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Electrical Wind Turbine Systems
Electrical Wind Turbine Systems
Water
Pumping
• 1 Toe (Tons equivalent in oil) = 11,6 MWh => To compare with fossil energies
>6x
Sources :
Futurs énergétiques 2050 Principaux résultats – Résumé Exécutif
Rapport de RTE Réseau de Transport d’Electricité de France, Oct 2021
installed power in the world (Mar 2022): > 840 GW = 783GW onshore
+57GW offshore
~ 7 % of world electrical energy from wind !
+93GW in 2020
+97GW in 2021*
France N°7
N°4 in EU
20 GW by 2022
(+1.1GW new)
(Report 2022)
At current rates of installation, GWEC Market Intelligence forecasts that by 2030 we will have less
than two-thirds of the wind energy capacity required for the 1.5°C and net zero pathway set out by
IRENA in their 2050 roadmap, effectively condemning us to miss our climate goals.
Load Factor (LF) = ratio of produced energy / full power full time :
French Load Factor for last 5 years (RTE data): 22-24 % (Occitanie: 28%)
(75% for nuclear, 14% for PV; 15.5% in Occitanie)
15 Wind Turbines X. Roboam, 2023
French situation (installed power):
‘’The country of nuclear electricity, but…’’
Wind turbine installed power/energy in France
W mid 2022 : ~ 20 GW / 63GW installed nuclear
Wh 2021 : ~37 TWh / ~523TWh (~ 7 % of French elec consumption @2021)
/ 12% in Eu (Srce FEE/RTE)
+11,5%
Law énergie-climat (adopted by Parliament 09/19) : carbone neutral @2050, +35GW WT by 2030
2030 objectives: 40% renewable electricity consumption
2050 Ademe scenario: The ‘’100% renewable mix’’ (see after)
2050 scenarios: RTE (50-70% en EnR), NegaWatt, Ademe => éolien au 1er plan
TWh
hydraulic
wind
Srce: FEE’2022
Wind Turbines X. Roboam, 2023
Situation for offshore
In 2021, of the total 830 GW of wind capacity installed, 93% were onshore vs 7%
offshore.
https://www.iea.org/reports/wind-electricity
56GW
@2021
Sce : Ministère de la
Transition énergétique
Srce: FEE
2.4GW 5GW
@ Sept 2022, 5800 WTs installed in Eu, 27 in France
2023 2028 2050
24 Wind Turbines X. Roboam, 2023
French/EU situation for offshore
Load Factor (LF) = ratio of produced energy / full power full time :
French Load Factor for last 5 years (RTE data): 22-24 % (Occitanie: 28%)
(75% for nuclear, 14% for PV; 15.5% in Occitanie)
15 Wind Turbines X. Roboam, 2023
French situation:
et les hydroliennes ?
Potentiel Hydrolien français (estimation EDF) : 5 à 14 TWh/an, 2 à 3 GW
le site de raz Blanchard représenterait à lui seul la
moitié du gisement hydrolien hexagonal.
Potentiel Hydrolien
européen : ~15GW
82GW cumulated
50 GW cumulated
2017
35
Wind Turbines X. Roboam, 2023
Growing / slow down factors for Wind
Turbine Market
2021
In 2021, of the total 830 GW of wind capacity installed, 93% were onshore vs 7%
offshore.
https://www.iea.org/reports/wind-electricity
56GW
@2021
175 kW of Solar PV
power
electronic
LEVISYS
Wind Turbines
(3x5kW)
power management
LGchem Li Ion
flywheel Accumulators
10x (10kW-10kWh) (100kW-100kWh)
Higher mechanical
noise for small WT Wind speed
Lin blade
speed
Relative speed
Linear speed
@top of blades
~280km/h
Ω = cte / R
Etonnant !
