Close Range Photogrammetry Utilization For Digital Elevation Model (Dem) Establishment in Kampung Seberang, Yan, Kedah, Malaysia

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INTERNSHIP – CM224733
CLOSE RANGE PHOTOGRAMMETRY UTILIZATION FOR

DIGITAL ELEVATION MODEL (DEM) ESTABLISHMENT
IN KAMPUNG SEBERANG, YAN, KEDAH, MALAYSIA
MUHAMAD HAFIDZ SYAH AMIR 03311942000002

MUHAMMAD RIVAN GENTA R 03311942000007
Advisor
Hepi Hapsari Handayani, S.T., M.Sc., Ph.D
NIP 197812122005012001
Geomatics Engineering Study Program

Department of Geomatics Engineering
Faculty of Civil, Planning, and Geo Engineering
Sepuluh Nopember Institute of Technology
Surabaya
2022
i
ii
APPROVAL SHEET
CLOSE RANGE PHOTOGRAMMETRY UTILIZATION FOR DIGITAL

ELEVATION MODEL (DEM) ESTABLISHMENT IN KAMPUNG SEBERANG, YAN,
KEDAH, MALAYSIA
INTERNSHIP REPORT
Proposed By:
Muhamad Hafidz Syah Amir NRP. 03311942000002
Muhammad Rivan Genta Ramadhan NRP. 03311942000007
Approved by Supervisor :
1. Hepi Hapsari Handayani, ST, M.Sc.,Ph.D

NIP. 197812122005012001 ( )
Advisor I/Geomatics Engineering Departement ITS
2. Sr, Ts, Dr.Saiful Aman Sulaiman,Ph.D

Advisor II/Geomatics UiTM Shah Alam ( )
Known,
Head of Head of
Geomatics Engineering Centre of Studies Surveying Science &
Department – FTSPK ITS Geomatics – UiTM Shah Alam
Danar Guruh Pratomo, S.T., M.T., Ph.D. Sr, Ts, Dr.Saiful Aman Sulaiman,Ph.D.
NIP. 198005072003121001 NIP.
PREFACE
All the praise and gratitude to Almighty God for abundance of grace, So that the creation of a
internship report entitled "Close Range Photogrammetry Utilization for Digital Elevation
Model (DEM) Establishment in Kampung Seberang, Yan, Kedah, Malaysia" can be
completed properly. This internship can be carried out well thanks to the support and
cooperation of various parties involved. Therefore, the author expresses his gratitude to:
1. Mr. Danar Guruh Pratomo S.T., M.T., Ph.D. as Head Department of Geomatics
Engineering ITS
2. Mrs. Hepi Hapsari Handayani, S.T., M.Sc., Ph.D as Advisor of internship in
Geomatics Engineering ITS
3. Sr, Ts, Dr.Saiful Aman Sulaiman, Ph.D as Head of Centre of Studies (Surveying
Science & Geomatics) and Lecturer in Geodesy Course Universiti Teknologi Mara
(UiTM)
4. Mr. Khairul Nizam Tahar (Sr Gs Ts Dr.) as Lecturer in Photogrammetry Courses
especially in the survey field
5. Mr. Amir Sharifuddin Ab Latip (Sr Dr.) as Lecturer in Geodesy Course especially
guide us during GNSS
6. Mr. Abdul Aziz Ab Rahman (Sr) as Advisor of internship in Universiti Teknologi
Mara (UiTM)
7. To the author's parents and family who always gives encouragement and all support
8. As well as to the parties that cannot be mentioned who have helped and made it easier
for the authors during internship.
The authors realize that in this internship report there are still shortcomings. Therefore,
constructive criticism and suggestions will be accepted as material for improvement in the
preparation of subsequent reports. Thus this internship report is compiled, hopefully, it can
provide new benefits and insights for authors and readers. The authors would also like to
express their gratitude to the many generous colleagues who have helped complete the work.
In addition, we would like to thank all the institutions and universities which have provided
the internship program.
Surabaya, 10th November 2022
Authors
ABSTRACT
CLOSE RANGE PHOTOGRAMMETRY UTILIZATION FOR DIGITAL

ELEVATION MODEL (DEM) ESTABLISHMENT IN KAMPUNG SEBERANG, YAN,
KEDAH, MALAYSIA
Student Name / Student Id : Muhamad Hafidz Syah Amir / 03311942000002

(NRP) Muhammad Rivan Genta R / 03311942000007
Departement : Geomatics Engineering FTSPK - ITS
Advisors : 1. Hepi Hapsari Handayani, ST, M.Sc.,Ph.D
2. Sr, Ts, Dr.Saiful Aman Sulaiman, Ph.D
Abstract
Photogrammetry is a method that is able to record the data of any element without direct
contact. At present, various photogrammetry, and Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) systems
are widely used for various applications, especially large-scale mapping. One of them is
Close-range photogrammetry which used the basic principle of overlapping measurement
between photos with different viewing angles and measurement of camera orientation. Close
Range Photogrammetry systems offer several benefits in terms of cost and image resolution
compared to terrestrial photogrammetry and remote sensing system. Mainly the project is
about the establishment of a Digital Elevation Model (DEM) including photogrammetry and
GNSS survey in Kampung Seberang Pekan Yan. Kampung Seberang Pekan Yan is located in
the land of Kedah, which is a country in the north of Malaysia and borders the country of
Thailand in its northeast. Negeri Kedah is known as an advanced agricultural country in
Malaysia where its needed spatial information for land-use determination.
The project consists of several workflows, including drone flight, GNSS observation and
data processing. There’re 39 data field photos and the processing in this project using
PHOTOMOD Lite with Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) as their horizontal and
vertical references. The establishment of DEM involved 9 GCP and 3 VP. In conclusion,
photogrammetry and the UAV system offer reliable accuracy for mapping a settlement model
and advantages in terms of cost-efficient, high ground resolution, and rapid data acquisition.
Keywords: Photogrammetry, Close Range Photogrammetry, Kampung Seberang Pekan,

Photomod, Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV), Digital Elevation Model (DEM).
TABLE OF CONTENTS
APPROVAL SHEET iii

PREFACE v.
ABSTRACT vii
TABLE OF CONTENTS ix.
LIST OF FIGURES xii
LIST OF TABLES xiii
LIST OF SYMBOLS xiv
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 Background 1
1.2 Objectives 2
1.3 Benefits 2
CHAPTER II
SCOPE OF WORK 4
2.1 Time and Scope of Works 4
2.1.1 Time of Implementation 4
2.1.2 Volume of Work 5
2.2 Scope of Works 6
2.3 Stage of Works 7
2.4 Organizational Structure 8
2.5 Duties and Responsibilities of Organizational and Works Unit 8
CHAPTER III
LITERATURE REVIEW 10
3.1 Kampung Seberang 10
3.2 Surveying 10
3.3 Photogrammetry 10
3.3.1 Metric photogrammetry 10
3.3.2 Interpretative photogrammetry 11
3.4 Close Range Photogrammetry 11
3.5 Unmanned Aerial Vehicle 12
3.6 Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) 13
3.6.1 Rapid Static 13
3.6.2 Real Time Kinematics (RTK) 13
3.7 GNSS Calibration 13
3.7.1 Zero Baseline Test 13
3.7.2 EDM Baseline Test 14
3.8 Control Surveys 14
3.8.1 Horizontal Control 14
3.8.2 Vertical Control 15
3.9 Ground Control Point & Verified Point 15
3.10 Photogrammetry Orientation 15
3.10.1 Interior Orientation 15
3.10.2 Exterior Orientation 15
3.10.3 Relative orientation 16
3.11 Triangulated Irregular Network 16
3.12 Digital Elevation Model (DEM) 17
3.13 Orthophoto 19
3.14 Coordinate Transformation 19
3.14.1 Two-Dimensional Conformal Coordinate Transformation 19
3.15 Bundle Adjustment 22
CHAPTER IV
METHODOLOGY 24
4.1 Tools and Materials 24
4.1.1 Tools 24
4.1.2 Materials 26
4.2 Tool Specifications 26
4.2.1 Trimble SPS461 GPS 26
4.2.2 DJI Phantom 4 28
4.3 Work Methodology 29
4.3.1 Site Survey and Reconnaissance 30
4.3.2 Establishment of GCP and VP 30
4.3.3 Fly Drone (Acquisition Aerial photo) 30
4.3.4 GNSS RTK Survey 30
4.3.5 Data Processing (Aerial Data & Rinex Data) 31
4.4 Schedule of Works 33
4.5 Authors 34
CHAPTER V
WORK IMPLEMENTATION 36
5.1 Data Acquisition 36
5.1.1 Reconnaissance 36
5.1.2 Ground Control Point (GCP) and Verification Point (VP) 36
5.1.3 Flight Plan 37
5.1.4 Aerial Photo Collection 37
5.2 Data Work Processing 38
5.2.1 Drone Photo Processing using Photomod 7 Lite 38
5.2.2 Layouting 43
5.3 Results of Job Data Processing 44
5.4 Analysis 44
CHAPTER VI
CLOSING 47
6.1 Conclusion 47
6.2 Recommendation 48
BIBLIOGRAPHY 50
APPENDIX 52
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 2.1 Study Area 4

Figure 2.2 Stage of Work 7
Figure 2. 3 Academic Organizational Chart FSPU UiTM Shah Alam 8
Figure 3.1 Close-range stereo coverage 12
Figure 3.2 Zero Baseline Test 14
Figure 3.3 EDM Baseline Test 14
Figure 3.4 (a) Nodes; (b) Edges; (c) Triangle; (d) Hull 16
Figure 3.5 Digital Elevation Models 18
Figure 3.6 (a) DTM. (b) DSM 18
Figure 3.7 Two-dimensional coordinate system 20
Figure 3.8 Scaled X′Y′ coordinates superimposed onto the EN ground coordinate system 29
Figure 4.1 Internship Implementation Workflow 29
Figure 4.2 Flight Path Plan 30
Figure 4.3 Flowchart of Aerial Photos Processing 31
Figure 4.4 Flowchart of Rinex Data Processing 32
Figure 5.1 Aerial Photos Sample 38
Figure 5.2 Project Management Window 38
Figure 5.3 Block Editor Window 39
Figure 5.4 Camera Tab Window 39
Figure 5.5 GCP and VP List 39
Figure 5.6 Block Adjustment Window 40
Figure 5.7 Project State Window 40
Figure 5.8 Classifier Window 41
Figure 5.9 Toggle Stereo 41
Figure 5.10 Digitized Stereopairs 42
Figure 5.11 Triangulation Points 42
Figure 5.12 TIN display 43
Figure 5.13 Result of DEM process 43
Figure 5.14 Digital Elevation Model 44
LIST OF TABLES
Table 2.1 Internship Volume of Work 5

