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Determination of The Modulus of Elasticity of Prestressing Steel Strands
Determination of The Modulus of Elasticity of Prestressing Steel Strands
1. PURPOSE should be not less than 100 times the nominal diameter
of the strand. The tests are carried out on test pieces in
This recommendation is meant as a supplement to the
as-delivered condition.
R I L E M / F I P / C E B recommendation RPC 1 'Tensile
Tests - - Steels for Prestressing'. Its purpose is further to
reduce the testing scatter in determining the modulus of 4. CROSS-SECTIONAL AREA
elasticity of prestressing steel strands, in particular to
The cross sectional area of the specimens should be
allow a more reliable prediction of the tendon elonga-
determined from their lengths and masses, assuming the
tions in prestressed concrete members.
density of steel to be =7.85 g c m -3. The length of the
specimens should be measured with an accuracy of
2. EQUIPMENT closer than _+0.5 mm, the mass with an accuracy of
closer than _+0.2 g, based on a specimen length of
The accuracy aimed at requires use of appropriate
1000 mm.
equipment. The essential items are (1) tensile testing
machine with digital data acquisition equipment. The
machine shall comply with class 1, DIN 51 221, part 1, 5. TEST PROCEDURE
'Zugpriifmaschinen, Allgemeine Anforderungen' or
The gripping devices must be designed to prevent dif-
corresponding requirements of other national or inter-
ferential slip of the individual wires of the strand, includ-
national standards; (2) two extensometers with digital
ing the centre wire.* At first an initial stress of approx-
data acquisition equipment. The extensometers or ex-
imately 0.1 Rm* is applied. At this stage the extenso-
tensometer systems shall comply with class B-l, ASTM
meters are fixed to the specimen approximately in the
E 83-85 'Standard Practice for Verification and Clas-
centre of the specimen length. The extensometers
sification of Extensometers' or corresponding require-
should be arranged diametrically opposite to each other.
ments of other national or international standards; (3)
Their gauge length must be at least twice the pitch of the
data storage facility for automatic storage of measuring
strand. After fixing the extensometers several load cy-
data; (4) facilities for evaluation of measuring data by
cles of + 0.05 R m a r e imposed on the specimen to check
regression analysis; (5) balances with an accuracy of +
their operation. If the readings are found to be repro-
0.1g.
ducible, the specimen is loaded and deloaded three
3. SPECIMENS *For details c. f. ASTMA 370, VII, S. 34; also H. K. Preston: 'Testing
7-Wire Strand for Prestressed Concrete - - the State of the Art',
For the determination of the modulus of elasticity three PCI-Journa11985, pp. 134--151.
specimens are required. The length of each specimen *R,,, is the nominal tensile strength of the strand.
0025-5432/89(~ RILEM
310 C T 8 0 - T M S M o d u l e de t r a c t i o n des t o r o n s de p r 6 c o n t r a i n t e
times between a value slightly below 0.1 Rm and 0.8 Rm. obtained for the third loading branch of the three speci-
The stress rate applied is about 10 N mm -2 s. For each mens tested.
loading and deloading, run force and elongations are
recorded by at least 30 triples of values at approximately
equal intervals. The test shall be carried out at room 7. REPORT
temperature. During an individual test the temperature In the final report the following details shall be fur-
shall not vary by more than + 0.5~ nished: (1) type of strand; (2) relevant specifications; (3)
information about the identity of the specimens tested;
(4) testing machine (type, supplier, latest calibration);
6. EVALUATION
(5) extensometers (type, supplier, description, latest
For each loading and deloading branch the stress strain calibration); (6) length, mass, cross-sectional area and
relationship is determined by regression analysis. The pitch of each specimen; (7) description of gripping de-
strains are introduced as the average of the two gauge vices; (8) number of measuring triples for force elonga-
values. As fitting functions a power function of second tion curves; (9) individual results for the modulus of
order shall be used for the loading branch, a linear elasticity for loading and deloading branches for each
function for the deloading branch. For each loading and specimen; (10) mean and standard deviation of moduli
deloading branch the moduli of elasticity shall be calcu- of elasticity obtained from the third loading branch of
lated from the fitting functions as chord moduli between the three specimens; (11) maximum and minimum room
0.1 R m and 0.7 R,,,. The modulus of elasticity of the temperature during tests; (12) any deviations from the
strand is defined as the mean of the three moduli above testing specifications.
rapport aux mors d'ancrage. Les extensom6tres doivent pour la branche chargement et une fonction lin6aire
6tre disposals diam6tralement opposds. Leur base de pour la branche d6chargement. Pour chaque branche
mesure doit ~tre au moins 6gale ~i deux fois le pas du chargement et d6chargement, les modules d'filasticit6
toron. AWes avoir fix6 les extensom6tres, l'6prouvette doivent 6tre calcul6s ~ipartir des fonctions d'ajustement
est soumise ~iplusieurs cycles de charge unitaire d'ampli- comme le module s6cant entre 0,1 et 0,7 Rm. Le module
tude 6gale ~ 0,05 Rm autour de la charge unitaire mini- d'dlasticit6 du toron est d6fini comme la moyenne des
male de fa~on ~ v6rifier leur bon fonctionnement. Si les trois modules d'dlasticit6 obtenus pour la branche rela-
informations fournies sont reproductibles, l'8prouvette tive au troisi6me chargement pour les trois 6prouvettes
est soumise ~ trois cycles chargement-ddchargement essay6es.
entre 0,1 et 0,8 Rm. La vitesse de mise en charge
ramen6e ~t la section de l'6prouvette doit ~tre de l'ordre
7. RAPPORT D'ESSAI
de 10 MPa s -l. Pour chaque cycle chargement-d6-
chargement, au moins 30 triplets de valeurs charge- Le rapport d'essai doit comporter les 616ments suivants:
allongements sont enregistr6s pour des intervalles de (1) type de torons. (2) norme de r6f6rence, sp6cifica-
charge ou allongement approximativement 6gaux. Les tions. (3) informations concernant l'origine des
essais doivent 6tre r6alis6s ~ temp6rature ambiante de la 6prouvettes essay6es. (4) machine d'essai de traction
salle d'essai. Au cours d'un essai sur une m6me (type, fabricant, dernier 6talonnage). (5) extensom6tres
6prouvette, cette temp6rature ne doit pas varier de + (type, fabricant, description, dernier 6talonnage). (6)
0,5~ longueur, masse, section et pas de chaque 6prouvette.
(7) description des dispositifs d'ancrage de la machine
d'essai de traction. (8) nombre de triplets de mesures
pour les courbes charge allongement. (9) modules d'6-
6. EXPLOITATION DES lasticit6 d6termin6s pour chacune des branches charge-
RESULTATS ment et d6chargement et pour chaque 6prouvette. (10)
Pour chaque cycle chargement-d6chargement la rela- moyenne et 6cart-type pour les modules d'61asticit6
tion entre charge unitaire et d6formation est d6terminde d6termin6s ~ partir de la branche correspondant au
par r6gression lin6aire. Les d6formations prises en con- troisi6me chargement pour chacune des 6prouvettes.
sid6ration sont les moyennes des valeurs fournies par les (11) minimum et maximum de temp6rature observds
deux extensom6tres. Les fonctions d'ajustement ~ utili- darts la salle d'essai durant l'essai. (12) tout 6cart par
ser sont respectivement une fonction du second degr6 rapport aux conditions d'essais sp6cifi6es ci-avant.