• Retours fiscaux par MW par an : commune 7k€, département 3k€ ; région 1k€
racheté 8.2c€/kWh
Pendant 10 ans
(onshore)
• Réglementation
Obligation d'achat (Loi du 10 Juillet 2006 revu en juin 2014) :
o Terrestre (15 ans garantis):
Première phase (10 années) 8,2 c€/kWh
Deuxième phase (5 années) 2,8 à 8,2 c€/kWh selon sites
o Offshore (20 ans garantis):
Première phase (10 années) 13 c€/kWh
Deuxième phase (10 années) 3 à 13 c€/kWh selon sites
* Complément de rémunération (>2016) : prime versée par EDF s’ajoutant au prix du marché
(fixé par arrêté)
€/MWh
Contexte : modification de la règlementation tous les 2 ans en moyenne depuis 2003 (Sce Ademe)…
Vitesse vent moyenne max 10m/s max 8,5m/s max 7,5m/s max 6m/s
IEC Rafale sur 50 ans 70 m/s 59,5 m/s 52,5 m/s 42 m/s
Vent établi sur 50 ans 50 m/s 42,5 m/s 37,5 m/s 30 m/s
La classe définit aussi le % de turbulence => tenue en fatigue
GL : Germanisher Lloyd
IEC : Commission Electrotechnique Internationale
• Normes éolien : IEC 61400 (www.iec.ch/zone/renergy/ren_wind.htm)
• exemples :
• IEC 61400-1 : Wind turbines – Part 1 – Design Requirements
• IEC 61400-2 : Wind turbines – Part 2 – Design Requirements for small WT
• IEC 61400-21 : Measurement and assessment of power quality characteristics
of grid connected wind turbines
72 Wind Turbines X. Roboam, 2023
Wind characteristics: the wind rose
5%
Wind rose in Le
Havre (France) Total time in %
Total energy in % * (Le Havre France)
Wind Rose in
Toulouse 10% of time
* WAsP (Wind Atlas Analysis and Application Program)
(W/m2)
>400W/m2
200W/m2
http://www.pas-de-calais.pref.gouv.fr/espace_collectivites/bo/documents/schema_regional_eolien.pdf
10
time (s)
0
0 20 40 60 80 100
%
fi [% ] fi (Vv) Fi Fi (Vv)
14 1
%
12
0.8
10
Fréquences cumulées
Fréquences en %
0.6
8
6
0.4
0.2
2
0 m/s 0 m /s
0 2 4 6 8 10 0 2 4 6 8 10
V itesses en m/s V itesses en m /s
Wind speed (m/s) Wind speed (m/s)
PDF: Probability density Function: CDF: Cumulative Distribution Function
% time with a certain wind speed Proba [Vw ≤ Vwi]
Only the average wind speed (10 min) is considered => no turbulence consideration
Betz « limit »
CP
~ 0.47
3 blades
slow fast
λ
λopt ~ 6-7 Tip speed ratio
Efficiency: Taking into account evaporation losses and conversion losses, 70% to 85% of the electrical
energy used to pump the water into the elevated reservoir can be regained.
Energy production :1000 m3 of water at the top of a 100m tower has a potential energy of ~270kWh
β = 0° 0.08
3 blades 0.4
β = 0°
Cp - Coefficient de puissance
CΓ - Coefficient de couple
β = 1° 0.07
β = 1°
0.06
0.3
β = 2°
0.05 β = 2°
β = 3°
0.04 β = 3°
0.2
0.03
0.1 0.02
0.01
0 0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
λ - Vitesse spécifique λ - Vitesse spécifique
P Power limitation
Limitation de puissance
kW Maxpower Rated power
I II III IV
≈
Pn
Plage de production
Starting
speed
Stop
speed
vD vn ≈ vM
m/s
Wind speed starting rated maximal
Lost Production
(%)
• Nacelle yaw misalignment: 7° on average
=> ~2% on annual energy lost
Srce: Valeco
Yaw misalignment
(degrees)
Asynchronous
generator
Disk brake speed multiplier
Nordex
Ring generator
High number of poles E40 : 500 kW
106 Wind Turbines X. Roboam, 2023
Basics on design: about security
Stop: in case of excessive wind (pitch on neutral position) or in case of grid problem
(over or low voltage, disconnection)
• Aerodynamic brakes : dissipate a large part of
kinetic energy without wear
• Low powers:
Gearless are possible
Fast rotor: 1 m of radius with conventional
1,6kW, ~800Rpm generators
R.ΩWT Vw 60
λ= ΩWT
opt
= λopt . (Rd/s) Ω( Rpm) = Ω( Rd / s).
