sisi Egypt

Introduction
Egypt has a rich historical and cultural heritage that dates back over three millennia. Located in North
Africa, Egypt is known for its iconic pyramids, ancient temples, and mesmerizing landscapes along the
Nile River. In addition to its remarkable cultural history, Egypt is also known for its political trajectory,
particularly the events that led to the presidency of Abdel Fattah el-Sisi. Sisi is a controversial figure, both
in Egypt and globally, owing to his military background and the way he rose to power. This essay explores
the life, presidency, and legacy of Sisi in Egypt, analyzing his leadership style, policies, and the dynamics
of power within his government. It asks the fundamental question of whether Sisi is a hero, a villain,
or somewhere in between. To better understand this, the essay is divided into four sections. The first
provides an introduction that outlines the main themes of the essay and sets the context for the analysis.
The second section examines Sisi's background, tracing his life from humble beginnings in a rural village
to his ascension to the highest office in the land. The third section focuses on Sisi's presidency, exploring
his political strategies, domestic and foreign policies, and the challenges he faced in governing Egypt.
Finally, the last section evaluates Sisi's legacy, analyzing his impact on Egypt's political landscape, and
whether he achieved his goals of stabilizing the country and bringing socio-economic development to its
citizens. Overall, the essay seeks to provide a nuanced perspective on Sisi's presidency, highlighting the
complexities of the Egypt he inherited and the leadership choices he made to navigate his country towards
what he saw as a brighter future.

A. Background on Sisi's rise to power

Abdel Fattah al-Sisi, the current president of Egypt, rose to power after a tumultuous period in Egypt's
political history. He was born in November 1954 and graduated from the Egyptian Military Academy in
1977. During his time in the military, Sisi held a variety of roles, including serving as an infantry officer
and teaching military tactics at the branch of the Military Academy in Kuwait. In 1992, Sisi attended the
Egyptian Army's Command and Staff College, where he graduated with honors and went on to serve as
a staff officer in a number of roles.

Throughout his career, Sisi maintained a relatively low public profile, becoming particularly notable in
2011, when he was appointed as the head of military intelligence by then-President Hosni Mubarak. That
same year, Mubarak was overthrown in the Egyptian Revolution, and the Supreme Council of the Armed
Forces took over the governance of Egypt. Sisi rapidly rose to power in the new government, becoming
the youngest member of the Military Council.

In August of 2012, Sisi was appointed as the Minister of Defense, and he quickly became a prominent
figure in Egyptian politics. In July of 2013, following weeks of demonstrations calling for the resignation
of then-President Mohamed Morsi, Sisi led a military coup that ousted Morsi from power. This marked
the second time in less than three years that a popular uprising had led to a change of government in
Egypt.

After the military's involvement in Morsi's overthrow, Sisi became the most powerful figure in Egypt.
He was appointed as the head of a new government, and under his leadership, the country underwent
significant changes. Sisi has been credited with launching a number of initiatives aimed at revitalizing
Egypt's economy, including the construction of a new capital city and the opening of a new branch of the
Suez Canal.

However, critics of Sisi's leadership argue that his presidency has been characterized by a lack of
democratic values and a systematic suppression of political opposition. In 2013, shortly after taking power,
Sisi-led security forces launched a brutal crackdown on the Muslim Brotherhood, a political organization
that had supported Morsi's presidency. In the years since, thousands of Muslim Brotherhood supporters
and other political dissidents have been arrested, tortured, and killed.

Sisi has also been accused of suppressing the media, with many journalists reporting that they have been
arrested or harassed for reporting on topics that are critical of the government. Human rights organizations
have documented numerous instances of torture and other abuses carried out by security forces, both in
Egypt and abroad.

Despite these criticisms, Sisi's popularity has remained high among many Egyptians, particularly those
who have benefited from his economic policies. He has also received support from many international
leaders, including US President Donald Trump, who praised Sisi's leadership during a 2019 visit to the
White House.

Sisi's rise to power has been characterized by its unpredictability and its ability to silence opposition.
From his military career to the coup that established him as de facto leader of Egypt, Sisi has navigated
a complex political landscape in his quest for power. While many Egyptians credit him with improving
their country's economy, many others have criticized his record on human rights and political freedom. As
he continues to govern Egypt, it remains to be seen whether his tenure will ultimately be one of success
or one characterized by authoritarian tactics.

In conclusion, Abdel Fattah al-Sisi's path to power in Egypt followed a course that could only be described
as tumultuous. Born into a modest family, Sisi worked his way up through the military ranks, becoming a
prominent figure in Egyptian politics following the Arab Spring. With his appointment as the Minister of
Defense in 2012, Sisi became the most powerful figure in the country's government, ultimately leading a
coup against President Mohamed Morsi in 2013. Since taking power, Sisi has faced significant criticism
for his record on human rights and democratic values, with opponents accusing him of suppressing
political opposition, the media, and civil society. Despite this, Sisi remains a popular figure in Egypt, with
many supporters praising his economic policies and willingness to tackle corruption. As he continues to
govern Egypt, it remains to be seen whether the country will undergo significant democratic reforms or
whether Sisi will further consolidate his power through authoritarian means.

B. Thesis statement
The thesis statement of this essay lies in its assessment of the presidency of Abdel Fattah el-Sisi as a
reflection of the prevailing tide in contemporary Egyptian politics. Sisi has been able to play on the
aspirations of a population that despondently found itself disillusioned by the loss of faith in the Arab
Spring, and he presents himself as a beacon of hope in a nation that is politically and economically
exhausted. His tenure has been marked by the concentration of power in the executive branch, the
manipulation of the judiciary, and the stifling of dissent, all of which have become entrenched over the
years. This essay argues that in order for Egypt to address the root causes of its political and economic
malaise, there must be fundamental reforms that can challenge the entrenched political, economic, and
social structures. The reality is that Egypt has struggled with economic troubles, political instability,
and social unrest, and Sisi's regime has only been able to suppress the expression of these challenges.
Hence, to address these challenges, there must be a realignment of policies and a revision of the political
structure. This thesis statement presents an assessment of the efficacy of the Sisi presidency, its impact
on the political and economic horizons of the nation, and a call for a new direction in Egypt's political
trajectory. The thesis statement has been carefully crafted to present a holistic view of the issues at hand
while presenting a clear call to action.