Table 2.2 Staff of Centre of Studies Surveying Science & Geomatics UiTM Shah Alam 9
Table 4.1 The Software in Photogrammetry Data Processing 29
Table 4.2 Instrument for Photogrammetry Survey 30
Table 4.3 Material for Photogrammetry Survey 31
Table 4.4 Trimble SPS461 GPS Heading Receiver Specification 31
Table 4.5 DJI Phantom 4 Drone Specification 33
Table 4. 6 Work schedule of this Internship 38
Table 5.1 Flight Plan Parameter 42
Table 5.2 Circular Error 90 Calculation for GNSS RTK 45
LIST OF SYMBOLS
Abbreviation Definition Units
s Scale -
λ Scale factor -
𝑓 Lens focus mm
X,Y,Z Cartesian coordinate Measurement unit (metre)
E,N,T Geodetic coordinate Measurement unit (metre)

(Easting(E) ; Northing (N))
r,θ Polar coordinate Measurement unit (metre)

θ° (Degree)
α Angle of arbitrary XY α° (Degree)

two-dimensional coordinate system
β Angle of Ground EN β° (Degree)

two-dimensional system
A,B,C Points -
a,b,c Lines Measurement unit (metre)
𝑋g, 𝑌g, 𝑍g Position p in ground coordinates Measurement unit (metre)
𝑋𝑜, 𝑌𝑜, 𝑍𝑜 Centre camera projection Measurement unit (metre)
𝑋𝑝, 𝑌𝑝, 𝑍𝑝 Position p in photo coordinates Measurement unit (metre)

CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background
Kampung Seberang is a village located in Yan, in the state of Kedah Darul Aman, the
northern state of Malaysia, bordering Thailand in its northeast, Perak in the southeast, Penang
in the southwest and Perlis in the north. Negeri Kedah is a well-known state as an advanced
agricultural country in Malaysia, especially as the largest producer of rice. Kedah is one of
several state that supply half of the national needs of rice in Malaysia (Department of
Statistics Malaysia, 2015). Spatial information is crucial for land-use determination. A digital
elevation model (DEM) is a picture of the earth's topography that can help to determine the
flow of water for irrigation purpose and the possibility of inundation areas in case of floods.
DEM is one of the spatial information that shows the average elevation of each grid cell (Paul
R. Wolf, 2013).
Nowadays photogrammetry helps increasing the effectiveness and efficiency of
surveying activities. Photogrammetry can be used to measure the distance between any two
objects. With the use of photogrammetry software, we may construct 3d renderings from
photographs recorded. It was originally used primarily for topographic mapping, but it is now
employed in a variety of other applications. It is the first remote sensing technology to use
photographic images to identify the geometric features of objects. Photogrammetry is based
on the notion of triangulation. Line of sight can be constructed from each camera to point on
things by taking images from at least two separate locations. One kind of photogrammetry is
Close Range Photogrammetry, where applies to objects ranging from 1 meter to 300 meters in
size(Paul R. Wolf, 2013; Thomas Luhmann, 2020). The basic model in close range
photogrammetry is the central perspective projection. Compare to other surveying methods
such as Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR), Terrestrial Laser Scanner (TLS) and other terrestrial
surveying, Close Range Photogrammetry are much lower in operation and equipment cost.
(Wei-Che Huang, 2016)
Flight planning is the first step in a photogrammetric project. To use new technologies
and to get optimum profits, it is required to prepare an efficient flight plan. Since GNSS
technology has been used successfully in photogrammetry, planning a flight for acquiring
aerial photographs cannot be considered separately. Nowadays, most of planes, designed for
aerial photography, have GNSS and computer-aided flight management systems. To use these
systems effectively, the first and basic principle is preparing the flight plans in digital formats
and entering these data into the system digitally. The main goal of planning is finding out the
best-fit flight lines and camera exposure stations. To cover the project area with a minimum
number of models, flight lines and camera exposure stations must be planned carefully. This
is also important for a safe flight, reducing aerial survey operational costs and speeding up the
preparation and execution of the photo missions and flight (Paul R. Wolf, 2013).
Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) refers to a constellation of satellites
providing signals from space that transmit positioning and timing data to GNSS receivers.
The receivers then use this data to determine location. GNSS provides global coverage.
Examples of GNSS include Europe’s Galileo, the USA’s NAVSTAR Global Positioning
System (GPS), Russia’s Globalnaya Navigatsionnaya Sputnikovaya Sistema (GLONASS) and
China’s BeiDou Navigation Satellite System. The performance of GNSS is assessed using
four criteria which is the accuracy of the difference between a receiver’s measured and real
position, speed, or time. The integrity of a system’s capacity to provide a threshold of
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confidence and, in the event of an anomaly in the positioning data, an alarm. The Continuity
of a system’s ability to function without interruption. The availability: the percentage of time
a signal fulfils the above accuracy, integrity, and continuity criteria (Paul R. Wolf; Charles, D.
Ghilani 2013).
For many applications, such as airborne surveys, corrected GNSS positions are not
required in real time. For these applications, raw GNSS satellite measurements are collected
and stored for processing post-mission. Unlike RTK GNSS positioning, post-processing does
not require real-time transmission of differential correction messages. This simplifies the
hardware configuration greatly. During post-processing, base station data can be used from
one or more GNSS receivers. Multi-base processing helps preserve high accuracy over large
project areas, which is a common occurrence for aerial applications. Depending on the
project’s proximity to a permanently operating GNSS network, base station data can often be
freely downloaded, eliminating the need for establishing your own base station (Paul R. Wolf;
Charles, D. Ghilani 2013).
This background shows the importance of spatial data availability in potential
agriculture areas. It is necessary to establish DEM using Close Range Photogrammetry and
the GNSS RTK for GCP and VP determination. This DEM later became a reference for
updating the village and the rice field map of Kampung Seberang. In this study, the authors
will generate the DEM of Kampung Seberang using the Close Range Photogrammetry survey
method. This DEM was produced by choosing the location of practical work implementation
in Kampung Seberang, Yan, Kedah, Malaysia, under the auspices of Universiti Teknologi
Mara.
1.2 Objectives
The objective of this internship report are as follows:
1. To produce the Digital Elevation Model (DEM) of Kampung Seberang Pekan, Yan,
Kedah using the GNSS method.
2. To conduct survey and data processing, primarily process aerial triangulation using
digital photogrammetric software, Photomod software, to produce DEM.
1.3 Benefits
The benefits obtained from this internship are as follows:
1. DEM establishment in Kampung Seberang Pekan is expected to contribute to
developing scientific treasures in Photogrammetry in general.
2. DEM can be used by various agencies to determine land use in Kampung Seberang
Pekan.
3. The project results are expected to be useful and become a reference for future
research relevant to this research's theme.
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CHAPTER II
SCOPE OF WORK
2.1 Time and Scope of Works

2.1.1 Time of Implementation
Internship activity conducted at Kampung Seberang Pekan Yan, Kedah, Malaysia.
The internship is carried out from 9 May 2022 until 1 July 2022. The study area is
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located at Kampung Seberang, Yan, Kedah, Malaysia as shown in the figure 2.1. with
the size of the area is approximately 200m x 400m. The study area is located in the state
of Kedah Darul Aman, the northern state of Malaysia, and bordering Thailand in its
northeast, and bordering the state of Perak in the southeast, Penang in the southwest and
Perlis in the north. The area chosen was plotted using both Google Earth Pro and GIS
Software.
Figure 2.1 Study Area
2.1.2 Volume of Work

The volume of work on this internship project at Universiti Teknologi MARA Shah
Alam includes the acquisition and processing of aerial photos data in Kampung
Seberang Pekan Yan, Kedah area using DJI Phantom 4 with close range
photogrammetry.
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Table 2.1 Internship Volume of Work
Date Activity
9/5/2022 Introduction to Institution
10/5/2022 Way to the site project (Kedah)
11/5/2022 Site reconnaissance for GCPs and VPs location
12/5/2022 Perform drone flying to capture aerial photos
13/5/2022-14/5/2022 Briefing of how to conduct GNSS observation.
Tools and Instrument preparation
15/5/2022 Storing data
16/5/2022 MyRTKnet observation on each GCP and VP
17/5/2022-19/5/2022 Processing data from GNSS observation
20/5/2022 Processing aerial photos
21/5/2022 Perform GNSS calibration in Arau, Perlis
22/5/2022-23/5/2022 Further processing data that has been obtained
24/5/2022 Pre-viva and report review to the institution
25/5/2022-22/6/2022 Conducting other field scheme work project

(Cadastral, Hydrography Survey)
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23/6/2022 Travel back to Institution (Universiti Teknologi Mara)
28/6/2022 Discuss and evaluate internship with institution
29/6/2022-18/7/2022 Processing aerial photos and GNSS observation data,

consultation with internship supervisors, and create
final report
19/7/2022-21/7/2022 Presenting the final report and results of work to the

supervisor and revising the work
2.2 Scope of Works

As for the scope of works, there are several works carried out at Universiti
Teknologi Mara (UiTM):
1. Conducting literature study on close range photogrammetry,
2. Design flight plans in digital format, in order to discover the best-fit flight lines and
camera exposure stations.
3. Identify the area to be mapped and do site reconnaissance for Ground Control Point
(GCP) and Verification Point (VP) also Premark and Postmark control point at
Kampung Seberang Pekan Yan, Kedah, Malaysia.
4. Acquisition data of GNSS, Horizontal and Vertical elements.
5. Data processing.
6. Final output Digital Elevation Model (DEM).
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2.3 Stage of Works
Stage of works on this internship project are as follows:
Figure 2.2 Stage of Work