Vw R 2.π
(si λopt = 6,5)
Résultat : @Vvent = 12.5 m/s => ΩWT opt = 775 Rpm Vitesses élevées => couplage direct
sans multiplicateur
=> Vitesse tangentielle (λopt x Vw ) = 82 m/s = 292 km/h
opt
1
PWT ( kW ) = .ρ .S .Vw .C popt / 1000 = 1.68kW
3
• High powers:
Slow rotor: Gearless systems
• Ex: N80 ; R=40m 2,5 MW more complex with
ΩWT ~ 20 Rpm, Nmultiplier = 68
opt
special generators Nordex
Generator
blades
Static
Applications
Converter
Multiplier N2<> 1500 tr/mn
N1
(low speed) generator
Blades
4%
17% Yaw
Servomotor
Mechanical multiplier: 57%
Multiplier
Cost 22%
failure rate Failure origins
in Enercon E17 (φ=17m) WT
Bus
AC/HTA
Protections
Filtre anti flicker
Poste de
Comptage
raccordement
Cables 3ϕ 20kV, 240mm2
Vers point
de livraison
Source:
Poste de
SCADA* (liaison poste de commande/maintenance
*Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition
raccordement
https://decrypterlenergie.org/betonisation-et-
artificialisation-des-terres-quelle-contribution-de-leolien
• Voltage standards:
* MVAC: From 10 kV up to 66 kV
* MVDC From ± 10 kV up to ± 80 kV
* HVAC > 66 kV (e.g. 132, 150, 220 kV)
* HVDC > ± 80 kV (e.g. 50, 320, 500 kV)
• Voltage standards:
* MVAC: From 10 kV up to 66 kV
* MVDC From ± 10 kV up to ± 80 kV
* HVAC > 66 kV (e.g. 132, 150, 220 kV)
* HVDC > ± 80 kV (e.g. 50, 320, 500 kV)
Etonnant !
TGen(N.m)
TWT(N.m)
∆T > 0 => Ω ↑
Pt 1
@ Vw= Vw1
Ω(rpm)
TGen(N.m)
TWT(N.m)
Pt 1
@ Vw= Vw1
Ω(rpm)
TGen(N.m)
TWT(N.m)
∆T > 0 => Ω ↑
Pt s Pt 3
∆T > 0 => Ω ↑ Pt 2
∆T < 0 => Ω ↓
Pt 1
@ Vw= Vw1
Ω(rpm)
Machine autopiloting
TWT(V1)
Ω(rpm)
Ω = 2π.fgrid / np
- Controlled generator (C.G) connected to the grid through a power electronic device
AC 50Hz
Torque(N.m) λ = λopt
G
C.G ~
Optimal but also S ~
Tref naturally flexible transmission
MPPT
Taero(N.m)
Ω(rpm)
Grid transformer
Power Increase of Rr
resistance
TTorque in p.u
GAS(N.m)
Variation 3
Diode Chopper
of Rr Rectifier 2
1 Generator
• To increase Rr during wind variations : transmission stiffness
• efficiency decrease during transients (pb / turbulent sites) 0
Ωsynchro
• reduced costs for high powers (till 2MW) Motor
-1
• no participation to « grid services » (Q non controllable)
• Example: (‘Optislip’) Vestas and Gamesa systems -2
Vit-rot enΩ/Ωn
p.u
-3
0 0.5 1 1.5 2
M achine
Speed
M ultiplicateur asynchrone
Multiplier
vitesse double
alim entation
P, Q
AC-DC DC-AC
PWM
M LI PWM
M LI
Pstat Pmec
Pmec
Pgrid Pstat = Pmec
1 + 0 .3
Prot
Ω sync − Ω Ω max (1 + 0,3 )Ω s
Rotor conv g= = = 1,9
Prot = −
0 .3
Pmec Ω sync Ω min (1 − 0,3 )Ω s
0 .7 Hypo-
43%.Pmec max
= (1 ,9 )3 = 6 ,4
synchronous Pmec
g = 0.3 min
Pmec
Pmec
Pstat = Pmec
Pgrid 1 − 0 .3 Protmax = 23 % * Pmec
max
Synchronous Generator with high number of poles (ring generator structures) and
wounded rotor
SG
Boost transformer
Wounded excitation for HTA grid
(rotating diode reducer)
Nordex N80 2.5MW (Async Gen + multiplier) Assembling : the main part of mass
diam=80m is due to the mechanical structure
Complete nacelle = 83 tons
146 Wind Turbines X. Roboam, 2023
(d) Architecture with gearless and synchronous generator with fixed
excitation and stator control (PWM rectifier)
1) Why ?