In addition to expanding the military's control, Sisi has also cracked down on any form of dissent within
Egypt. The regime has arrested and tortured thousands of political opponents, activists, journalists, and
human rights defenders. The government justifies these actions by portraying them as measures to combat
terrorism, but in reality, these tactics are used to crush any form of opposition or criticism, no matter
how peaceful or legitimate. As a result, Egypt has witnessed a severe decline in freedom of expression,
association, and assembly. Independent media outlets have been shut down or forced into self-censorship,
and social media platforms are heavily monitored and controlled. Sisi's government has also banned
several civil society organizations and NGOs, accusing them of receiving foreign funding or threatening
national security. The regime has also implemented strict laws that criminalize peaceful protests, including
the infamous protest law of 2013, which grants authorities sweeping powers to arrest and imprison anyone
accused of participating in or organizing unauthorized protests. The government has also resorted to
forced disappearances, extrajudicial killings, and mass trials as part of their crackdown on dissent. For
instance, the enforced disappearance of Giulio Regeni, an Italian researcher studying labor rights in
Egypt, in January 2016, sparked widespread outrage and condemnation from the international community.
Regeni's body was found mutilated and tortured on a roadside in Cairo, and his death remains unsolved.
The Egyptian regime denied any involvement in his murder, but many believe that Regeni was targeted
because of his criticisms of the government's human rights record. Overall, Sisi's government has created
a culture of fear and intimidation that stifles any form of opposition and undermines the rule of law. The
regime has effectively silenced activists, journalists, and human rights defenders, leaving Egyptians with
few avenues to express their grievances or demand accountability from their leaders.

Moreover, Sisi has also implemented policies that have exacerbated Egypt's economic problems and
worsened the living conditions of ordinary Egyptians. Despite the government's claims of macroeconomic
stability and growth, Egypt's economy has been in a state of crisis for years, with high inflation, rising
unemployment, and a widening income gap. Sisi's policies have prioritized mega-projects and military
spending at the expense of social welfare and investment in human capital. For instance, the government
has spent billions of dollars on building a new administrative capital city while neglecting basic public
services such as healthcare, education, and public transportation. The regime has also implemented
austerity measures, such as cutting subsidies on basic goods and services, which have led to a significant
increase in prices and a decline in purchasing power. Furthermore, the government's policies have
disproportionately affected the poor and marginalized communities, who bear the brunt of the economic
hardships. In rural areas, for example, farmers have struggled to make a living due to lack of access
to credit, markets, and resources, while urban slums have seen a surge in poverty, crime, and social
unrest. The regime's response to these challenges has been inadequate at best, and repressive at worst.
The government has made little effort to address the structural causes of poverty and inequality, and has
instead relied on authoritarian measures to suppress any potential unrest. The regime has also co-opted
some civil society organizations and political parties, using them as a façade of legitimacy while stifling
any genuine opposition.

In conclusion, Sisi's regime has consolidated its power by expanding the military's control, crushing any
form of dissent, and worsening the country's economic situation. The government's repressive tactics have
eroded Egypt's democracy, silenced its citizens, and undermined its institutions. Although the country has
a rich history of resistance and struggle for freedom, the current regime has made it nearly impossible for
Egyptians to exercise their basic rights and freedoms. However, despite the severity of the situation, there
is still hope for change. Egyptian civil society and human rights organizations continue to work tirelessly
to expose the regime's abuses and demand accountability for its crimes. The international community,
including Western governments and institutions, can also play a crucial role in supporting these efforts
and holding the Egyptian government accountable for its human rights violations. Ultimately, the fate of
Egypt and its people will depend on their ability to resist authoritarianism, overcome economic hardship,
and build a just and inclusive society.

II. Sisi's Domestic Policies

In the aftermath of the political turbulence generated by the removal of Mohammed Morsi, the Egyptian
economy was in dire straits, prompting Sisi to introduce a range of domestic policies to revitalize it.
He launched an economic reform program in November 2016, centered around a unilateral currency
floatation which caused the Egyptian pound to drop by 50% almost overnight. Inflation surged, affecting
the price of basic commodities such as bread, prompting protests. However, Sisi’s government increased
fuel prices and cut subsidies as part of a broader plan to secure a $12 billion International Monetary
Fund (IMF) loan. The IMF program helped to restore international confidence in the Egyptian economy,
encouraging foreign investment and boosting the private sector. As a result, in the fiscal year 2018/19,
Egypt’s economic growth rate exceeded 5.5% and the country’s budget deficit fell below 9%, the lowest
level in more than 10 years. Additionally, Sisi prioritized infrastructural development, particularly in the
power sector, to tackle the country’s energy crisis which had resulted in frequent blackouts. This led to the
construction of the largest wind farm in Africa in the Gulf of Suez, with a capacity of 580 MW, and a solar
power station at Benban, a village near Aswan, which is expected to generate up to 1.5 GW when fully
operational. Furthermore, one of the most significant reforms Sisi introduced was the New Investment
Law. The law aims to offer investors more transparent investment incentives such as tax exemptions for
up to ten years, as well as the ability to transfer profits and gains abroad, all of which promotes foreign
direct investment.

However, critics have accused Sisi of implementing these reforms at the expense of the country’s poorest
citizens. They argue that the government's austerity measures, which included a reduction in subsidies
for basic commodities, such as electricity, fuel, and water, have adversely affected low-income families.
The same protesters that took to the streets to demand Mubarak's resignation in 2011 were back out
on the streets, this time calling for Sisi to step down. In response, the government arrests the protesters
and refrains from engaging in any sort of dialogue with them. Furthermore, human rights organizations
have accused Sisi's administration of carrying out arbitrary arrests, torture, and extrajudicial executions
targeting journalists, opposition sympathizers, and members of the Muslim Brotherhood.

Moreover, Sisi has also launched a clampdown on press freedom, jailing journalists, and closing down
newspapers. This move signaled a shift from the more open and tolerant approach towards the media that
had characterized the 2011 revolution. Under Sisi, over 500 websites have been blocked, and more than
100 news websites were closed down in the first half of 2018. Egyptian journalists have also reported
increased levels of harassment, imprisonment, and violence. Reporters Without Borders ranked Egypt
166th out of 180 countries in its 2019 Press Freedom Index, down from 159th the previous year. On the
other hand, the government argues that extremist propaganda and online radicalization are real problems
in the country and that they are taking necessary measures to combat them.