Planning Phase
This planning phase started with preparing a flight map based on the size of the study area. In
preparing a flight map, the number of photos per strip, the number of flight lines, and the total
number of photographs need to be calculated. At the site area, the first work that needs to be
done is to do reconnaissance. A Certified Plan of the study area needs to be bought using the
eBiz website in order to identify the nearest benchmark around the site area. This phase also
includes establishing the Ground Control Point (GCP) and Verification Point (VP) based on
the distribution that has been planned. All the GCP and VP need to be marked on the ground
following the coordinates. There were 9 GCPs and 3 VPs that needed to be established.
Data Acquisition
In the data acquisition phase, there are two stages such as determining horizontal and vertical
control by using the GNSS method and recording the aerial photos. A horizontal control
network is a method used in the field of surveying to establish control networks that aim to
achieve the X and Y values. In every survey work, horizontal control is important to be
established for the purpose of horizontal positioning of the points or objects. One of the
methods to establish horizontal control is triangulation or trilateration surveys from an
established geodetic network. For vertical control, the aim is to get the value of z (elevation)
from the mean sea level (MSL). By proving Bench Mark (BM) to get the z value or by
automatically from GNSS survey.
Data Processing
In the data processing phase, there are two general processing. The first one is Aerial Photos
Processing data and the second one is rinex data processing. The Aerial Photos Processing
mostly done by using Photomod.
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2.4 Organizational Structure
Figure 2. 3 Academic Organizational Chart FSPU UiTM Shah Alam

The Centre of Studies for Surveying Science & Geomatics UiTM Shah Alam is led by Sr
Ts Dr Saiful Aman Bin Hj Sulaiman, Ph.D. Then in the Centre of studies for Surveying
Science & Geomatics UiTM Shah Alam there are 29 academic staff consisting of 3
professors, 7 Associate professors, 10 senior lectures, and 9 lectures. The following in Table
2.2 is presented Academic staff at the Centre of studies for Surveying Science & Geomatics
UiTM Shah Alam.
2.5 Duties and Responsibilities of Organizational and Works Unit

At the Faculty of Architecture, Planning, and Surveying UiTM Shah Alam, has a vision
of establishing UiTM as a Globally Renowned University of Science, Technology,
Humanities and Entrepreneurship. Then, the mission of the Faculty of Architecture, Planning,
and Surveying UiTM Shah Alam is to lead the development of agile, professional Bumiputera
through state-of-the-art curricula and impactful research. In carrying out the vision and
mission, Faculty of Architecture, Planning, and Surveying UiTM Shah Alam has core values
which are leadership, integrity and professionalism, sustainability, creativity and innovation.
The task of the Centre of Studies Surveying Science & Geomatics UiTM Shah Alam is to
produce graduates with strong fundamentals in surveying knowledge covering the land
surveying profession, specifically meeting the academic requirements of the Land Surveyors
Board Peninsular Malaysia, and to enhance students' capability in tandem with industrial
needs.
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CHAPTER III
LITERATURE REVIEW
3.1 Kampung Seberang

Kampung Seberang is a village located in Yan, in the state of Kedah Darul Aman, the
northern state of Malaysia. It’s bordering Thailand in its northeast, and bordering the
state of Perak in the southeast, Penang in the southwest and Perlis in the north. Negeri
Kedah is a well-known state as an advanced agricultural country in Malaysia. Kedah
has a relatively heterogeneous populace constituted by three major ethnic groups; the
Malays, Chinese and Indians as well as some Malaysian Siamese ethnic groups, similar
to most of the other Malaysian states. The population of Kedah in 2015 was 2,071,900.
It was made up of 76% Bumiputra (Malays and others), 12.7% Chinese, 6.9% Indian,
0.9% others and 3.4% non-Malaysian (Department of Statistics Malaysia, 2015).
3.2 Surveying
The field of surveying may be thought of as a discipline which encompasses all
methods for measuring and collecting information about the physical earth. Surveying
has been important since the beginning of civilization. Its earliest applications were in
measuring and marking boundaries of property ownership. Throughout the years its
importance has steadily increased with the growing demand for a variety of maps and
other spatially related types of information and the expanding need for establishing
accurate spatial data to guide construction operations. Today, measuring and monitoring
our environment is becoming increasingly critical as our population expands, land
values appreciate, our natural resources dwindle, and human activities continue to stress
the quality of our land, water, and air. Using modern ground, aerial, satellite
technologies and Computers for data processing. The Earth and its natural resources
may now be measured and observed by modern surveys on a genuinely global scale.
Never before has there been as much information accessible for evaluating the existing
situation, making right planning decisions, and creating policy in a variety of
applications involving land use, resource development, and environmental preservation
(Paul R. Wolf, 2010).
3.3 Photogrammetry
Photogrammetry is a multidisciplinary subject that combines art, science, and
technology for obtaining reliable information about physical objects, and interpreting
photographic images as well as patterns of observed radiant electromagnetic energy.
The goal is to obtain accurate information about real-world objects and the environment
(Paul R. Wolf, 2013). Photogrammetry has expanded to include analysis of other
records, including digital imagery, radiated acoustical energy patterns, laser ranging
measurements, and magnetic phenomena. Photogrammetry has two distinct areas, as
follows:
3.3.1 Metric photogrammetry
Metric Photogrammetry consists of precise measurements from photos and other
information sources to determine the relative locations of points. Metric
photogrammetry enables finding distances, angles, areas, volumes, elevations, sizes
and shapes of objects. The most common applications of metric photogrammetry are
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preparing planimetric and topographic maps from photographs and producing
orthophotos from digital imagery. The photographs are most often aerial (taken from
an airborne vehicle), but terrestrial photos (taken from earth-based cameras) and
satellite imagery are also used (Paul R. Wolf, 2013).
3.3.2 Interpretative photogrammetry
Interpretative Photogrammetry deals with recognizing, identifying objects and judging
their significance through systematic analysis. It is included in the branches of image
interpretation and remote sensing. Image interpretation and remote sensing include the
analysis of photography but also the use of data gathered from a wide variety of
sensing instruments, including multispectral cameras, infrared sensors, thermal
scanners, and side-looking airborne radar. Remote sensing instruments, which are
often carried in vehicles as remote as orbiting satellites, are capable of providing
quantitative as well as qualitative information about objects. Nowadays, with our
recognition of the importance of preserving our environment and natural resources,
photographic interpretation and remote sensing are both being employed extensively
as tools in management and planning (Paul R. Wolf, 2013).
3.4 Close Range Photogrammetry

Close-range photogrammetry applies to objects ranging from 1 meter to 300 meters in
size, with accuracies under 0.1 mm at the manufacturing industry and 1 cm in accuracy
at the architecture and construction industry (Paul R. Wolf, 2013). Close-range
photogrammetry uses the basic principle of overlapping measurement between photos
with different viewing angles and measurement of camera orientation.
Three-dimensional model that has been created is strongly influenced by a large number
of patch areas between photos. Non-metric camera calibration often involves
computerized assistance so that camera parameters and camera locations can be known.
In addition, close-range photogrammetry uses the principle of the equation of the
condition of collinearity. Collinearity is a condition in which photo shooting stations,
object points, and photo images are all located in one straight line. The difference in
colinearity conditions between aerial photographs and terrestrial photographs on the
photo axis. Based on analogue large format reseau cameras, convergent multi-image
configurations, digital comparators and digital image processing of the scanned
imagery, close-range photogrammetry offered the potential for measurement precision.
The progression of Close Range Photogrammetry technology can be used for industrial
design applications, production and quality control (Paul R. Wolf, 2013; Thomas
Luhmann, 2020).
An important geometric consideration for close-range photography is the angular
orientation of the camera exposure stations. Accuracy of the analytical solution
depends, to a large extent, upon the angles of intersection between rays of light. The
highest overall accuracy will be achieved when angles of intersection are near 90°.
Figure 19-9a illustrates stereo photographic coverage of an object where the camera
axes are parallel. In this figure, the parallactic angle f1 to object point A is
approximately 35°. In Fig 3.1b, stereo coverage of the same object is obtained from
convergent photos. In this figure, the corresponding parallactic angle f2 is
approximately 95°. Since f2 is closer to 90° than f1, the overall accuracy of the
computed coordinates of point A will be higher in the configuration of Fig 3.1b. Notice
also that the stereoscopic coverage in Fig 3.1a is only approximately 50 percent of the
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field of view, while, the stereoscopic coverage of Fig 3.1b is 100 percent of the field of
view. This enables the full format of the camera to be used, resulting in greater
efficiency and higher effective image resolution (Paul R. Wolf, 2013).
Figure 3.1 (a) Close-range stereo coverage of an object with parallel camera axes. (b)
Close-range stereo coverage with convergent photography.
3.5 Unmanned Aerial Vehicle

Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) is an aerial vehicle that guides autonomously, by
remote control or both and that carries sensors, electronic transmitters and cameras
designed to monitor or survey the surrounding area of interest. The use of unmanned
aerial vehicles (UAVs) or aeromodelling is the right solution for aerial photo data
acquisition (small format / close-range photogrammetry). The advantage of using model
aircraft in aerial shooting is that the operational costs are relatively cheaper and easy to
get in the market. While the limitations of model aircraft include that when flying the
aircraft is more easily affected by weather such as wind and temperature so the aircraft
becomes less stable, besides that the scope of flying time is also limited (ranging from
15 to 30 minutes).
In other hand, the limitations of the UAV are limited by the dimensions of the UAV
itself. Because the UAV's small dimensions limit the ability of the payload that can be
carried. So that light weight sensors or camera devices are usually used in the form of
small format cameras. Because this small format is certainly not a camera device with a
sensor designed to accurately shoot aerial photography, resulting in lower image quality
in terms of resolution, stability and accuracy. In addition, the cruising range and flying
height of the UAV is also limited due to the ability of the engine which is not designed
to fly long and high distances. Therefore, in utilizing model aircraft, it is necessary to
know the flying characteristics of the aircraft and good weather conditions so that aerial
shooting becomes effective and efficient and produces digital photo data in good
conditions. (Paul R. Wolf, 2013)
12
3.6 Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS)
Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) is a satellite-based navigation
system comprising at least 24 satellites. GNSS satellites work by circling the
Earth twice a day in a precise orbit. Each satellite transmits a unique signal and
orbital parameters that allow GNSS devices to interpret and calculate the
precise location of the satellite. In this field scheme, the second method used
was the GNSS method, which includes Real-Time Kinematics (RTK), Static
and Rapid Static (Paul R. Wolf; Charles, D. Ghilani 2013).
3.6.1 Rapid Static

