually realized by means of power
converters (electronic systems) that are typically connected between the stator (or the rotor) and
the grid.

Controller
V1, I1 V2, I2

Carlos Olalla. MEI. Gestió i Explotació de Fonts d’Energia. Page 27

 EG for Wind Turbines (Variable Speed)
2) Synchronous generator with variable speed.
• The rotor is a DC magnet with n pole pairs, either permanent-magnet
based or electromagnet.
• In such case, the frequency of the rotation speed of the rotor is
directly proportional to the frequency of the stator voltage.
• To allow variable speed (and grid connection), a frequency converter
can be interposed between the stator and the grid.
• Direct drive: no speed multiplier gearbox is required. Wind gusts can
be used for storing energy.

Carlos Olalla. MEI. Gestió i Explotació de Fonts d’Energia. Page 28

 EG for Wind Turbines (Variable Speed)
2) Synchronous generator with variable speed.

- Frequency (Hz)
- Speed (RPM)
- Pole sets

Carlos Olalla. MEI. Gestió i Explotació de Fonts d’Energia. Page 29

 EG for Wind Turbines (Variable Speed)
2a) Synchronous generator with variable speed.
In a grid-connected system, V and f are constant, but the mechanical system (hence
the rotor) is inherently of variable speed → VG and fG are variables.
► A power converter (frequency converter) is required for the connection of the alternator to the
grid. The power converter processes the full power transformed by the alternator.
► In order to reduce the variability of VG and fG the speed range of the generator (nG ) can be
reduced → pitch control of the blades can be employed for this purpose, according to the wind
speed (v). The amplitude of the stator-generated voltage VG can be regulated by means of the
rotor inductor current (If).
If Control

v ωP
If
VG Electric
nG fG Grid

β Pitch
Angle Control System

Carlos Olalla. MEI. Gestió i Explotació de Fonts d’Energia. Page 30

 EG for Wind Turbines (Variable Speed)
2b) PMSG Synchronous generator with variable speed.
In a grid-connected system, again with a variable-speed mechanical system and with
the rotating magnetic field created by permanent-magnets (PMSG) → Φ is constant
→ VG = K.nG
► The PMSG is more power efficient and is smaller than the synchronous generator with
field coils (for the same power).
► Also a power converter is required here. The converter processes the full power of the
alternator, allowing active and reactive power control (P and Q). The converter can store
energy produced by wind gusts, mitigating the effects of these disturbances in the electric
grid.
v ωP
VG
Electric
nG fG
Grid

β Pitch
Angle Control System

Carlos Olalla. MEI. Gestió i Explotació de Fonts d’Energia. Page 31

 EG for Wind Turbines (Variable Speed)
2b) PMSG Multi-Pole Synchronous generator with variable speed.
In a grid-connected system, again with a variable-speed mechanical system and with
the rotating magnetic field created by multi-pole permanent-magnets (PMSG).
► Multi-pole PMSG  reduced rotational speed  no additional mechanical
elements such as speed multipliers (direct mechanical connection)  Higher
efficiency and reduced noise.
With high magnetic field poles  Operation of the generator can be carried out with
smaller polar steps and larger air gaps  This is useful to create alternators with
large diameter and reduced length  Alternator design can be adapted as required by
flux distribution (radial, axial,...).
As in the previous case, the wind generator
requires pitch control and power converter
control.

Carlos Olalla. MEI. Gestió i Explotació de Fonts d’Energia. Page 32

 EG for Wind Turbines (Variable Speed)
3) Asynchronous generator with variable speed.
• Simple induction machine with squirrel cage rotor. A frequency
power converter is required between the stator of the generator and
the grid.
• Wound rotor (no squirrel cage!) asynchronous generator. There are
two approaches: with external variable resistor or with a frequency
converter supplying the rotor. The latter approach is called doubly-fed
induction generator. In that case, the synchronous speed is a function
of the difference between the grid frequency and the frequency of the
rotor current (30 % slip variation is achieved).

Carlos Olalla. MEI. Gestió i Explotació de Fonts d’Energia. Page 33

 EG for Wind Turbines (Variable Speed)
3) Asynchronous generator with variable speed.
Rotation of inductor
Principle of Operation:
magnetic field results in
induced field in the stator

Source – https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Wirnik_by_Zureks.jpg
Asynchronous machines
generate power by turning Squirrel-cage
their rotors faster than induction

synchronous speed. machine rotor.

Carlos Olalla. MEI. Gestió i Explotació de Fonts d’Energia. Page 34

 EG for Wind Turbines (Variable Speed)
3a) SCIG Asynchronous generator with variable speed.
With a power converter (frequency converter) interfacing the generator and the grid.

► The converter limits the inrush current and

processes all power send to the grid.

► Rotor speed and grid frequency are

independent. Rotor speed is controlled by
means of the AC-DC converter.

Carlos Olalla. MEI. Gestió i Explotació de Fonts d’Energia. Page 35

 EG for Wind Turbines (Variable Speed)
3b) DFIG Asynchronous generator with variable speed.

/s

Vr0 /s

Stator side Rotor side

Power losses have not been

considered in the equation.

Carlos Olalla. MEI. Gestió i Explotació de Fonts d’Energia. Page 36

 EG for Wind Turbines (Variable Speed)
3b) DFIG Asynchronous generator with variable speed.

► Rotor is connected to the grid by

Electric
means of a bidirectional converter.
Grid
► Two axis vector control or direct-
torque control can be used to
regulate the rotor current.

► Rotor side control establishes the

frequency according to ns = nr + ng.

Pitch ► Grid side control according to

Angle real and reactive power (P and Q)
that is required to be transferred
between the rotor and the grid.
Controller

Carlos Olalla. MEI. Gestió i Explotació de Fonts d’Energia. Page 37

 EG for Wind Turbines (Variable Speed)
3b) DFIG Asynchronous generator with variable speed.

► When control operates the rotor

below the synchronous speed,
Electric power is injected into the grid.
Grid

► Total power transferred to the

grid is

► 2/3 of the power is transferred

through the stator (directly). 1/3 of
Pitch the power is transferred through the
Angle rotor (converter).

►This approach allows slip changes

Controller of -30 %. It is more efficient than
the SCIG.

Carlos Olalla. MEI. Gestió i Explotació de Fonts d’Energia. Page 38

 EG for Wind Turbines (Variable Speed)

Carlos Olalla. MEI. Gestió i Explotació de Fonts d’Energia. Page 39