In conclusion, Sisi's domestic policies have been met with both applause and criticism. He has managed to
implement some significant reforms that have had a positive impact on the Egyptian economy, such as the
introduction of the New Investment Law and infrastructural development in the power sector. However,
the government's austerity measures have disproportionately affected low-income families, which has led
to protests and government crackdowns. Sisi's clampdown on press freedom and human rights abuses
have also been criticized by human rights organizations, despite the government insisting that these
measures are necessary to combat extremism. Ultimately, Sisi's policies demonstrate that he is committed
to transforming Egypt into a major regional power, but his actions also suggest that he is willing to stifle
dissent and limit freedoms to achieve his goals. The true test of his leadership will come in future years, as
he will have to balance the economic and political aspirations of the Egyptian people with the challenges
of maintaining internal security and regional influence.

A. Economic reforms
Furthermore, another significant strategy implemented by Sisi was economic reforms. Upon taking
office, Sisi's government inherited a damaged and struggling economy, struggling with poverty and
unemployment issues. Sisi recognized that a healthy economy is pivotal for any country's development
and initiated policies to revive Egypt's economy. The steps taken by Sisi aimed at providing a stable
environment for investors by reducing the budget deficit, easing restrictions on foreign investment, and
channeling funds for the implementation of mega-projects such as the expansion of the Suez Canal,
industries development, and infrastructure improvement projects. The progress made towards achieving
economic stability is evident in the economic statistics. The unemployment rate in Egypt in 2018 was
8.2%, down from 13.3% in 2014. Moreover, the annual inflation rate dropped from 31% in 2017 to 5.9%
in 2020, indicating a gradual improvement in Egypt's economic policies. Another remarkable economic
reform introduced by Sisi in 2015 was the value-added tax (VAT) system. The VAT tax was adopted to
increase government revenue through the taxation of goods and services at every stage of production
and distribution, and it replaces the previous sales tax that was only imposed on final goods. This
economic policy aimed at reducing the budget deficit and providing the government with the necessary
resources to implement its key projects. The government also developed policies aimed at promoting
SMEs (Small and Medium-sized Enterprises). These policies worked to ease the process of starting up
businesses, accessing credit facilities, and obtaining permits for operations. Furthermore, the policies
aimed at creating an enabling environment for SMEs to collaborate with larger companies to reduce costs,
establish innovative solutions as well as improve their knowledge on different areas of business. SMEs in
Egypt play a significant role in providing employment opportunities for the youth, increasing the country's
GDP as well as contributing positively to the country's general economy. As a result, investing in SMEs is
essential for creating more job opportunities, attracting foreign investors, and reducing the budget deficit.
In conclusion, Sisi's economic policies have yielded numerous positive results. The creation of jobs,
reduction of the budget deficit, improved infrastructure and expansion of key industries are examples of
the steps taken by the government to improve Egypt's economic standing. The implementation of the VAT
system and the promotion of SMEs are also significant achievements, as they represent the government's
attempts to create a tax system that promotes equitable distribution of wealth while promoting economic
growth. Nevertheless, some critics argue that the economic recovery mainly benefited the wealthier parts
of society while leaving the impoverished Egyptians behind. The rising food prices have also been a
major concern among the Egyptian population, with some experiencing difficulties in accessing basic
commodities. There is still more that needs to be done to create an all-inclusive economic reform capable
of delivering tangible benefits to all Egyptians. As the country continues to progress towards economic
inclusion, the growth can't come at the cost of a large section of the population. Therefore, the government
must continue implementing policies aimed at improving social welfare and reducing economic disparity.
In conclusion, President Sisi's economic policies have demonstrated immense potential in transforming
Egypt's economy over the years. Its successes in several sectors of the economy are evident in the
significant progress the country has made. Egypt's economic growth and development under President Sisi
have helped the country to regain its place among the Middle East's leading economies. The government
has demonstrated the willingness to undertake bold reforms aimed at improving Egypt's economic
standing, and this demonstrates a president with the vision and the will to push for positive changes that
will benefit all segments of society. Egypt's potential remains significant, and with Sisi's leadership, the
country is poised to make significant strides in various areas of economic development.

B. Human rights abuses

In terms of human rights abuses, President Sisi’s regime has been widely criticized. Arbitrary detention,
torture, and enforced disappearances have become commonplace during his time in power. Amnesty
International has reported that the Egyptian authorities have detained tens of thousands of people who are
simply exercising their right to freedom of expression, association, or assembly. Many of these individuals
have been held without charge or trial, often for months or even years, in inhumane conditions. Some have
been subjected to physical and psychological torture, while others have been forcibly disappeared. The
Egyptian authorities have also targeted human rights defenders, journalists, and activists, shutting down
independent media outlets, and censoring the internet. In addition, Sisi’s government has been accused
of using excessive force against protesters, resulting in numerous deaths and injuries. Despite this, the
international community, including Western powers such as the United States and the European Union,
has largely continued to support Sisi’s regime, providing it with military aid and ignoring its human rights
abuses. By doing so, they are complicit in the suffering of the Egyptian people and are undermining the
very values they claim to uphold.

