Dobereiner

• Around 1869 two scientists

• determined a way to put the elements in
order.
• Lothar Meyer and Dmitri Mendeleev both
came up with periodic tables that showed
how elements should be grouped.
• Both arranged the elements in order of
increasing atomic mass while putting in
groups those with similar properties.
• Both of them also left blank spaces in their
tables,
believing that these spaces would be filled
later with elements yet to be discovered.
• Through experiments which used x-rays,
Henry Moseley discovered in 1913 a functional
relationship that allowed him to use spectral
lines
to determine the numberof protons, and
therefore,
the atomic number of the elements.
• Moseley saw thatthe errors in Mendeleev’s
table could be corrected if, instead of
arranging according to atomic weights or
atomic masses, atomic numbers could be
used.
• So, he used the atomic numbers to predict three
more yet-to-be-discovered elements, namely
technetium (1937), promethium (1945), and rhenium
(1925). On the basis of these development, the
periodic law can be stated as follows:
“When elements are arranged according to increasing
atomic numbers, certain properties repeat
periodically.”
How are Elements Classified?
•Elements are classified based on their
positions or locations in the periodic
table.
 Group I A - The Alkali Metals
• Group 1 elements are soft silvery metals.
• They react strongly with water.
• The further down the group you go, the more violent this
reaction is.
• These alkali metals are usually stored under oil to protect them
from moisture and oxygen.
• They all have one electron in their outer shells.
• In a chemical reaction an alkali metal atom loses this single
electron.
• To achieve the stable electron structure of the noble gases.
 Group II A – The Alkaline Earth Metals
• This group consists of all metals that occur
naturally in compound form.
• They are obtained from mineral ores and form
alkaline solutions. These are less reactive than
alkali metals.
Group III A – The Aluminum Group

•The elements in this group are fairly reactive.

•The group is composed of four metals and
one metalloid which is boron.
Group IV A - The Carbon Group

•This group is composed of elements having

varied properties because their metallic
property increases from top to bottom
meaning the top line, which is carbon, is a
nonmetal while silicon and germanium are
metalloids, and tin and lead are metals.
Group V A – The Nitrogen Group
• Like the elements in group IV A, this group also
consists of metals, nonmetal and metalloids.
• Nitrogen and phosphorous are some examples
under this group.
Group VI A – The Oxygen Group
• This group is called the oxygen group since
oxygen is the top line element.
• It is composed of three nonmetals, namely,
oxygen, sulfur and selenium, one metalloid,
(tellurium) and one metal (polonium).
Group VII A – The Halogens
•This group is composed of entirely
nonmetals. The term “halogens” comes
from the Greek word hals which means
salt and genes which means forming.
•Halogens group are called “salt formers”.
Group VIII A – The Noble Gases

•This group is composed of stable

gases otherwise known as the non-
reactive or inert elements.
 The Transition Elements
• The elements in the middle of the table (B Group) are
called transition elements.
• They are all metals and so they are also called
transition metals.
• The system of grouping elements over A and B
groups was devised by the International Union of
Applied and Pure Chemistry (IUPAC) to eliminate
confusion.
How can the Periodic Table be Used to Predict
the Reactivities of some Elements?
Reactivity of Metals
• Generally, metals tend to give up electrons. The more easily an atom
letsgo of its electrons, the more metallic it is.
• This tendency varies with different metals, increasing as you go down a
group of representative elements, and decreasing from left to right.
• This happens because as you go down a group, it is easier for electrons
to be taken or given away, resulting in high chemical reactivity.
• And as you go from left to right on the Periodic Table elements have
more electrons in their valence shells, they have to get rid off which
requires an element to have high energies which results into lower
chemical reactivity.