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1. 9.1 According to attribution theory, Pablo is most like- B

ly to attribute his high score on a difficult exam to

A
good luck
B
his intelligence
C
his instructor's teaching ability
D
the low level of difficulty of the exam
E
his classmates' inadequate preparation for the exam

2. 9.1 When his team wins a basketball game, Joe says A

it is because his team is so good; however, when his
team loses, he says it is because the referees made a
lot of unfair calls. Joe is most clearly demonstrating

A
self-serving bias, because he sees his team as being
better than it is
B
self-serving bias, because he thinks all referees are
unfair
C
conformity, because he sees his team as being better
than it is
D
conformity, because his team follows all the rules of
the game
E
conformity, because all the team members wore the
same uniforms

3. 9.1 The tendency to believe that another person's be- C

havior is caused by dispositional factors rather than
by environmental factors is called

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A
situational attribution
B
impression management
C
the fundamental attribution error
D
an implicit personality theory
E
identification

4. 9.1 A supervisor who doubts the competence of a new C

employee unwittingly criticizes everything the new
employee does. If the new employee consequently
performs poorly, which of the following will most likely
have occurred?

A
Latent learning
B
Pluralistic ignorance
C
A self-fulfilling prophecy
D
The halo effect
E
The Hawthorne effect

5. 9.1 Which of the following is most useful in un- C

der-standing an employer's interpretation of an em-
ployee's poor performance?

A
Cannon's theory
B
Reinforcement theory
C
Attribution theory
D

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Arousal theory
E
Cognitive dissonance

6. 9.1 Leila saw a man treat a passerby rudely. Shortly D

after that, she saw him slip and fall to the ground. She
immediately thought, "What a clumsy man," without
acknowledging that he had walked onto a patch of
ice. Leila is demonstrating the fundamental attribution
error because

A
the thought was immediate
B
the person was actually clumsy
C
she projected her own clumsiness onto the man
D
she blamed his fall on his being clumsy
E
she thought he got what he deserved

7. 9.1 Of the following students, who is most clearly B

demonstrating an internal attribution?

A
Jane, who says she failed a test because her teacher
hates her.
B
Martin, who says he earned a spot on the football team
through his hard work.
C
Lyle, who says his team won the quiz bowl tournament
because they got lucky.
D
Sharon, who says she won homecoming queen be-
cause her friends campaigned for her.
E

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Tyler, who says he lost the vote for class president
because the election was rigged

8. 9.1 A teacher who is mistakenly informed that a stu- D

dent is learning disabled begins to treat that student
differently from others. The teacher does not call on
the student in class or help her with challenging ma-
terial. The student's graded gradually decline. This re-
sult is an example of which of the following?

A
Reactance
B
Social loafing
C
Actor-observer bias
D
Self-fulfilling prophecy
E
Fundamental attribution error

9. 9.2-9.3 Which of the following was true of Solomon E

Asch's experiments on conformity?

A
People conformed if they knew and respected the
authority figure present.
B
An increase from 7 to 12 confederates increased con-
formity by experimental subjects.
C
Experimental subjects conformed less frequently
when their judgments were made known to the group.
D
About 99% of the judgments made by the experimen-
tal subjects were wrong.
E
If the confederates' judgments were not unanimous,

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the degree of conformity by experimental subjects
decreased.

10. 9.2-9.3 "It belongs to human nature to hate those you A

have injured." This belief is best explained by

A
cognitive dissonance theory
B
the two-factor theory of emotion
C
evolutionary psychology
D
the availability heuristic
E
drive-reduction theory

11. 9.2-9.3 Which of the following is the independent vari- A

able in Philip Zimbardo's classic Stanford Prison Ex-
periment?

A
The role of prisoner or guard
B
The behaviors of the prisoners
C
The behaviors of the guards
D
Male college students
E
The simulated prison setting

12. 9.2-9.3 A researcher would test the elaboration likeli- A

hood model by

A
conducting an experiment in which the researcher
showed a class two commercials to determine their
persuasive power. One commercial explained that a

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certain brand of seltzer water has no preservatives or
sugar, which makes it healthier than other beverages.
The other commercial showed a celebrity drinking the
seltzer water and saying that she drinks it all the time.
B
conducting an experiment in which the researcher
asked some participants to sign a petition to preserve
wildlife. If the participants agreed to sign the petition,
then the researcher would ask the participants if they
would contribute $10 to preserve wildlife. The other
participants were asked only to contribute $10 without
the researcher asking them first if they would sign the
petition.
C
conducting a survey of 200 participants in which
the participants were asked to rate several different
brands of seltzer water based on several factors. The
factors included taste, price, and availability of the
seltzer in the participants' local convenience stores.
D
conducting an experiment in which the researcher
asked some participants to donate $10 to preserve
wildlife. Then the researcher would ask the partici-
pants if they would sign a petition to preserve wildlife.
The other participants were asked only to sign the
petition without first being asked to donate.
E
collecting correlational data on several brands of toi-
let paper. The researcher would record the amount of
toilet paper sold that use bear mascots versus those
that do not use bear mascots.