C. Crackdown on political opposition

. When President Abdel Fattah el-Sisi took office, he promised to bring stability and security to Egypt.
However, this promise has come at the cost of political freedom and pluralism. El-Sisi has taken a hardline
stance against any opposition, both from Islamic fundamentalists and secular activists. As a result, Egypt
has witnessed a widespread crackdown on civil society, including the press, NGOs, and human rights
organizations. El-Sisi has also taken a tough line on the Islamist opposition, which he sees as a threat to
the state. He has not only banned the Muslim Brotherhood but also arrested thousands of its members
and supporters. According to Amnesty International, more than 40,000 people have been arrested since
el-Sisi came to power in 2014. The government has also targeted secular activists, journalists, and
bloggers who have criticized the regime or expressed dissenting views. There have been reports of torture,
forced disappearances, and extrajudicial killings by security forces. The government has also passed laws
that restrict freedom of expression and assembly, including a protest law that makes it illegal to hold
demonstrations without prior permission from the authorities. This has effectively silenced any dissenting
voices and made it increasingly difficult for civil society to operate in Egypt. The crackdown on political
opposition has also had a chilling effect on the media, which has been coerced into self-censorship. Several
journalists have been arrested, including foreign correspondents, and media outlets have been shut down
or forced to operate under tight restrictions. The authorities have also blocked access to independent news
websites and social media platforms to control the flow of information. This has led to a situation where
the government controls the narrative and there is little space for critical reporting. The crackdown on
political opposition has been widely criticized by human rights organizations and foreign governments.
The US government, which provides significant military aid to Egypt, has expressed concern over the
human rights situation in the country. The European Union has also raised concerns over the restriction
of civil society and the targeting of human rights defenders. However, these criticisms have not had much
impact on the Egyptian authorities, who have dismissed them as interference in their internal affairs. The
government has also accused its critics of supporting terrorism and seeking to destabilize the country. The
crackdown on political opposition has further polarized Egyptian society and fueled resentment towards
the government. Many Egyptians who supported the 2011 revolution and hoped for a more democratic
and inclusive society now feel disillusioned and marginalized. The government's heavy-handed approach
has created a sense of fear and mistrust among the populace and has undermined its legitimacy. The
crackdown has also had a negative impact on Egypt's economy and international standing. The country
has struggled to attract foreign investment and tourism due to the perception of instability and repression.
The government's prioritization of security over democracy has also alienated Western allies and provided
opportunities for other powers, such as Russia and China, to increase their influence in the region. In
conclusion, the crackdown on political opposition in Egypt represents a significant challenge to human
rights and democracy in the country. The government's authoritarian approach has stifled dissent and
created a climate of fear and repression. The targeting of civil society, journalists, and human rights
defenders has undermined the foundations of a pluralistic society and weakened the legitimacy of the
state. While the government argues that it is necessary to maintain stability and security, it has ignored the
fundamental principles of human rights and rule of law. The continued oppression of political opponents
in Egypt will have far-reaching consequences for the country's future and reputation on the global stage.

Despite the repression and human rights abuses under Sisi's regime, some still argue that his leadership is
necessary for the stability and security of Egypt. In the midst of political turmoil and economic hardship,
Sisi has presented himself as a strong and decisive leader who can restore stability and security to the
country. His supporters argue that he has taken necessary measures to combat terrorism and maintain
law and order, including cracking down on the Muslim Brotherhood and other opposition groups. They
also point to his efforts to modernize and develop the economy, such as implementing economic reforms
and major infrastructure projects like the expansion of the Suez Canal. Furthermore, they argue that Sisi's
foreign policy has strengthened Egypt's regional and international standing, particularly through his close
relationship with Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates.

However, critics argue that Sisi's heavy-handed tactics have only worsened the country's problems and
eroded basic freedoms and human rights. His crackdown on the media, civil society, and political
opposition has left little room for dissent and stifled any potential for democratic reform. Reports of
arbitrary arrests, torture, and extrajudicial killings by security forces have become all too common, and
Sisi's government has shown little willingness to hold those responsible accountable. Moreover, his
economic policies have been criticized for exacerbating poverty and inequality, particularly with the
removal of fuel and food subsidies that have hit the poorest Egyptians the hardest. Finally, some argue
that his foreign policy has isolated Egypt from its Arab and African neighbors and weakened its standing
on the world stage, particularly with the fallout from the recent controversy over the Grand Ethiopian
Renaissance Dam.

Despite the moral and practical challenges posed by Sisi's leadership, some commentators have argued
that the international community has few options but to engage with his regime. Egypt remains a
key player in the Arab world and a linchpin of regional stability, particularly in relation to its role
in the Israel-Palestine conflict, the fight against terrorism, and the ongoing crisis in Libya. Moreover,
Egypt's economic and strategic importance make it a key partner for countries like the United States,
Russia, and China, all of whom have courted Sisi's government despite concerns over human rights
violations. However, others argue that such engagement risks legitimizing a regime that has little regard
for democratic norms and values, and that instead the international community should focus on supporting
civil society, human rights defenders, and democratic opposition groups in Egypt.

Ultimately, any assessment of Sisi's leadership must take into account both his achievements and his
failures, as well as the long-term implications of his policies for Egypt and the wider region. While some
may argue that his strongman approach is necessary for stability and security, the repression and human
rights abuses under his regime cannot be ignored. Moreover, while his economic policies have shown
some signs of progress, they have also exacerbated inequalities and left the most vulnerable Egyptians
behind. And while his foreign policy has secured some important alliances, it has also isolated Egypt
from its neighbors and weakened its regional influence. In the end, the fate of Sisi's Egypt rests not in the
hands of any one leader, but in the ability of the Egyptian people to shape their own destiny and demand
a brighter future for themselves and their country.

III. International Relations

When analyzing the international relations of Egypt under Sisi's leadership, two main foreign policy goals
stand out: counterterrorism and economic development. Egypt's critical role in the fight against terrorism
is an essential component of its foreign policy strategy, and Sisi has cultivated close relationships with
several key players in the global counterterrorism effort. Sisi's government has worked closely with other
Arab nations, such as Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates (UAE), to present a united front against
extremist ideologies throughout the region. Egypt's cooperation with Western powers such as the United
States and France has also been strong, enabling closer counterterrorist cooperation and intelligence
sharing.

In addition to its counterterrorism efforts, Sisi's government has prioritized economic development as a
key concern in its international relations. Egypt's economy has struggled for years, with unemployment
at record highs and widespread poverty. Sisi has sought to address these issues by implementing a series
of economic reforms designed to streamline the public sector, encourage private-sector investment, and
promote job creation. To this end, his administration has focused on attracting foreign investment in areas
such as tourism, manufacturing, and renewable energy.

One particularly notable aspect of Sisi's foreign policy has been his government's close relationships with
China and Russia. Both countries have invested heavily in Egypt's economic development, providing
loans and infrastructure development projects that have helped fuel job growth and expand the country's
economic base. Sisi has also cultivated close personal relationships with both Vladimir Putin and Xi
Jinping, meeting with them frequently to discuss bilateral cooperation on a range of issues.

However, Egypt's relationship with Russia is complex and shifting. Russia is currently at odds with the
United States and other Western powers over issues such as nuclear weapons proliferation and election
interference. This has created a ripe opportunity for Sisi to build stronger ties with Russia, which presents
itself as an alternative world power to the United States. However, this also puts Egypt in a precarious
position, as it risks alienating Western allies who have long been key partners in its security and economic
development.
Another critical aspect of Sisi's foreign policy strategy has been his efforts to expand Egypt's diplomatic
influence in the Middle East and Africa. Under Sisi, Egypt has sought to play a more prominent role in
regional discussions on issues such as the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, Yemen's civil war, and the ongoing
Syrian crisis. Sisi has also sought to strengthen ties with African nations, with a particular emphasis on
expanding Egypt's economic partnerships on the continent.