• One consider 3 phase systems:
Sb
Order reduction 3 => 2
2π/3 Sa d
Sc
Classical hypothesis : Xa + Xb + Xc = 0 (armatures are balanced); X : I,Φ,V
• Interest of a continuous model:
Xa, b, c
d ωψ
Xd
Sb
q ψ Tψ = 2π/ωψ
Sa Xq
Control with tracking
regulation (continuous)
error (alternative)
Sc 2 j 2π j 4π
X = . Xa + Xb.e 3 + Xc.e 3 X = Xd + j. Xq
3
148 Wind Turbines X. Roboam, 2023
Reminder on the Park’s transformation
ε = (ε d + j.ε q )
2 j 2π j 4π
2) How ? ε = . ε a + ε b .e 3 + ε c .e 3
3
Sb d
ψ ψ − 2π ) cos(ψ − 4π ) ε a
ψ ε
d cos cos(
q ε =
3 3 ε b
q − sinψ − sin(ψ − 2π 3 ) − sin(ψ − 4π 3 ) ε
εq c
ε0 KO KO KO
εa
Sa
εc ε • Transformation at P = Cte : constant instantaneous power
εb P = Va .I a + Vb .I b + Vc .I c = Vd .I d + Vq .I q
3/ ε εd
2 Sc
Xd
cosψ (
cos ψ − 2π ) (
cos ψ − 4π ) X a Xd X a Orthogonal X a Xd
( )
3 3
X =
q
2 − sinψ
3
(
− sin ψ − 2π
3
) (
− sin ψ − 4π
3
) X b X = [P ] X
q b
matrix X = [P ]T
b
X
q
X O 1 1 1 X c X O X c X c X O
2 2 2
PWM rectifierI
ond
Inverter a
I grid
PM I bgrid
GS Vbus Grid
Cp
θ
ref
T
GS MPPT Filter
λ Torque controlled
- Torque vector control (usually at max T / I ratio (cos ψ = 1 )
-Control of active and reactive power (P, Q) through the grid inverter
Vsd = Rs .I sd + dΦ sd − ω.Φ sq
dt Φsd = Φ f + Ls .I sd
dΦ sq
Vsq = Rs .I sq + + ω.Φ sd Φsq = Ls .I sq
dt • Current control (torque) :
ψ Es = j.ω.Φf Tem = n P .Φ f .I s . cosΨ Autopiloting of ψ
ϕ q
Φf ω j.Ls.ωs.Is ψ Tem
Is ωs Vs R .I SG
Is Ω
s s
d Φ f, I f
If excitation Tload
A) Max torque per Amp: ψ = 0 , Isd = 0 ; Is = Isq B) Cos ϕ = 1; facteur de puissance unitaire
=> optimisation énergétique
Es = j.ω.Φf q Tem = nP .Φ f .I s
Ls .I s
Is j.Ls .ω.I s Autopiloting requires to set: sin Ψ =
ϕ Φf
Vs Rs .I s
Φf Es = j.ω.Φf
j.Ls .ω.I s
d ψ Vs
Is Rs .I s q
1
Note: in that case cos ϕ ≠ 1 :cos ϕ = Φf 2
L .I
2
L .I
1 + s s d Tem = nP .Φ f .I s . 1 − s s
Φ Φ
(if Rs neglected) f f
β
Φ sd = R s.I sd + Φ sd
& ≅0
sq = 0 V
q V sd
Vs Φs
sq = R s.I sq + ω s.Φ sd sq ≅ ω s.Φ sd
d
Φ
&
sq=0
V V
α
T =n Φ .I −Φ .I = n .Φ .I
em p sd sq sq sd p sd sq
B. Multon, X. Roboam, B. Dakyo, C. Nichita, O. Gergaud, H. Ben Ahmed, "Aérogénérateurs électriques", Techniques de
l’ingénieur D3960, Novembre 2004
P. LECONTE, M. RAPIN, E. SZECHENYI, « Eoliennes », Techniques de l’Ingénieur, traités de mécanique, BM 4640, fev.
2001.
[MA_TI97] J. MARTIN, « Energies éoliennes », Techniques de l’Ingénieur, Traités Energétique B8585, 1-1997, 22p.
[MU_TI03] B. MULTON, O. GERGAUD, G. ROBIN, H. BEN AHMED Ressources énergétiques et consommation humaine
d'énergie, Techniques de l'Ingénieur, Traités de Génie Electrique, D3900. 7]
B. ROBYNS, A DAVIGNY, B. FRANCOIS, A HENNETON, J SPROOTEN, "Production d’énergie électrique à partir des sources
renouvelables « Hermès Sciences Publications-Lavoisier, ISBN. 978-2-7462-2489-6, 5-2012
Sites Web
[WindPower] wind energy database, www.thewindpower.net
[EWEA] European Wind Energy Association http://www.ewea.org/
[GWEC] Global Wind Energy Council, www.gwec.net .
Suivi du développement éolien français www.suivi-eolien.com
France energie éolienne http://fee.asso.fr/
World Energy Resources 2016 https://www.worldenergy.org/publications/2016/world-energy-resources-2016/