Rapid Static surveying is a carrier-phase-based relative positioning
technique similar to static GNSS surveying. It employs two or more receivers
simultaneously tracking the same satellites. However, rapid static surveys have
a higher level of productivity than static surveys because the observation time
of one session is relatively shorter (Paul R. Wolf; Charles, D. Ghilani 2013).
3.6.2 Real Time Kinematics (RTK)

Real-Time Kinematics (RTK) is a surveying technique for correcting
common errors that uses the signal's carrier phase measurements. Unlike the
static method, RTK provides real-time correction with up to a centimetre of
accuracy. During data collection, the positions of the points are calculated
instantly. RTK systems are mostly utilized for two types of survey work. The
precise positioning of existing elements is one application (Paul R. Wolf;
Charles, D. Ghilani 2013).
3.7 GNSS Calibration

Measuring equipment used to collect and process the data has been
fixed through a calibration process to ensure that the instrument is in good
condition and the data generated is correct. The measuring equipment used to
collect and process the data has been fixed through a calibration process to
ensure that the instrument is in good condition and the data generated is correct
(Paul R. Wolf; Charles, D. Ghilani 2013).
3.7.1 Zero Baseline Test
13
Figure 3.2 Zero Baseline Test
Zero Baseline test should be done before we conduct the field survey,
it’s important to check the condition of GNSS quality data to get a better data
survey (Pekeliling,2021). Several steps to conduct Zero Baseline Test as follow
1. 2 GNSS receiver units are connected to 1 antenna unit using an Antenna
Cable Splitter.
2. Both GNSS receivers should display the same coordinate value.
3. The allowable distance difference limit is not more than 3mm.
4. This test should be run 2 times for both GNSS antennas.
3.7.2 EDM Baseline Test

EDM Baseline Test should be done once every 6 months or before a
large work/project is implemented. The purpose is to ensure that the GNSS
receiver, as well as the processing software used for baseline determination,
are in good condition. This test will also determine the accuracy of the GNSS
receiver as well as verify processing capability.
Figure 3.3 EDM Baseline Test
This test is performed at the GNSS test site, i.e., on the pillars that have a
distance difference between 20m and 1 km. The GNSS receiver must be used
with the same antenna and cable. The limit of slope distance difference
observation standard allowed is not more than 10 mm (Pekeliling,2021).
3.8 Control Surveys

The precise horizontal and vertical placements of reference monuments are
determined through control surveys. These act as the foundation for developing or
verifying subordinate surveys. They serve as a crucial foundation for reference.
There are two main categories of control surveys: vertical and horizontal (Paul R.
Wolf; Charles, D. Ghilani 2013).
3.8.1 Horizontal Control
In general, horizontal surveys determine the geodetic latitudes and longitudes
of stations across considerable regions. These values can be used to calculate
plane rectangular coordinates, which are often expressed in state plane or
Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) coordinate systems. Without getting
14
geodetic latitude and longitude, plane rectangular coordinates can be found
directly on control surveys conducted over smaller regions. The ground-based
applications of triangulation, precise traversing, trilateration, and combinations
of these fundamental techniques have typically been horizontal control surveys
(Paul R. Wolf; Charles, D. Ghilani 2013).
3.8.2 Vertical Control
A network of benchmarks, or vertical control surveys, set elevations for the
benchmarks. They have often been run using trigonometric levelling or
differential levelling, depending on the accuracy required. The use of an
accurate geoid model limits the ability of GNSS surveys to create vertical
control. Therefore, precise differential levelling is still the most effective and
extensively used approach (Paul R. Wolf; Charles, D. Ghilani 2013).
3.9 Ground Control Point & Verified Point

A Ground Control Point (GCP) or control point is a known or identified
location point in real space (on the ground), and a Ground Control Point (GCP)
is used to verify the position of a map feature. The Ground Control Point
(GCP) serves as an allied point between the map coordinate system and the
photo coordinate system. An Independent Check Point (ICP) or checkpoint is a
quality control of the object by comparing the coordinates of the model with
the actual coordinates. Basically, the coordinates of the model require a
binding point in order to be able to see the comparison of the allied points that
are patched with the photo. The tie point is an allied point which is an allied
point between photos that are interlocking. Tie points are always made by
post-marking, that is, identifying the same object in the area of the photo that is
patched. Accuracy and precision are factors that need to be considered in the
manufacture of quality Ground Control Points (Paul R. Wolf; Charles, D.
Ghilani 2013).
3.10 Photogrammetry Orientation

3.10.1 Interior Orientation
Interior orientation is a process that requires camera calibration. The camera
calibration process involved correction of errors due to camera distortion and
other errors in the camera. The value of camera calibration or called the
calibration parameter is a principal distance (c), which is the shift of the actual
centre point with the centre point in the photo, the fiducial centre point of the
photo (xo, yo), lens distortion (K1, K2, K3, P1 and P2), as well as distortion
due to the difference in alignment and orthogonal inconsistency between the X
and Y axes (b1, b2) (Fraser, 2006).
3.10.2 Exterior Orientation
Exterior orientation parameters are obtained through the space resection method
with the correlation equation of the numerical method calculated
simultaneously so as to produce six elements (Xo, Yo, Zo, ω,φ,κ), of which 3
15
for the position-determining element and 3 for the orientation determinant. The
exterior orientation parameter is the position and orientation of the camera at
the time of recording. The position and orientation of the camera is required to
be able to determine the position of the relative object points of the camera
coordinate system. Complete the exterior orientation parameter requires a
minimum of 6 equations. Therefore a minimum of 3 control points are needed
where every 1 control point gets 2 equations, this system of equations is solved
simultaneously for 6 parameters of exterior orientation. For control points
greater than 3, it is done by adjustment computation. (Purwanto, 2017).
3.10.3 Relative orientation
The identification of the location and orientation of one imaging system in
relation to another through interactions among five or more ray pairs is known
as relative orientation. It is one of the four fundamental issues in
photogrammetry and is crucial to both binocular stereo and long-range motion
perception (Berthold, 1991).
3.11 Triangulated Irregular Network

Triangulated Irregular Network (TIN) is a file format for digital modeling that
represents the earth's surface. TIN is often used to perform morphological
analysis of the earth's surface. A TIN is a DEM in which the domain subdivision
is a triangle mesh. A terrain can be mathematically modelled as a function z = f
(x, y) mapping a point (x, y) in a domain D in the plane to its elevation value f (x,
y). In practice, the value of function f is known at a finite set S of points within D.
A DEM provides an estimated value for function f at any point (x, y) of the
domain, based on the values at the points (Leila, 2009). TIN is a vector-based
form of digital geographic data and is constructed by the triangulation of a set of
vertices (points). The vertices connect with a series of edges then form a network
of triangles. The TIN surface data model consists of nodes, edges, triangles, hull
polygons, and topologies (Leila. 2009; ArcGIS, 2013).
Figure 3.4 (a) Nodes; (b) Edges; (c) Triangle; (d) Hull
16
3.11.1 Nodes
Nodes are the basic building blocks of TIN. Nodes are derived from the points
and node lines contained in the input data source. Each node is incorporated in
TIN triangulation. Each node in the TIN surface model must have a z value
(ArcGIS, 2013).
3.11.2 Edges
Each node joins its nearest neighbour with an edge to form a triangle, which
meets the Delaunay criteria. Each side has two nodes, but the nodes may have
two or more edges. Since the edge has nodes with a value of z at each end, it is
possible to calculate the slope along the edge from one node to another
(ArcGIS, 2013)).
3.11.3 Triangle
Each aspect of the triangle describes the behaviour of a portion of TIN surface.
The x, y, z and three-node triangular coordinate values can be used to obtain
information about aspects, such as slope, aspect, surface area, and surface
length. Given the entire set of triangles, obtaining additional information about
the surface, including volume, surface profile, and visibility analysis is
possible (ArcGIS, 2013).
3.11.4 Hull
A TIN hull is formed by one or more polygons containing the entire set of data
points used to construct that TIN. Gastric polygons determine the interpolation
zone of said TIN . Inside or at the edges of the hull polygon , it is possible to
interpolate the surface of z-values, perform an analysis , and generate a surface
view . Beyond the polygon of the hull , it is impossible to obtain information
about the surface . The TIN hull can be formed by one or more polygons,
which can be nonconvex. A nonconvex hull must be user-defined by entering
the Clip and Erase exception features during the construction of that TIN.
These features explicitly specify the edges of the surface . When no exception
feature is used to define the hull, the TIN generator creates a convex hull to
determine the jumping edge of that TIN. A convex hull is a polygon with the
property that each line connecting two points of the TIN must itself be located
inside or specify the edge of the convex hull . The definition of a nonconvex
hull is essential to prevent the generation of erroneous information in the TIN
region outside the actual dataset, but in the convex hull. Take a look at the
diagram below (Leila. 2009; ArcGIS, 2013).
3.12 Digital Elevation Model (DEM)

A digital elevation model (DEM) is a picture of the earth's topography. The
digital elevation model is made up of arrays of elevation data that are created in
grids of various sizes, depending on the information's source. The average
elevation of each grid cell in a digital elevation model is determined by the area
of the cell (USGS, 2022; Paul R. Wolf, 2010). DEM can be shown as either a
triangulated irregular network (TIN) or a conventional grid.
17
Figure 3.5 Digital Elevation Models
Figure 3.6 (a) DTM. (b) DSM