Overall, Sisi's foreign policy can be described as pragmatic, ambitious, and focused on achieving concrete
results. His government has sought to forge alliances with countries that can help advance Egypt's interests
in critical areas such as political stability, economic growth, and counterterrorism. As a result, Egypt is
today a key player in Middle Eastern geopolitics, serving as a mediator in regional disputes and hosting
high-level diplomatic meetings. However, Sisi's international relations strategy has also drawn criticism
from some who see it as overly focused on personal relationships and short-term gains, rather than
long-term strategic planning. Additionally, concerns have been raised about the government's human
rights record, with some critics arguing that the crackdown on dissent and civil society under Sisi's
leadership undermines the country's democratic legitimacy and is counterproductive for its long-term
stability.

Overall, the international relations of Egypt under Sisi's leadership have been characterized by a focus
on counterterrorism and economic development, close relationships with key powers such as China
and Russia, and attempts to expand Egypt's diplomatic influence in the Middle East and Africa. Sisi's
pragmatic approach has yielded results in some areas, including increased foreign investment, closer
counterterrorist cooperation with Western allies, and expanded diplomatic influence. However, his policy
has also drawn criticism for its apparent lack of long-term planning, its focus on personal relationships
with other leaders, and concerns about human rights and civil liberties. As Egypt continues to navigate its
complex geopolitical position in the Middle East and beyond, the choices made by Sisi and his government
will be critical in shaping the country's future.

A. Relationship with the United States

The relationship between Egypt and the United States has been tumultuous, but enduring. Both countries
have had to navigate significant challenges, shifting political landscapes, and diverging interests in the
region. The United States has long been a major player and ally in the Middle East, providing financial
and military aid to a host of countries including Egypt. However, this aid has largely been contingent on
Egypt’s commitment to democratic reform and human rights. Egypt’s recent history has been marked by
a series of political and social upheavals, which have created significant uncertainty about its future. The
2011 Arab Spring protests, which were centered in Cairo’s Tahrir Square, brought about major changes
to the country’s leadership but did not result in a lasting democratic outcome. For many Egyptians, the
continued American support of their government has been at odds with their hopes and aspirations for a
truly democratic state. Nevertheless, the United States has remained committed to its relationship with
Egypt, in large part due to the country’s strategic importance in the region. Egypt’s military government
has provided the United States with a key ally in the fight against terrorism and has helped to maintain
stability in a turbulent part of the world. At the same time, however, the United States has also been faced
with criticism from human rights activists who view the country’s continued support of Egypt as a betrayal
of its core values.

Despite these challenges, however, there are signs that the relationship between Egypt and the United
States is beginning to evolve. In recent years, the two countries have made a concerted effort to improve
ties and work towards common goals. One key area of cooperation has been in the fight against Islamist
extremism, which remains a major concern for both the United States and Egypt. In 2018, the United
States and Egypt launched the Strategic Dialogue, a high-level bilateral initiative aimed at strengthening
cooperation on a range of issues, including counterterrorism, economic development, and regional
security. Since then, both countries have taken steps to deepen ties, with the United States announcing
plans to provide Egypt with an additional $1 billion in military aid in 2019. At the same time, however,
the United States has also made it clear that it expects Egypt to uphold democratic principles and human
rights in its domestic policies.

In the midst of these efforts to deepen ties, it is important to consider the ways in which the relationship
between Egypt and the United States has evolved over time. For many Egyptians, the United States
has been viewed as a friend and ally, particularly in the wake of the 1979 Camp David Accords, which
ushered in a period of peace and stability between Egypt and Israel. However, relations have also been
marked by periods of tension and mistrust, particularly during the administrations of former President
Hosni Mubarak and his successor Mohamed Morsi. Under Morsi, who was a member of the Muslim
Brotherhood, relations between Egypt and the United States soured, with the United States expressing
concern about Morsi’s commitment to democracy and human rights. Morsi was eventually ousted in a
military coup in 2013, which was met with condemnation from the international community, including
the United States.

Since then, the relationship between Egypt and the United States has been defined by significant
challenges on both sides. For Egypt, the continued American support of the country’s leadership has
been a source of tension and criticism, particularly from human rights activists who have accused the
government of widespread human rights abuses. Additionally, the United States has faced criticism from
its own citizens and lawmakers about its support of Egypt, particularly given the country’s less-than-stellar
democratic record. Despite these challenges, however, both countries have remained committed to
strengthening ties and advancing common interests.

Looking forward, there are several key areas where the relationship between Egypt and the United States
is likely to continue to evolve. One critical area of focus is the ongoing fight against terrorism, which
remains a top priority for both countries. In recent years, Egypt has faced a growing threat from ISIS and
other extremist groups, which have carried out a series of deadly attacks across the country. The United
States has been an important partner in this fight, providing financial and military aid to Egypt and working
closely with the Egyptian government to share intelligence and coordinate counterterrorism operations.
In the coming years, it is likely that this cooperation will continue, with both countries committing to a
long-term strategy to defeat terrorism and promote stability in the region.

Another important area of focus is economic development and trade. Egypt has long struggled with high
levels of unemployment and poverty, and there is a growing recognition that sustainable economic growth
is critical to the country’s long-term stability. The United States has been an important partner in this effort,
providing financial and technical assistance to support economic development programs in Egypt. In the
coming years, it is likely that both countries will continue to work together to promote economic growth
and trade, with a particular emphasis on job creation and increasing opportunities for young people.

Ultimately, the relationship between Egypt and the United States is likely to remain a complex and
evolving one, marked by both cooperation and competition. As both countries continue to confront a
range of domestic and regional challenges, it is clear that their partnership will be critical to advancing
their shared goals and interests in the years to come. While there will undoubtedly be obstacles and
disagreements along the way, the commitment of both countries to working together and strengthening
ties remains as strong as ever.