13. 9.2-9.3 In Stanley Milgram's' classic study, a partic- D

ipant was placed in one room and a confederate
was placed in another room where the participant
could not see the confederate. Participants were told
to shock the confederate when the confederate an-
swered a question incorrectly. What was a major ethi-
cal violation of Milgram's study?
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A
Milgram needed approval from the IACUC before start-
ing his study.
B
In order to get the participants to administer shocks,
the researcher told the participants negative informa-
tion about the people they were administering shocks
to.
C
Milgram forced prisoners to be in his study.
D
Participants must be allowed to leave the experiment
at any time, and in Milgram's study when the partici-
pants asked to leave, the experimenter said they must
continue.
E
Milgram had a duty to warn the participants that were
being shocked that shocks would be administered.

14. 9.2-9.3 Which method should be used by a researcher D

to test conformity? Assume in all groups that the
researcher recruits participants and asks them to ob-
serve line X and line Y, where line X is clearly shorter
than line Y.

A
Use nine confederates and one participant. The nine
confederates go first and correctly say that line Y is
longer.
B
Use one confederate and nine participants. The one
confederate goes first and correctly says that line Y is
longer.
C
Use one confederate and nine participants. The one
confederate goes first and incorrectly says that line X
is longer.
D
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Use nine confederates and one participant. The nine
confederates go first and incorrectly say that line X is
longer.
E
Use nine confederates and one participant. Everyone
writes down his or her answer on separate pieces of
paper.

15. 9.2-9.3 According to the graph above, the greatest E

degree of attitude change is likely to be produced by
which of the following forms of advertising?

A
Radio only
B
Newspaper only
C
Television only
D
Easy messages in the newspaper and difficult mes-
sages on television
E
Easy messages on television and difficult messages
in newspaper

16. 9.2-9.3 Which of the following is the best interpre- C

tation of Solomon Asch's findings, pictured above,
concerning conformity in perceptual judgments?

A
The larger the group, the greater the conformity of
group members.
B
The smaller the group, the greater the conformity of
group members.
C
Conformity increases as group size increases to
about four persons.
D

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Conformity decreases as group size decreases to
about four persons.
E
There is no relationship between group size and con-
formity.

17. 9.2-9.3 In Stanley Milgram's obedience experiments, E

subject were LEAST likely to deliver maximum levels
of shock when the

A
experiment was conducted at a prestigious institution
B
"learner" screamed loudly in pain
C
experimenter told hesitant subjects, "You have no
choice, you must go on"
D
"learner" said that he had a heart condition
E
subject observed other subjects who refused to obey
the experimenter's orders

18. 9.4 Which of the following regularities in behavior can A

most likely be accounted for by the existence of a
group norm?

A
Students tend to use less profanity with adults than
they do with their peers.
B
Most people sleep at least six hours a night.
C
The average annual income of industrial workers in
1972 was $7,250.
D
Male infants have a higher infant mortality rate than
female infants.
E

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People perform well-learned behaviors better in the
presence of others than when alone.

19. 9.5-9.6 Which of the following examples best repre- A

sents altruism?

A
Booker stops to help someone even though it puts
him in danger.
B
Darby helps his boss in order to get some overtime
pay.
C
Josie forms a study group to hold herself accountable
for studying.
D
Benny does extra work on a group project to impress
his friends.
E
Sammy helps a friend move because the friend previ-
ously helped Sammy move.

20. 9.5-9.6 Ethnocentrism is described in which sce- C

nario?
A
Justin feels heightened anxiety whenever he is
around someone from another country.
B
Eve refuses to hire men at her bakery because she
thinks they are sexist.
C
Martin distrusts a certain religion because it is un-
common in the country where he lives.
D
Sharon shops only at businesses owned by a certain
ethnic group because she believes that the group has
been historically oppressed.
E
Oren refuses to be lab partners with any of the girls in

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his class because he thinks they are not as good at
science.

21. 9.5-9.6 Which of the following scenarios best repre- C

sents the frustration-aggression principle?

A
Elliott yells at his dog because he is mad at his boss.
B
Wyndi imitates her brother and pushes another child
on the playground.
C
Jeremy punches the steering wheel of his car because
he is stuck in traffic.
D
Troy argues with her mother as a result of drinking
alcohol.
E
Charles bullies his classmates because it makes him
feel superior.

22. 9.5-9.6 The scenario that best describes out-group E

homogeneity bias is

A
Mr. Kinnear tends to hire less qualified family mem-
bers instead of more qualified nonfamily members at
his place of business.
B
Mary laughs a lot when she is around people she
is close too, but around strangers she restrains her
laughter even when she finds something funny.
C
Mark believes that people from a different culture
dress inappropriately and looks down on those peo-
ple because of how they dress.
D
In order to foster cohesiveness, Ms. Vezza assigns her
students the task of completing a scavenger hunt.

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E
Kara, who plays soccer, notices the uniqueness of
her soccer teammates, but she thinks all basketball
players are the same.

23. 9.5-9.6 Which of the following findings would support A

an interpretation of aggression as catharsis

A
Societies that value aggressive sports are generally
less aggressive than societies that do not value ag-
gressive sports
B
One average, levels of aggression are about equal
across al societies
C
Aggressiveness in societies correlates highly with the
average annual temperature
D
Societies in which media content is particularly ag-
gressive are more aggressive than societies that have
less violent media content
E
In most societies, aggression among individuals wax-
es and wanes with age
24. 9.7 The factors chiefly responsible for interpersonal A
attraction include

A
proximity and similarity
B
contrasting values
C
similar tendencies to dominate or submit
D
similar attitudes toward authority
E
shared attributional biases

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