DEM can technically be an elevation model of anything, in another hand DEM
will be used for elevation models of the earth's topography in either regular grid
or TIN form (Paul R. Wolf, 2013). There are several digital elevation model that
show the out-looks of the earth, there are Digital Terrain and Digital surface. A
Digital Terrain Model (DTM) approximates a part or the whole of the continuous
terrain surface by a set of discrete points with unique height values over 2D
points. Heights are in approximation vertical distances between terrain points and
some reference surfaces. DTM is usually created through stereo photogrammetry.
DTM points separately regularly follow the shape of the earth's surface. From
these regular lines of space and contours, it can interpolate the DTM into a DEM
(Christian, 2016; Qiming,2017). The DSM is a model of the earth's surface by
describing all visible objects on the earth's surface. Building objects, vegetation
covering the ground and open-ground objects are included in the data. In a simple
way, DSM is an elevation model that includes the tops of everything, including
buildings, treetops, and ground where there is nothing else on top of it. The
appearance of the DSM will depict the shape of the earth's surface as it is real as
seen from the photo (Qiming, 2017).
18
3.13 Orthophoto
A photo that depicts items in their accurate orthographic locations is called an
orthophoto. Since orthophotos display accurate orthographic locations of objects,
they are mathematically equal to traditional line-and-symbol planimetric maps.
An orthophoto consists of photographs of features, but a map uses lines and
symbols plotted to scale to represent features. This is the main distinction
between the two types of imagery. Orthophotos may be used as maps to directly
measure distances, angles, locations, and areas without having to compensate for
picture displacements since they are planimetrically accurate. Differential
rectification, a technique used to create orthophotos from perspective photos
(often aerial images), removes image displacements brought on by photography
tilt and terrain relief. The process is essentially the same as standard rectification
3.14 Coordinate Transformation

A conversion from one rectangular coordinate system to another is a common
issue in photogrammetric work. This is due to the fact that surveyors frequently
determine unknown point coordinates in practical arbitrary rectangular coordinate
systems. These arbitrary coordinates may be obtained analytically, or they may be
read from comparators, stereoscopic plotters, or other sources. Afterwards, the
arbitrary coordinates must be transformed into a final system, such as the camera
picture coordinate system in the case of comparator measurements, or into a
ground coordinate system, such as the state plane coordinate system in the case of
a stereo plotter or analytic model coordinates. Coordinate transformation is the
process of changing from one coordinate system to another. Some locations must
have their coordinates known (or measured) in both the arbitrary and final
coordinate systems as part of the method. These are referred to as control points.
3.14.1 Two-Dimensional Conformal Coordinate Transformation
Two-dimensional refers to coordinate systems that are based on planar surfaces. A
conformal transformation is one in which the original shape is maintained. It is
essential to know the coordinates of at least two points in both the arbitrary and
final coordinate systems in order to accomplish a two-dimensional conformal
coordinate transformation. By selecting the two spots as far apart as feasible, the
accuracy of the transformation is increased. A two-dimensional conformal
coordinate transformation consists of three basic steps: (1) scale change, (2)
rotation, and (3) translation. The example presented in Figure 1 is used to
demonstrate the method. In this case, there are at least two control points.
19
Figure 3.7 (a) Arbitrary XY two-dimensional coordinate system. (b) Ground EN
two-dimensional system
The locations of points a through c, whose coordinates are known in any given XY
system, are shown in Figure 1-a. The locations of the same points, denoted by the
letters A through C in a (ground) EN system, are shown in Figure 1-b. Finding the
coordinates of C in the ground system is necessary since A and B's coordinates in
the ground system are known.
● Scale Change
By comparing Figures 1-a and 1-b, it is evident that the lengths of lines ab and AB
are unequal, hence the scales of the two coordinate systems are unequal. The scale
of the XY system is made equal to that of the EN system by multiplying each X and
Y coordinate by a scale factor (s). The scaled coordinates are designated as X′ and
Y′. By use of the two control points, the scale factor is calculated in relation to the
two lengths AB and ab as:
2 2
𝐴𝐵 (𝐸 −𝐸
𝐵
) +(𝑁
𝐴 𝐵
−𝑁 )
𝐴
𝑠= 𝑎𝑏
= …..(1)
2 2
(𝑋 𝑏−𝑋 𝑎) +(𝑌 𝑏−𝑌 𝑎)
● Rotation
If the scaled X′Y′ coordinate system is superimposed over the EN system of Figure
1-b so that line AB in both systems coincides, the result is as shown in Figure 2. An
auxiliary axis system E′N′ is constructed through the origin of the X′Y′ axis system
parallel to the EN axes. It is necessary to rotate from the X′Y′ system to the E′N′
system, or in other words, to calculate E′N′ coordinates for the unknown points
from their X′Y′ coordinates. The E′N′ coordinates of point C may be calculated in
terms of the clockwise angle θ by using the following equations:
20
Figure 3.8 Scaled X′Y′ coordinates superimposed onto the EN ground coordinate
system
Rotation angle θ, shown in Figure. 2, is the sum of angles α and β which are
indicated on Figures. 1-a and 1-b. From the coordinates of the two control points,
these angles are calculated as
𝐸' 𝐶
= 𝑋' 𝐶
𝑐𝑜𝑠θ − 𝑌' 𝐶
𝑠𝑖𝑛θ ….(2)
𝑁' 𝐶
= 𝑋' 𝐶
𝑠𝑖𝑛θ − 𝑌' 𝐶
𝑐𝑜𝑠θ ….(3)
α = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 (
−1 𝑋 𝑎− 𝑋
𝑌 𝑎− 𝑌
𝑏
𝑏
) ….(4) ; β = 𝑡𝑎𝑛
−1
( 𝐸 𝑎− 𝐸
𝑁 𝑎− 𝑁
𝑏
𝑏
) ….(5)
● Translation
The final step in the coordinate transformation is a translation of the origin of the E′N′
system to the origin of the EN system. The translation factors required are TE and TN,
which are illustrated in Fig. C- 3. Final E and N ground coordinates for points C then
the formula will become as bellow:
𝐸 𝐶
= 𝐸' 𝐶
+𝑇 𝐸
….(6) ; 𝑇 𝐸
=𝐸 𝐴
− 𝐸' 𝐴
=𝐸 𝐵
− 𝐸'𝐵….(8)
𝑁 𝐶
= 𝑁' 𝐶
+𝑇 𝑁
….(7) ; 𝑇 𝑁
=𝑁 𝐴
− 𝑁' 𝐴
=𝑁 𝐵
− 𝑁'𝐵…..(9)
In another hand to do coordinate transformation is by using a Geodetic Datum

Transformation System (GTDS) software. GTDS software is an automatic
transformation of one coordinate system into another coordinate system. Every
projection system has its own datum such as ellipsoid, earth curvature, localised datum
and datum shift has built into the GDTS software. Using this software can massively
reduce our time on converting the coordinate system (Paul R. Wolf, 2013).
21
3.15 Bundle Adjustment
This Bundle Adjustment is a mathematical model approach to photogrammetry used for
camera calibration in the shooting process. Bundle adjustment sets the position and
orientation of each file using the rays of each beam and the ground control point
information provided. The principle of bundle adjustment is to directly connect the
photo coordinate system to the ground coordinate system without going through the
relative and absolute orientation stages. Mathematically, the bundle adjustment equation
can be expressed as a three-dimensional conform transformation equation, namely:
[𝑋𝑝; 𝑌𝑝; 𝑍𝑝] ground = [𝑥𝑜; 𝑦𝑜; 𝑧𝑜] + λ𝑅 [𝑋𝑝; 𝑌𝑝; 𝑍𝑝] photo ……..(10)
Notes:
The principle of the bundle is to use the modified inverse of equation (10) to show that
the coordinates of the photo are a function of the coordinates of the land (Paul R. Wolf,
2013).
22
23
CHAPTER IV
METHODOLOGY
4.1 Tools and Materials

Tools and materials used in this work activities are as follows:
4.1.1 Tools
a. Software
Table 4.1 The Software in Photogrammetry Data Processing
No. Name of Software Descriptions

Software
To draw and edit digital 2D and 3D designs more

1. AutoCAD quickly and easily. The files can also be easily saved
and stored in the cloud, so they can be accessed
anywhere at any time.
To convert coordinate projection system

2. GDTS
Photomod 7 PHOTOMOD has a closed production cycle and

3. Lite generates a variety of value-added products such as
digital maps, DEM, orthomosaics, and 3D vectors.
Besides, it enables users to complete a wide range of
tasks in cartography, cadastre, environmental
monitoring, and spatial analysis.
Photomod PHOTOMOD GeoMosaic is powerful software solution

4. Geomosaic for combining georeferenced images from any sources
into single seamless, color-balanced, geometrically
perfect mosaic. PHOTOMOD GeoMosaic is a complete
solution. All necessary tools for the best mosaicking are
included. PHOTOMOD GeoMosaic is intended for
working with various types of georeferenced digital
images, including aerial and space imagery as well as
digitized raster maps.
24
ArcGIS ArcGIS is a geographic information system (GIS)
5.
software developed and maintained by Esri. GIS
software has a function for map layout and gives several
spatial information.
b. Surveying Instruments
Table 4.2 Instrument for Photogrammetry Survey
No. Name of
Instruments Descriptions
Instrument
To support total station, level and prism.

1 Tripod
Provide signals from space that transmit

GNSS
2 positioning and timing data to GNSS
receivers.
Provide a controller to collect GNSS data.

GNSS Data
3
Controller
4. Provide Aerial photo data. DJI Phantom 4

DJI Phantom 4
has Features of obstacle avoidance, active
Drones
track, higher speeds and longer flight times,
the Phantom 4 redefines the flying camera.
Sensor 1/2.3” CMOS, Effective pixels:12.4
M, Lens FOV 94° 20 mm (35 mm
format equivalent) f/2.8 focus at ISO Range
100-1600 (photo), Electronic Shutter Speed
8 - 1/8000 s, Image Size 4000×3000, Burst
shooting: 3/5/7 frames, Auto Exposure
25
4.1.2 Materials
Table 4.3 Material for Photogrammetry Survey
NO Name of Equipment Description

Equipment
To measure height of instrument, height

1 Measuring Tape target and slant height.
Manually drive nails, brads, picket and other

2 Hammer fasteners into softer materials, such as wood
or drywall.
3 Wooden Stakes To establish and mark a new point.

(Picket)
4.2 Tool Specifications

Survey Instruments:
4.2.1 Trimble SPS461 GPS
Table 4.4 Trimble SPS461 GPS Heading Receiver Specification
1. Configuration Option (DGPS)
Type Modular
Base and rover interchangeability No, rover only
Base operation NA
Rover operation All models
Heading operation All models
Rover position update rate 1 Hz, 2 Hz, 5 Hz, 10 Hz, 20Hz
26
Rover maximum range from base Unlimited
Rover operation within a VRS™ Yes

network
Factory options Location RTK, OmniSTAR HP/XP, Precise Vertical,

Precision RTK
2. General
Keyboard and display

● VFD display 16 characters by 2 rows
● On/Off key for one-button startup
● Escape and Enter keys for menu navigation
● 4 arrow keys (up, down, left, right) for option

scrolls and data entry
Dimensions (L × W × D) 24 cm (9.4 in) × 12 cm (4.7 in) × 5 cm (1.9 in)

including connectors
Weight 1.22 kg (2.70 lb) receiver only

1.37 kg (3.00 lb) receiver with internal radio
3. Antenna Options
GA510 L1/L2 GPS, SBAS, and OmniSTAR (optimized for