B. Relations with neighboring countries

In terms of relations with its neighboring countries, Egypt has had a tumultuous history throughout its
existence as a nation. The country is situated in a region that is internationally recognized for its instability,
with various conflicts and disputes creating a volatile geopolitical climate. One of Egypt's most notable
and ongoing disputes is its ongoing tension with Ethiopia over the construction of the Grand Ethiopian
Renaissance Dam. The dam, which Ethiopia began building on the Blue Nile in 2011, has raised concerns
in Egypt due to fears of its impact on the country's share of Nile water. Despite ongoing negotiations, no
clear resolution has been reached between the two nations.
Additionally, Egypt has had a complex relationship with its neighbors Israel and Palestine. While Egypt
became the first Arab nation to sign a peace treaty with Israel in 1979, the relationship between the two
countries has been tense at times. This relationship has been complicated by factors such as the Egyptian
military's involvement in the Sinai Peninsula, which borders Israel, as well as Israel's relationship with
Hamas, the governing body in Palestine's Gaza Strip. In recent years, Egypt has played a significant role
in brokering peace talks between Israel and Palestine, with President Sisi's government hosting several
rounds of negotiations between 2014 and 2016.

Egypt's relationship with its other neighbors has been similarly complicated. Relations with Libya have
been strained due to the ongoing conflict in that country, with Egypt supporting the Libyan National
Army (LNA) and accusing Qatar of supporting the rival Government of National Accord (GNA). Egypt's
relationship with Sudan has also been affected by the Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam, as Sudan has
supported Ethiopia's right to build the dam. This has led to tensions between the two nations, with Egypt
accusing Sudan of aligning with Ethiopia at its expense.

Another critical issue affecting Egypt's relationship with its neighbors is the ongoing threat posed by
extremist groups such as ISIS. The Sinai Peninsula has been a hotbed of terrorist activity for several years,
with groups such as Ansar Beit al-Maqdis and Wilayat Sinai launching numerous attacks in the region.
President Sisi has taken a hardline stance against these groups, launching several military campaigns in
the Sinai as part of his broader efforts to combat extremism in the country. Egypt has also been a key
player in the fight against ISIS in Libya, launching airstrikes against the group's positions in the country
in 2015.

Finally, Egypt has been heavily involved in regional politics, both through its membership in the Arab
League and its involvement in several high-profile conflicts. In 2013, following the ouster of President
Morsi, Egypt suspended its membership in the African Union (AU) in protest over the organization's
condemnation of Morsi's removal. The country was readmitted to the AU in 2019, following several
years of diplomatic efforts. Egypt has also been an active participant in the Syrian Civil War, supporting
the Syrian government and opposing Western intervention in the conflict. These actions have further
complicated the country's relations with several Western countries, especially the US and European Union,
who have criticized Egypt's human rights record and its involvement in regional conflicts.

In conclusion, Egypt's relations with its neighboring countries have been complicated by a variety of
factors, ranging from disputes over water resources to the ongoing threat of extremism. Despite these
difficulties, Egypt has been a key player in several regional conflicts and has taken an active role in the
fight against terrorism in the Middle East. The country's relations with its neighbors are likely to remain
a major issue in the years to come, especially as tensions with Ethiopia and Libya continue to affect the
region. With President Sisi's government seeking to position Egypt as a regional leader, it is likely that
the country will continue to play a significant role in regional politics for the foreseeable future.

C. Role in regional conflicts

Egypt under Sisi has continued its role as a regional power, especially in conflicts across the Middle East.
Firstly, in the Syrian conflict, Egypt has expressed support for the government led by Bashar al-Assad,
and has sought to work with other regional powers, such as Russia, Saudi Arabia, and Turkey to find a
resolution to the conflict. Sisi has emphasized the importance of preserving Syria's territorial integrity and
has stated that the conflict can only be resolved through a political solution. Secondly, in Libya, Egypt
has been a key player in the ongoing civil war, with the Egyptian military providing support to the Libyan
National Army (LNA) led by General Khalifa Haftar. Egypt has justified this support by claiming that it
is fighting terrorists and Islamist militants who are threatening the stability of the region. However, this
support has put Egypt at odds with other regional powers and international actors, who argue that Haftar
is a warlord seeking to seize power by force. Moreover, this stance has led to accusations that Egypt is
intervening in Libya's internal affairs and violating UN resolutions. Thirdly, in the Gulf crisis, Egypt has
taken a neutral stance, offering to mediate between the warring parties, Saudi Arabia, the UAE, Bahrain,
and Qatar. Sisi has reiterated the importance of resolving the crisis through dialogue and negotiations,
rather than through sanctions and military action. Finally, Egypt has been involved in the Yemeni conflict,
providing troops and military support to the Saudi-led coalition fighting Houthi rebels. While Egypt's role
in the conflict has been more limited than that of other coalition partners, such as Saudi Arabia and the
UAE, it has nevertheless played a significant role, demonstrating its willingness to engage in regional
conflicts and its commitment to maintaining stability in the region.

One of the most significant aspects of Sisi's rule in Egypt has been his efforts to restructure and modernize
the country's economy. From early on in his tenure, he has pushed forward with a series of ambitious eco-
nomic reforms aimed at improving macroeconomic stability, attracting foreign investment, and creating
jobs. These reforms have included reducing subsidies for fuel and electricity, implementing a value-added
tax, and floating the Egyptian pound. While these measures have been painful for many Egyptians in
the short term, they have also borne fruit in the form of higher economic growth, lower inflation, and a
declining budget deficit. Additionally, Sisi has overseen a number of large-scale infrastructure projects,
such as the expansion of the Suez Canal and the construction of a new administrative capital city, that
are designed to stimulate investment and create jobs in the long term. At the same time, his government
has pursued policies to support small and medium-sized enterprises, which are seen as key drivers
of job creation and economic growth. As a result of these efforts, Egypt's economy has shown signs
of improvement in recent years, with GDP growth rates rising steadily and foreign direct investment
returning to pre-2011 levels. However, some analysts have criticized Sisi's economic policies for being
too focused on top-down initiatives and not doing enough to address widespread poverty and inequality,
which remain major challenges for the country. Moreover, the COVID-19 pandemic has hit the Egyptian
economy hard, with millions losing their jobs and many businesses struggling to stay afloat. As a result,
the government has had to provide emergency support to affected sectors and individuals, but it is unclear
whether these measures will be enough to prevent long-term economic damage.

