AICT 201 - REVIEWER

STATISTICS 4 DIFFERENT WAYS TO

Collecting, Organizing, Presenting, CLASSIFY DATA
Analyzing, & Interpreting data. 1. ACCORDING TO NATURE
DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS - Qualitative
Describes Data Data that can be counted or measured in
- Measures of Central Tendency numerical values.
- Measures of Variation
- Qualitative
- Measures of Position
The descriptive & conceptual findings
INFERENTIAL STATISTICS collected through questionnaires,
Inference - Conclusions based on facts interviews, or observation
or known value. 2. ACCORDING TO SOURCE
- ANOVA - Correlation
- Primary
- Chi-Square - Regression
Data that has been generated by the
- T-test
researcher herself/himself.
- Secondary
FOUR PROCESSES IN Data that has been collected by someone
STATISTICS other than the primary user.
1. Collection of Data 3. ACCORDING TO ARRANGEMENT
2. Organization of Data - Grouped
3. Analyzing Data Data formed by aggregating individual
observation of a variable into groups.
4. Interpretation of Data
- Ungrouped
Data is defined as the data given as
DATA & VARIABLE individual points.
DATA 4. ACCORDING TO MEASUREMENT
Information or observation that are - Discrete
being considered by the researchers. information that can only take certain
VARIABLE values. A type of quantitative data that
A value that varies. includes non-divisible figures & statistics
you can count.

LEVELS OF DATA - Continuous

refers to data that can be measured. This
Nominal Data
data has values that are not fixed & have
Descriptive/Categorical
an infinite number of possible values.
Ordinal Data These measurements can also be broken
Order/ Ranking down into smaller individual parts.
Interval Data
No True Zero Value
Ratio Data
True Zero Value

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Karl Pearson (1857-1936)
NOMINAL DATA - English Mathematician
- Derived Pearson r
Sir Ronald Aylmer Fisher (1890-1962)
QUALITATIVE QUANTITATIVE - British Polymath
- Developed ANOVA
George Gallup (1901-1984)
NOMINAL INTERVAL
- American Mathematician
- Common in making Statistical Poll
ORDINAL RATIO

STATISTICS
DISCRETE DISCRETE /
CONTINUOUS an art & science that deals with the
collection, organization, presentation,
HISTORY OF STATISTICS analysis, & interpretation about the
ANCIENT BABELON & ROME data.
Tally - first form of statistics.
- Statistics is only used by kings: to
know the status of his men.
FIELDS OF STATISTICS
- used to determine birth & death rate. Descriptive Statistics
this is concerned with the methods of
- based on statistics, we can predict.
collecting, organizing, & presenting data
appropriately to describe or assess group
MEN BEHIND STATISTICS characteristics.
John Graunt (1620-1674) Inferential Statistics
- from United Kingdom is concerned with inferring or drawing
- started modern statistics conclusions about the population based on pre-
- published Bills of Mortality selected elements of that population.
- information about numbers &
causes of deaths in the city of CONSTANTS & VARIABLES
London.
Constants
- 50 years span of data
refers to the fundamental quantities that do
- created first mortality table
not change on value.
Karl Friedrich Gauss (1777-1855)
Variables
- Brilliant German Mathematician
are quantities that may take anyone of the
- Used statistical methods to determine
specified set of values.
the position of planets / heavenly bodies
Adolph Quetelet (1796-1874)
- Belgian Astronomer
- Developed the idea of average man
based on his survey using Belgium's
census, collected body statistics

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DATA & INFORMATION
Data
refers to facts concerning things such as
status in life of people, defectiveness of
objects, or effect of an event to the society.
Information
is a set of data that have been processed
& presented in a form suitable for human
interpretation, usually with the purpose of
revealing trends or patterns about the
population.
SOURCES OF DATA
Primary Source
- a first hand information is obtained
usually by means of personal interview &
actual observation.
Secondary Source
- these are taken from other's work,
news reports, readings, & those are kept by
the NSO, SEC, SSS. & other government &
private agencies.
METHODS OF COLLECTING
DATA
DIRECT OR INTERVIEW METHOD
Is a person-to-person interaction between
an interviewer & an interviewee.
ADVANTAGE - precise & consistent
answers can be obtained by modifying or
rephrasing the questions specially to
illiterate respondents or to children under
study.
DISADVANTAGE - time, money, & effort
consuming. Applicable only to small
population, except when conducting census.
INDIRECT OR QUESTIONNAIRE
METHOD
it is an alternative method for interview
method.
ADVANTAGE - less time, money, & effort are
consumed.
DISADVANTAGE - many respondents may
not be consistent due to the poor construction of
questionnaire.
REGISTRATION METHOD
is enforced by private organizations or
government agencies for recording purposes.
ADVANTAGES - organized data from an
institution can serve as ready references for
future study or for personal claims of people's
record.
DISADVANTAGES - if agencies doesn't have a
good management information system.
OBSERVATION METHOD
is a scientific method of investigation that
makes possible use of all senses to measure or
obtain outcomes/responses from the object of the
study.
ADVANTAGES - can be applied to
respondents that cannot be asked or need not
speak,specially if behaviors of or characteristics
are need to be considered.
DISADVANTAGES - subjectivity of
information sought cannot be avoided.
EXPERIMENTATION
is used when the objective is to determine the
cause-&-effect of a certain phenomenon under
some controlled conditions.
ADVANTAGES - there is objectivity of
information since a scientific method of inquiry
is used.
DISADVANTAGES - it is too difficult to find
respondents.
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POPULATION & SAMPLE Census & Sampling Techniques
Population Random Sampling
these are finite or infinite collection of Random sampling is a sampling technique
objects, events, individuals with specified in which each sample has an equal probability
class or characteristics of being chosen. A sample chosen randomly is
Sample meant to be an unbiased representation of the
these are finite or limited collection of total population.
objects, events, individuals selected from a Properties of Random Sampling
population EQUIPROBABILITY - everyone has an
equal chance to be part of the sample.
INDEPENDENCE - Independent random
samples are selected from two different
sets of observations. If the data values of
one random sample do not affect the data
values of the other random sample, then
the samples are said to be independent
random samples.
2 Kinds of Random Sampling
Parameter - RESTRICTED RANDOM SAMPLING
- UNRESTRICTED RANDOM SAMPLING
characteristics of population
Statistics RANDOM SAMPLING TECHNIQUES
1. lottery, fishbowl or simple random sampling
characteristics of sample
2. table of random numbers
Slovin's Formula
3. systematic sampling
4. stratified random sampling
5. cluster sampling
6. multistage/ multiple sampling
Non-Random Sampling
Non-random sampling is a sampling
technique where the sample selection is based
where:
on factors other than just random chance. In
n = sample size other words, non-random sampling is biased in
N = population size nature. Here, the sample will be selected based
e = margin of error on the convenience, experience or judgment of
the researcher.
Margin of error NON-RANDOM SAMPLING TECHNIQUES
1. judgement or purposive sampling
number of minimum samples needed in
2. quota sampling
population.
3. incidental sampling
4. convinient sampling
5% is the margin of error that is often used.