OmniSTAR)
GA530 L1/L2 GPS, MSK Beacon, SBAS, and OmniSTAR
L1/Beacon, DSM 232 Not supported
Zephyr™ Model 2 L1/L2 GPS, SBAS, and OmniSTAR
Zephyr Geodetic™ Model 2 L1/L2 GPS, SBAS, and OmniSTAR
Zephyr Model 2 Rugged 0L1/L2 GPS, SBAS, and OmniSTAR
Zephyr, Zephyr Geodetic, Z-Plus, Refer to antenna specification

Micro-Centered™
4. Temperature
Operating –40 °C to +65 °C –40 °F to +149 °F)
Storage –40 °C to +80 °C (–40 °F to +176 °F)

27
Humidity MIL-STD 810F, Method 507.4
Waterproof IP67 for submersion to depth of 1 m (3.3 ft),

dustproof
4.2.2 DJI Phantom 4

Table 4.5 DJI Phantom 4 Drone Specification
Weight (Battery & Propellers 1380 g

Included)
Diagonal Size (Propellers 350 mm

Excluded)
Max Ascent Speed S-mode: 6 m/s
Max Descent Speed S-mode: 4 m/s
Max Speed S-mode: 20 m/s
Max Tilt Angle S-mode: 42°

A-mode: 35°
P-mode: 15°
Max Angular Speed S-mode: 200°/s

A-mode: 150°/s
Max Service Ceiling Above Sea 19685 feet (6000 m)

Level
Max Wind Speed Resistance 10 m/s
Max Flight Time Approx. 28 minutes
Operating Temperature Range 32° to 104°F (0° to 40°C)
Satellite Positioning Systems GPS/GLONASS
Hover Accuracy Range Vertical:

±0.1 m (with Vision Positioning)
±0.5 m (with GPS Positioning)
Horizontal:
±0.3 m (with Vision Positioning)
±1.5 m (with GPS Positioning)
28
4.3 Work Methodology
In preparing a flight plan, it is necessary to figure out how many photo records per-strip and
number of flight lines. The first task that has to be completed at the location is reconnaissance.
To get the closest benchmark to the site area, a Certified Plan of the study area must be
purchased via the eBiz website. Establishing the Ground Control Point (GCP) and Verification
Point (VP) based on the anticipated distribution is also a part of this step. The coordinates must
be used to designate all of the GCP and VP on the ground. The establishment of 3 VPs and 9
GCPs was required. When collecting data, the method used is the GNSS method. Vertical and
horizontal control should be determined by using GNSS survey. In the discipline of surveying,
a horizontal control network is a technique used to create control networks using the X and Y
values as its goals. A horizontal control must be built in every survey project in order to place
points or objects horizontally. By using standard traverse, triangulation, or trilateration surveys
from a geodetic network that has already been created and utilized to establish horizontal
control.
Figure 4.1 Internship Implementation Workflow

Workflow explanation of internship implementation DEM establishment project in
Kampung Seberang. The stages carried out during the implementation of internship work
includes:
29
4.3.1 Site Survey and Reconnaissance
This process ensures that the Planning Path for traverse is clear from one
station to another and also the GCP and VP are clear to be seen from the drone. In this
process, the author need to buy a Certified Plan from JUPEM as a reference to
determine the set datum and find Boundary Mark or Cadastral Reference Mark
(CRM).
4.3.2 Establishment of GCP and VP
This process places pre-marked boards at each GCP and VP point and documents
them to make it easier for GNSS measurements in the next process.
4.3.3 Fly Drone (Acquisition Aerial photo)
The flight path is made according to the flight plan to be carried out, including
flight height, length of acquisition time for each flight mission, desired target GSD
value, and overlap in photos.
Figure 4.2 Flight Path Plan

4.3.4 GNSS RTK Survey
In this Step, GNSS RTK measurements are carried out according to the
parameters that have been determined at each GCP and VP point.
a. Base / Rover Positioning
The pseudo-range measurements from the rover and the base receivers as well
as the broadcast ephemeris decoded by the rover receiver are used as the input
to this module. When processing dual-constellation measurements, the author
uses GNSS to generate the single point positions in our implementation,
although either constellation or their combination can be selected.
b. Measurement Processing
After the measurements have become available as inputs, some processing
includes detecting cycle slips (e.g., using a loss of lock indicator), handling
satellite rising and setting, eliminating satellites below the elevation angle
threshold, and selecting reference satellites with the largest elevation angle.
30
4.3.5 Data Processing (Aerial Data & Rinex Data)
a. Aerial Photo Data Processing
Figure 4.3 Flowchart of Aerial Photos Processing
Photomod software is used to process all the aerial photogrammetry for the final
products, which include 3D models, digital elevation models of triangulation points,
and topographic plan compilation. In order to identify the appropriate or correct
position and orientation of each overlapping image, an aerial triangulation method
consists of three stages, including interior orientation, relative orientation, and
exterior orientation.
The first stage of aerial triangulation is Interior orientation where the camera
project is calibrated. The purpose is to establish the relationship between the image
plane and the projection centre of a camera. The second stage of aerial triangulation
is relative orientation, where two images overlap on the altitude and relative position
of both images, respectively. The process is done by adding tie points for
measurement on the overlapped images. There are two methods provided for adding
tie points, either manually or automatically. It is preferable to establish tie points on
solid ground rather than a movable or elevated area such as a building, car, or
another object. The last stage of aerial triangulation is exterior orientation, where the
31
purpose of this process is to define the angular orientation or position of the camera
used to capture the images using block adjustment. The adjustment method used for
this block adjustment is bundle adjustment. After block adjustment computation, the
images were rotated according to the measurement which shows the position of the
camera used. Besides, the residuals of all ties and GCP points need to be monitored.
Plotting work is done in stereo modes, including anaglyph and page-flipping
methods.
The 2D window shows the selected stereo pair in blue and red. For ground
plotting methods, a few vector layers with classifiers are created, which include
building, drainage, vegetation boundary, and road. Special anaglyph spectacles with
red and blue lenses are used for vector plotting. The height of the features is taken
into consideration when plotting as it will be used for 3D extraction. The vector
layer is then saved for future processing. The result from plotting is then exported
into AutoCAD, including for plan editing purposes.
b. RINEX Data Processing
Figure 4.4 Flowchart of Rinex Data Processing
There are several platforms provided to acquire the RINEX file. Besides,
data obtained could be converted into RINEX data format using a converter
application. For this project, the data was downloaded from the GNSS fieldwork
data collection and from MyRTKnet. Two types of data are provided for each
RINEX data, which are (.**n) files for navigation files from GNSS/GPS ephemeris
data and (.**o) files for observation data from the position of the satellite. This data
can be opened from the notepad for evaluation. Besides, the header information
must follow the required format for the data to be read by the software.
32
4.4 Schedule of Works
The implementation of this Internship is carried out from May 9th, 2022 to July 21st,
2022 (73 Days). The schedule of work carried out during the internship at Universiti
Teknologi MARA Shah Alam is as follows.
Table 4. 6 Work schedule of this Internship
June July
No Activity Weeks
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
1. Introduction to
Institution
2. Literature
Studies
3. Data Acquisition
4. Data Processing
5. Assistance
6. Conducting
Project Report
7. Presentation of
Work Project
33
4.5 Authors
As for implementing Internship at the UiTM Shah Alam, Malaysia as follows:
1. Name : Muhamad Hafidz Syah Amir
NRP : 03311942000002
Place/Date of Birth : Bogor, 10th June 2001
Gender : Male
Addresses of Origin : Jln, Raya Cijujung Block C No.19, Sukaraja 16710, Bogor
Phone Number : +62 8158069359
Email : hafidzahamir@gmail.com
2. Name : Muhammad Rivan Genta Ramadhan
NRP : 03311942000007
Place/Date of Birth : Bandung, 14th December 1999
Gender : Male
Addresses of Origin : Trs. Tubagus Ismail Indah Number 5B, Bandung
Phone Number : +62 81910223535
Email : sigenta@gmail.com
34
35
CHAPTER V
WORK IMPLEMENTATION
5.1 Data Acquisition

The data collection activity consists of several stages, namely reconnaissance,
selection of Ground Control Point (GCP) and Verification Point (VP), create flight plan,
and aerial photo collection.
5.1.1 Reconnaissance
To learn more about the area, a site visit or reconnaissance is made. In this action,
reconnaissance is a critical step. The goal of reconnaissance is to enable the surveyor to
assess the general characteristics of the site and gather as many details as feasible. The
following are the main objectives of reconnaissance and planning:
1. Examining the area to be surveyed
2. Spotting potential obstructions
3. Figure out station indivisibility
4. Choosing an appropriate location to set up a traverse network around the lot
5.1.2 Selection of Ground Control Point (GCP) and Verification Point (VP)
An independent surveyor on the ground uses photogrammetric triangulation to
identify a man-made or natural point on a photograph that is one to three coordinates.
GCP is a pinpoint that the surveyor uses in an aerial mapping survey to obtain accurate
position or coordinates, which are known coordinates. Large areas can be accurately
mapped. The following characteristics should be taken into account when designing
photo control points:
1. Location: Control points should be suitable and proper for geometry location.
Easy for drones to capture the images from above.
2. Identification: Identifying the point is very important. Extreme care should be
exercised to make this identification precise.
3. Types of object selection: Natural objects or man-made for GCP and VP
selection such as Pollywood and canvas.
36
5.1.3 Flight Plan
Most flight plans include a detailed set of specifications outlining the materials,
equipment, and procedures that will be used on the project. These specifications include
photographic scale (including camera focal length and flying height), end lap, side lap,
tilt, crab, and photographic quality requirements and tolerances. The parameters of flight
map as follows:
Table 5.1 Flight Plan Parameter
Parameters Value
Focal Length (f) 8.9247mm = 0.0089247
Flying Altitude 120 m
Overlap Percentage 70%
Sidelap Percentage 50%
Total Number of Photographs <40
Pixel Size 2.4 micron
Frame Size 13.222 mm x 8.8 mm
Size of Study Area 402.03 m x 201.07 m
5.1.4 Aerial Photo Collection