One key element of Sisi's economic agenda has been his commitment to attracting foreign investment to
Egypt. He has made numerous trips abroad to meet with foreign leaders and businesspeople, and has
sought to reassure investors that Egypt is a stable and secure place to do business. In particular, Sisi has
highlighted the country's strategic location, vast consumer market, and low labor costs as key selling
points for would-be investors. He has also sought to improve the business climate by reducing red tape
and bureaucracy, simplifying the tax system, and implementing measures to protect intellectual property
rights. These efforts have paid off to some extent, with foreign investment increasing by 50% in 2019
compared to the previous year. However, some analysts have raised concerns about the quality of the
investment that is flowing into Egypt, noting that much of it is concentrated in a few large sectors such
as oil and gas, and that it is not creating enough jobs or benefiting ordinary Egyptians in a meaningful
way. There are also questions about the sustainability of this investment, given the continuing security
concerns and political instability in the region.

Another major focus of Sisi's economic agenda has been the development of the country's infrastruc-
ture. He has overseen a number of large-scale projects aimed at improving transportation, energy, and
telecommunications infrastructure, which are seen as essential to attracting investment and creating jobs.
These projects include the expansion of the Suez Canal, which was completed in 2015 at a cost of $8
billion and is expected to double the canal's capacity and generate billions of dollars in revenue for the
government; the construction of a new administrative capital city, which is being built from scratch in the
desert east of Cairo and is expected to house up to 6.5 million people once complete; and the development
of new ports, airports, highways, and railways across the country. These projects have been accompanied
by a wave of privatizations and public-private partnerships, which are seen as a way of leveraging private
sector expertise and capital to fund infrastructure development. While these initiatives have been praised
by some as bold and visionary, others have criticized them for being too ambitious and expensive, and
for prioritizing showcase projects over more urgently needed investments in social services and poverty
reduction.

At the same time, Sisi's government has sought to support small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs),
which are seen as key drivers of job creation and economic growth. To this end, the government has
implemented a range of policies aimed at facilitating access to finance, training, and markets for SMEs.
For example, it has established a national SME development agency, which provides training, mentoring,
and financial support to entrepreneurs and small business owners across the country. It has also launched
a number of initiatives to expand access to finance for SMEs, such as the creation of a $200 million
fund to provide loans to small businesses and start-ups, and the establishment of a credit guarantee
scheme to help SMEs secure loans from commercial banks. These efforts have had some success, with
the number of registered SMEs in Egypt doubling in the five years between 2014 and 2019. However,
there are still significant challenges facing SMEs in Egypt, including a lack of access to affordable
finance, limited market access, and a complex regulatory environment. In addition, SMEs continue to
face stiff competition from large, well-established firms, which receive more favorable treatment from
the government in terms of subsidies, tax breaks, and contracts.

Overall, Sisi's economic policies have been characterized by a mix of ambitious infrastructure projects,
pro-business reforms, and support for SMEs. While there are signs that these initiatives are beginning to
bear fruit in terms of economic growth and stability, there are also significant challenges to be overcome,
including persistent poverty and inequality, a complex regulatory environment, and the ongoing impact
of the COVID-19 pandemic. Moreover, doubts remain about the sustainability of the investment that is
flowing into Egypt, and about the extent to which ordinary Egyptians are benefiting from these policies.
As such, the long-term success of Sisi's economic agenda remains uncertain, and will depend on his
government's ability to balance the competing demands of macroeconomic stability, poverty reduction,
and social inclusion.

IV. Critiques of Sisi's Regime

While Sisi's regime found support domestically and internationally for restoring stability to Egypt, it
also drew criticism from various groups for its oppressive tactics and human rights violations. Amnesty
International reports that Egyptian authorities established a brutal crackdown on dissent, arresting tens
of thousands of people through unlawful measures, including incommunicado detention, extrajudicial
killings, and enforced disappearances. The regime's security forces were accused of torture, sexual
abuse, and mistreatment of political prisoners. Human Rights Watch condemned Sisi's administration for
suppressing free speech and jailing journalists, activists, and opposition figures who voiced dissenting
opinions. In addition, the regime placed restrictions on the freedom of assembly, association, and religion,
targeting minority groups such as the Coptic Christians and LGBTQ community.

Critics point to the increased military power structure under Sisi's rule, suggesting that the regime expand-
ed the military's control over the economy, infrastructure, and social welfare programs. Egypt's economy
remains reliant on military-owned companies that benefit from preferential treatment, monopolies, and
state subsidies. The military's dominance in the government has been reinforced by the appointment of
former military officials to key positions in Egypt's bureaucracy, judiciary, and media, consolidating the
regime's political power. The military's involvement in infrastructure projects, such as expanding the
Suez Canal and building a new capital city, have come at high costs and raised concerns over their
economic viability and sustainability. Critics argue that this power structure perpetuates corruption,
stifles competition and innovation, and limits public accountability and participation in decision-making
processes.

Sisi's government has also been criticized for its handling of security challenges, particularly the war
on terror. Egypt has witnessed a surge in militant attacks since the 2011 uprising, with the most
notable incidents targeting Coptic Christians, security forces, and tourists. Sisi's regime responded with
a heavy-handed approach, including imposing a state of emergency, increasing the military presence,
and launching military operations in the Sinai Peninsula. Critics argue that these measures have failed
to address the root causes of terrorism, such as poverty, marginalization, and sectarianism. Moreover,
they charged the regime with using the war on terror as an excuse to crackdown on political opposition,
human rights defenders, and civil society organizations. Human rights advocates claimed that the regime
used counter-terrorism laws to justify arbitrary arrests, prolonged detention, and imposition of the death
penalty without fair trials. The crackdown on civil society organizations, both local and international,
signaled the regime's intolerance of any independent scrutiny, furthering concerns over its authoritarian
tendencies.

Sisi's foreign policy has also been met with criticism, particularly his reliance on Gulf states for economic
and political support. Critics argue that this dependence has compromised Egypt's independence, jeopar-
dized its foreign policy neutrality, and limited its influence regionally and globally. The regime's role in
the Yemen conflict has also been contested, with opponents accusing Egypt of supporting the Saudi-led
coalition at the expense of upholding international law and human rights in Yemen. Moreover, Sisi's close
ties with authoritarian regimes, such as Russia and China, and his alignment with the United States and
Israel, have raised questions over his commitment to democracy, human rights, and self-determination.