In the data processing phase, there are two general processes. The first one is
Aerial Photos Processing data and the second one is rinex data processing. The
Aerial Photos Processing is mostly done by using Photomod. The dimension of the
photos are 5472 x 3648 pixels, Horizontal and Vertical resolution are 72 dpi with Bit
depth 24. Camera maker is DJI, model FC6310S, F-stop f/5.6 with exposure time
1/320 sec. Focal length 9mm.
Figure 5.1 Aerial Photos Sample
37
5.2 Data Work Processing
5.2.1 Drone Photo Processing using Photomod 7 Lite
After conducting aerial photo collection with drone DJI Phantom 4 Pro, process the
aerial photo using Photomod 7 Lite. To perform aerial triangulation, specific procedures
must be followed, as follow:
1. Create a new project to start a work, fill the ‘Name’, ‘Description’, choose the
Type is Central Projection, Coordinate system choose Kertau / R.S.O Malaya
(m) (Malaysia) as project coordinate system. Locate the directory file as the
project placement, click OK. Then new window appeared as figure below
Figure 5.2 Project Management Window
2. New Strip window will pop up, the name can be edited as needed, in this case
make default by name it “Strip 1”, click Ok. Because there are 39 total photos,
make 3 strips. Select Strip 1 then click Add Pictures under Block on the
general Tab. Then, for Strip 1, look for the first 13 pictures, which are DJI
0432 through DJI 0444. The 13 photographs will display in the list windows
when you open the picture folder directory, ready to be converted and opened
in the viewer. Wait until the procedure is complete before converting the
images. To display a different strip in the viewer, convert the following 13
photos of strip 2 and repeat the process for strip 3. Verify again that the photo
sequence is accurate after converting the aerial shot. To change the order of the
photographs, click Shift Images under Block on the General Tab to move them
up, down, right, or left in the strip.
38
Figure 5.3 Block Editor Window
3. Aerial Triangulation process begin with Interior Orientation, click on the

Orientation tab then choose ‘Manage Cameras’, setting the project images by
tick all the images on strip 1, strip 2, and strip 3 also for project cameras, add
new camera then fill the name of camera, adjust the parameter as agreed.
Figure 5.4 Camera Tab Window
4. Next is relative orientation, tie point on the overlap images, minimum tie
points in 1 image is 12. Locate ground control points in aerial imagery. Use the
GCP List tab or button in the Triangulation window. Click Add New GCP and
enter a name and coordinate (XY) values. Repeat this step until all GCPs are
drawn.
Figure 5.5 GCP and VP List
5. After all tie points and GCP points are created, run automatic tie points.
Measures to determine tie point accuracy in image matching and to fix link
extraction problems. Start the process and wait for it to complete. From the
process, some points that are modified, added or removed during the process,
or previously set parameters. After the process is complete, the relative
orientation is immediately generated and checked for remaining points or other
errors.
39
6. Proceed to the exterior orientation, before performing block adjustment, set the
parameters, coordinate system, adjustment, and report as agreed. Then run the
block adjustment. After the process ends, check the report.
Figure 5.6 Block Adjustment Window
7. To make sure all the steps of aerial triangulation are done and successful,
check the project state whether all the orientations are completely green tick.
Figure 5.7 Project State Window
8. Before proceed to make a DEM, there are few steps to do, firstly make a vector
from the aerial photos, select one of the stereopair, click on ‘Vectors’ then
choose ‘Create layer with classifier”. create a new layer, input detailed
information such as code, name, type, color, size, etc.
Figure 5.8 Classifier Window
40
9. Start digitizing on the chosen layer, don't forget to double click on the layer
before digitizing the features. To view in the stereo 3D viewing, click the ‘open
new 2D-window for the selected stereopair’ , new window will popup
showing the single aerial photo that has been selected. Click the ‘toggle stereo
on/off’ to see the stereo pairs in 3D visuals. The display will be visible as
in the figure below
Figure 5.9 Toggle Stereo

10. To switch the phase of 3D viewing, click on the ’stereo: change phase;
mono: left/right image’ depends on the 3D glasses, adjust the viewing.
11. After digitize all the layers that has been registered, the display will be shown
as the figure below
Figure 5.10 Digitized Stereopairs
41
12. Next step is to create a layer from triangulation points, click on ‘Vectors’ then
select ‘Create layer from triangulation points’. Create a new layer and let all
point coordinate as a source, make sure the the stereomodel are shown as
below
Figure 5.11 Triangulation Points
13. Proceed to the next step, build Triangulation Irregular Points (TIN). To create
the TIN, click on ‘Terrain’, select ‘TIN’ and ‘Build TIN’. Untick the other
vectors except for the “triangular point vector".
Figure 5.12 TIN display
14. After TIN is created, the final step is to create DEM from TIN that has been
constructed on the previous step. Click on ‘Terrain’, then select ‘DEM’, choose
‘Build DEM’, choose ‘From TIN’. It will be automatic generated create DEM
from TIN
42
Figure 5.13 Result of DEM process
5.2.2 Layouting
After all the process which has been done in photomod lite software, proceed to do
the layouting of the result namely Digital Elevation Model (DEM). DEM is imported to
ArcMap 10.3 version, building the layout of the Digital Elevation Model (DEM) map
and adding existing elements on the map such as title, scale, bar scale, legend, insert
map, logo of institution, and the authors of the map.
43
5.3 Results of Job Data Processing
After conducting several procedure, the result as follows:
● Digital Elevation Model (DEM)
Figure 5.14 Digital Elevation Model
5.4 Analysis
Result has been obtained after collecting and processing the data, for the first result is the
digitized features including roads and buildings, also there are contours that have been
processed through photomod lite software. The digitisation process took quite a long time
because had to digitize all the features from a total of 39 photos.
Data collection was carried out on May 16, 2022. In preparing for data retrieval with
RTK, it is carried out by setting the GNSS Rover, which is connected to the domain of
myRTKnet with its protocol, namely NTRIP (Networked Transport of RTCM via Internet
Protocol). Then in data retrieval through GNSS RTK, one GCP and VP, there are 3 epochs
and each epoch is carried out a minimum of 10 times in the condition of ‘fixing’ the GNSS
receiver signal. Then export the data to (.csv) and calculate the average coordinates for each
epoch. And after that, from the coordinate results of the 3 epochs, a calculation of the
difference between epoch 1 and epoch 2, epoch 1 with epoch 3, and epoch 2 and epoch 3 was
calculated. After obtaining the results of the difference, the result with the smallest difference
44
is selected to calculate the average of the coordinates, and the result of the average will be
used as the final coordinate-based RTK.
The value of the Root Means Square (RMS) Error from Photomod processing result is
0.001 m which is under the tolerance value (accepted). Circular Error 90% (CE90) is a
measure of horizontal geometric accuracy which is defined as the radius of a circle which
shows that 90% of the error or difference in the horizontal position of the object on the map
with the position that is considered to be not greater than the radius. With the formula, CE90
= 1.5175 x RMSE.
Table 5.2 Circular Error 90 Calculation for GNSS RTK

The Calculation Value
CE90 1.5175 X RMSE
RMSE GNSS RTK
CE90 = 0.0015175
GCP serves as a binding or control point at ground level. GCP is better if spread evenly
on the ground surface of the mapping area whose area is free from obstacles, and does not
interfere with mining activities so that the results of data processing are expected to produce
precise and accurate orthophoto data. Orthophoto is a composite of several images that have
been merged using software with DEM and orthogonally aligned. The process of orthophoto
creation namely orthorectification, orthorectification is a process of removing internal and
external distortions and assigning more accurate coordinates to the final image. Usability of
Verification Point (VP) is located on the final product, which is orthophoto. VP used to obtain
accuracy of horizontal aerial photos and for quality checking of the product itself. Digital
Terrain Model (DTM) is orthorectification parameters on the Photomod software, beside
DTM, there are also constant elevation, average image height, and DEM. In this case,
Orthophoto is made from DEM because it was previously built on the earlier stages.
Digital Elevation Model (DEM) processed on Photomod software and the result is
exported then for the layout using ArcMap software. DEM created with several steps which
have to be done. After digitizing all the features, a layer is created from the triangulation
points then proceeds to build Triangulated Irregular Network (TIN) from triangulation points
(vectors). DEM is built from TIN. As shown on the figure 5.15, indicators showing value on
the map generally have 3 colors, red, yellow, and green. Majority of the area has high value
on the east side, while the area on the west varies. The highest DEM value is at 12.8975 and
the lowest is at -192.081. DEM adjustment was processed on the exterior orientation, which is
block adjustment. The block adjustment method used is the bundle adjustment method for
final adjustment. Aerial triangulation and adjustment are performed for all images at the same
time when using the bundle adjustment method.
45
46
CHAPTER VI
CLOSING
6.1 Conclusion
Performing aerial triangulation on mosaic aerial images can give a better end result. There
are three orientation stages included in the aerial triangulation method, such as interior,
relative, and exterior orientation. The important stage is the relative stage, where it is the
hardest part, which is the process of adding tie points and ground control points with the right
coordinates onto the overlapped image for measurement. The report generated from each
process must not contain any red or yellow colour where it indicates that the process is
successfully generated. This gives an understanding of relief displacement, depth, contour,
and the DEM process when doing this task. Other than that, the plotting process helps to
provide information on the height of the features in order to generate a digital elevation
model. During the process, we need to be really careful in determining the points to create a
feature in the aerial photograph in stereo viewing. build. Besides, a mosaic process is then
built to create an orthorectification based on the digital elevation model.
Therefore, Photomod processing, the maximum errors set for X and Y at the relative
orientation stage were 1.000 m and 2.000 m for Z. Furthermore, after creating all of the tie
points and GCP, the outcome should have no exceeding value (no red box), but in our case,
there were still results that did not fall under the allowable tolerance. Still, we proceeded
because it would be tough for others to process if the data contained the error. The significant
error was caused by the false marking of our tie points. Because the RMS error was made
based on pixel relationship, if there was an error in one tie point, the other tie points will also
be affected and carry the mistake. The output of this project is a digitized map with features
and DEM.
47
6.2 Recommendation
According to Lillesand and Kiefer (1994), the essential aspects of photogrammetry
include the following steps or activities: Determining the distance of the horizontal terrain and
the magnitude of the angle based on measurements made on upright aerial photographs.
Aerial photographs result from recording using a camera whose projection is centred so that
in the area with a relatively rough relief condition (varying in height), there is a shift in the
location of the relief displacement. This relief displacement phenomenon impacts the
inaccurate measurement of horizontal distance and angular size to obtain an accurate measure.
Techniques are needed for photogrammetry.
1. During preparation tie point is free to mark any end; however, it must be considered
accessible by the drone. So we need to survey the site thoroughly by visualizing the drone
processing, taking pictures, and assessing the conventional method: traversing; in this
study, student group 14 does the closed traverse. It is preferred not to choose a location
that includes a school, police station, forest, and dangerous area.
2. In the GNSS phase, surely recommend trying the instrument before going to the field to
improve the efficiency of time considering the weather is dynamic.
3. During the photo processing, the authors must carefully remember the lecturer's
requirements to avoid errors in picture display. Yet, the authors need to ensure there is no
red box if they want to continue the processing.
4. To obtain more precise and accurate data, GCP point points should be installed at every
corner and center point of the object area.
There are several main steps that must be strictly followed to avoid errors in the
outcome. In marking a tie point, it is free to mark any point. It can be in a ditch or any place
that is visible to be marked for the next image. Make sure to not tie the points near each other.
It is required to spread the tie points all over the area on the image so that the result will be
more accurate. 12 tie points for each image are mandatory and checking each point is
important to make sure all points are tied. If one of the points is being blocked by other
features, then marking a new tie point is needed. Other than that, if there are not enough tie
points, it is not recommended to do an automatic tie point first. It can lead to errors. An
automatic tie point can be run if the result or tie point is good.
Regarding the orientation of the image, make sure the orientation is correct so that the
process of GCP can be done perfectly. Based on regulations, for a good result, the RMS value
cannot be more than 0.002mm. However, the process can proceed if the result in the report
does not show a red sign, even though the RMS value is more than allowable. Based on our
result, the RMS is more than allowable but still can proceed as in the report there is no red
value. When plotting the features like buildings, make sure to plot every point angle of the
roof so that the height of the building can be known accurately. The X, Y, and Z values are
shown at the bottom of the screen while plotting.
48
49
BIBLIOGRAPHY
ArcGIS. 2013. TIN-based surface concepts. California: Esri.

https://resources.arcgis.com/en/help/main/10.1/index.html#/TIN_based_surface_concepts/00q
800000128000000/. Access on 15th December 2022 17:30
Alexander J. Kent & Anja Hopfstock. 2018. Topographic Mapping: Past, Present and Future.
Philadelphia: The Cartographic Journal, Taylor & Francis 55:4, 305-308,
DOI:10.1080/00087041.2018.1576973
Berthold K. P. Horn. 1991. Relative orientation revisited. Massachusetts: Journal of the
Optical Society of America A . Vol. 8, Issue 10
Christian Hirt. 2016. Digital Terrain Models. Berlin: Springer
Department of Statistics Malaysia. 2015. Penduduk Malaysia Mengikut Negeri dan Kumpulan
Etnik. Malaysia: Department of Statistics Malaysia
Fraser, C., Remondino, F. 2006. Digital Camera Calibration Methods Consideration and
Comparisons. Melbourne: Department of Geomatics, University of Melbourne
JUPEM. 2021. Pekeliling Ketua Pengarah Ukur dan Pemetaan bilangan 5 tahun 2021 “Garis
Panduan Teknikal Pelaksanaan Ukur Sistem Penentududukan Global Navigation Satellite
System”. Malaysia: JUPEM
Leila De Floriani & Paola Magillo. 2009. Encyclopedia of Database Systems. London:
SpringerLink. ISBN : 978-0-387-35544-3
Paul R. Wolf. 2013. Elements of Photogrammetry With Application in GIS Fourth Edition.
New York: Mc Graw Hill Education
Paul R. Wolf, D. Ghilani. 2013. Elementary Surveying An Introduction to Geomatics. New
York: Prentice Hall
Purwanto, T.H. 2017. Pemanfaatan Foto Udara Format Kecil untuk Ekstraksi Digital
Elevation Model dengan Metode Stereoplotting. Yogyakarta: Universitas Gadjah Mada
Qiming Zhou. 2017. Digital Elevation Model and Digital Surface Model. Hongkong: The
International Encyclopedia of Geography
Thomas Luhmann, Stuart Robson, Stephen Kyle, Jan Boehm. 2019. Close-Range
Photogrammetry and 3D Imaging 3rd Edition. Berlin: De Gruyter
Wei-Che Huang. 2016. Close Range Digital Photogrammetry Applied to Topography and
Landslide Measurements. Prague: The International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote
Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, Volume XLI-B5, 2016
50
51
APPENDIX
1. Administration
1.1 Letter of Application for Internship

1.2 Reply Letter from the Agency
2. Activity Documentation
3. Result of Work
3.1 Digital Elevation Model Map

3.2 Control Point Form
3.3 Bundle Adjustment Report
52
1. Administration
1.1 Letter of Application for Internship
53
1.2 Reply Letter from the Agency
54
2. Activity Documentation
Briefing by the lecturer & GNSS Calibration at Arau, Perlis
GNSS observation at Kampung Seberang Yan, Kedan & Site reconnaissance for GCP and VP
55
GNSS Data Controller Set-Up
GNSS Survey For GCP and VP
56
Pre-flight Preparation and Flight Plan Input
Group 10th Documentations
57
Report and Explanation Report Result
GNSS Calibration
58
3. Result of Work
3.1 Digital Elevation Model Map of Kampung Seberang Pekan, Yan, Kedah, Malaysia:
“The Work’s Result (DEM MAP) is Attached on Next Page”
59
107°38'40"E 107°38'50"E
DIGITAL ELEVATION MODEL MAP
OF KAMPUNG SEBERANG PEKAN
YAN, KEDAH.
MAP SCALE
²Legend
0 15 30
1:2,000
60 90
Meters
120
Digital Elevation Model

Value
High : 12.8975
Low : -192.081
5°47'30"N
5°47'30"N
Coordinate System: Kertau R S O Malaya ch

Projection: Hotine Oblique Mercator Azimuth Natural Origin
Datum: Kertau
Units: Meter
Area: 402.03 m x 201.07 m
INSET MAP
PREPARED BY
Muhamad Hafidz Syah Amir (03311942000002)
107°38'40"E 107°38'50"E
Muhammad Rivan Genta Ramadhan (03311942000007)
3.2 Control Point Form
61
62
63
64
65
66
3.3. Bundle Adjustment Report
67
68
69

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iii

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CLOSE RANGE PHOTOGRAMMETRY UTILIZATION FOR

MUHAMAD HAFIDZ SYAH AMIR 03311942000002

Geomatics Engineering Study Program

CLOSE RANGE PHOTOGRAMMETRY UTILIZATION FOR DIGITAL

Muhammad Rivan Genta Ramadhan NRP. 03311942000007

1. Hepi Hapsari Handayani, ST, M.Sc.,Ph.D

2. Sr, Ts, Dr.Saiful Aman Sulaiman,Ph.D

Surabaya, 10th November 2022

CLOSE RANGE PHOTOGRAMMETRY UTILIZATION FOR DIGITAL

Student Name / Student Id : Muhamad Hafidz Syah Amir / 03311942000002

Keywords: Photogrammetry, Close Range Photogrammetry, Kampung Seberang Pekan,

APPROVAL SHEET iii

Figure 2.1 Study Area 4

Table 2.1 Internship Volume of Work 5

Abbreviation Definition Units

X,Y,Z Cartesian coordinate Measurement unit (metre)

E,N,T Geodetic coordinate Measurement unit (metre)

r,θ Polar coordinate Measurement unit (metre)

α Angle of arbitrary XY α° (Degree)

β Angle of Ground EN β° (Degree)

a,b,c Lines Measurement unit (metre)

𝑋g, 𝑌g, 𝑍g Position p in ground coordinates Measurement unit (metre)

𝑋𝑜, 𝑌𝑜, 𝑍𝑜 Centre camera projection Measurement unit (metre)

𝑋𝑝, 𝑌𝑝, 𝑍𝑝 Position p in photo coordinates Measurement unit (metre)

2.1 Time and Scope of Works

Figure 2.1 Study Area

2.1.2 Volume of Work

9/5/2022 Introduction to Institution

10/5/2022 Way to the site project (Kedah)

11/5/2022 Site reconnaissance for GCPs and VPs location

12/5/2022 Perform drone flying to capture aerial photos

13/5/2022-14/5/2022 Briefing of how to conduct GNSS observation.

Tools and Instrument preparation

15/5/2022 Storing data

16/5/2022 MyRTKnet observation on each GCP and VP

17/5/2022-19/5/2022 Processing data from GNSS observation

20/5/2022 Processing aerial photos

21/5/2022 Perform GNSS calibration in Arau, Perlis

22/5/2022-23/5/2022 Further processing data that has been obtained

24/5/2022 Pre-viva and report review to the institution

25/5/2022-22/6/2022 Conducting other field scheme work project

28/6/2022 Discuss and evaluate internship with institution

29/6/2022-18/7/2022 Processing aerial photos and GNSS observation data,

19/7/2022-21/7/2022 Presenting the final report and results of work to the

2.2 Scope of Works

Figure 2.2 Stage of Work

Figure 2. 3 Academic Organizational Chart FSPU UiTM Shah Alam

2.5 Duties and Responsibilities of Organizational and Works Unit

3.1 Kampung Seberang

3.4 Close Range Photogrammetry

3.5 Unmanned Aerial Vehicle

3.6.1 Rapid Static

3.6.2 Real Time Kinematics (RTK)

3.7 GNSS Calibration

3.7.1 Zero Baseline Test

3.7.2 EDM Baseline Test

Figure 3.3 EDM Baseline Test

3.8 Control Surveys

3.9 Ground Control Point & Verified Point

3.10 Photogrammetry Orientation

3.11 Triangulated Irregular Network