In conclusion, it is evident that Sisi's regime has garnered support from some for its attempts to stabilize
Egypt and modernize its infrastructure. However, it has also drawn criticism from groups at home and
abroad, who regarded the regime's tactics as oppressive and in contravention of human rights standards.
The military's increased power structure, restrictions on free speech and press, crackdown on political
opposition and civil society groups, and heavy-handed response to security challenges have reinforced
the regime's authoritarian tendencies. Egypt's foreign policy approach and dependence on Gulf states
have further complicated the regime's credibility in upholding international law and values. Thus, future
prospects for Egypt are uncertain, with the potential for further undemocratic consolidation of power,
continued suppression of dissent, and exacerbation of social and economic inequality. Only time will
tell how the situation will unfold, and whether Egyptians can achieve their aspirations for democracy,
individual rights, and social justice.

A. Human rights violations

A major issue that has plagued Egypt under the rule of President Abdel Fattah el-Sisi is the widespread
human rights violations committed by his government. Sisi's government has been accused of frequently
arresting and imprisoning individuals without due process, and denying them access to legal represen-
tation. This has led to thousands of people being detained in overcrowded, unsanitary prisons, where
they endure torture, mistreatment, and inhumane conditions. Additionally, Sisi's government has severely
restricted freedom of speech, press, and assembly, and has cracked down on civil society organizations
and independent media outlets that are critical of his regime. Journalists, activists, and human rights
defenders have faced harassment, intimidation, and arbitrary arrest, and have been subjected to sham
trials that lack basic standards of fairness. Political opponents have been targeted as well, with many being
subjected to forced disappearances, torture, and extrajudicial killings. In particular, the Sinai Peninsula has
been a hotbed of violence and human rights abuses, with reports of civilians being targeted by Egyptian
security forces in their conflict with militants operating in the region. Despite these grave violations,
Sisi's government has shown little interest in addressing them, and has instead used the pretext of national
security to justify its actions. As a result, Egypt's reputation as a bastion of human rights and democracy
in the Middle East has been tarnished, and the country is now viewed by many as a repressive dictatorship
that is more concerned with maintaining power than protecting the rights and dignity of its citizens.

B. Freedom of the press

One of the key aspects of a truly democratic society is the freedom of the press. Without a free press,
individuals are left in the dark about critical information, and the government is able to operate without
any accountability or transparency. In the case of Egypt under the regime of Sisi, the freedom of the press
has been severely curtailed, with newspapers and media outlets targeted for closure, journalists arrested
en masse, and criticism of the government met with violent reprisals. The government has gone to great
lengths to control the narrative around key issues, including the military's overthrow of President Morsi
and the subsequent crackdown on the Muslim Brotherhood, as well as the ongoing unrest in the Sinai
Peninsula. By limiting the public's access to information and stifling dissent, the Sisi regime ensures
that it can act with impunity, without fear of being held accountable for its actions. This is a dangerous
situation for any country to find itself in, as it inevitably leads to a loss of trust in the government and
a sense of frustration among the citizens who feel that they have no voice in the political process. It is
critically important that Egypt begin to take steps to restore the freedom of the press if it hopes to establish
a truly democratic society in the years to come.

When Sisi came to power in 2013, he quickly moved to restrict the freedom of the press in Egypt. The
government began targeting journalists, with many arrested on spurious charges such as "publishing
false news" or "supporting terrorists." By 2016, according to the Committee to Protect Journalists, Egypt
had become one of the most dangerous countries in the world for journalists, with at least 25 reporters
behind bars. This crackdown on the press has also extended to shutting down media outlets seen as being
critical of the government. In 2017, for example, the authorities blocked access to Al Jazeera and arrested
several of its journalists, accusing the news network of "supporting terrorism." This kind of heavy-handed
approach to media censorship has been widely condemned by human rights organizations, who argue that
it is a blatant violation of the right to freedom of expression.

Perhaps the most worrying aspect of the current situation in Egypt is the level of violence meted
out to those who speak out against the government. There have been numerous reports of journalists
being beaten, tortured, or even killed for daring to criticize the Sisi regime. For example, in 2017 the
photojournalist Mahmoud Abu Zeid, known as Shawkan, was sentenced to five years in prison after he
covered the violent dispersal of the Muslim Brotherhood protest at Rabaa al-Adawiya mosque in Cairo.
He was held for over three years, during which time he was subject to repeated beatings and interrogations,
before finally being released in 2018. The case of Shawkan is just one of many examples of the violent
repression of dissent in Egypt, which has created a chilling effect on journalists and ordinary citizens
alike.

Another way in which the Sisi regime has sought to control the narrative is through the use of state-con-
trolled media. The government has established a number of media outlets, including newspapers and
television stations, that are seen as being loyal to the regime. These outlets frequently present a heavily
biased view of current events, portraying the government in a positive light and demonizing opposition
groups. This kind of media manipulation is a tried and tested tactic used by authoritarian regimes around
the world, and it can be incredibly effective in shaping public opinion. However, it is also deeply damaging
to the democratic fabric of a society because it leaves citizens without access to a diverse range of
viewpoints and perspectives.

Despite the challenges facing the Egyptian media, there are still courageous journalists who are fighting
to expose the truth and hold the government to account. For example, the online news outlet Mada Masr,
which was founded in 2013, has gained a reputation for its fearless reporting on issues such as corruption,
human rights abuses, and political repression. The staff at Mada Masr have faced numerous challenges,
including being raided by security forces in 2019, but they have refused to be silenced. This kind of
independent journalism is critical if Egypt is to move towards greater democracy and accountability, as
it provides citizens with the information they need to make informed decisions about their government.

In conclusion, the curtailment of freedom of the press in Egypt under the regime of Sisi is deeply
concerning. Without a free and independent media, it is impossible for citizens to hold their government
accountable or to make informed decisions about critical issues facing the country. The violent repression
of dissent, the harassment of journalists, and the use of state-controlled media are all tactics used by
authoritarian regimes to maintain their grip on power. Nevertheless, there are still brave journalists and
media outlets that are working to expose the truth and hold the government to account. If Egypt is to
establish a truly democratic society, it is critical that it take steps to restore the freedom of the press and to
protect the rights of journalists to report on issues of public interest without fear of violence or reprisals.

C. Democratic principles
also play an important role in the protests against Sisi's regime. Many Egyptians believe that their
government is not upholding democratic ideals, including freedom of speech and fair elections. Sisi
has been accused of suppressing opposition voices and using the legal system to punish critics. The
government has also been criticized for cracking down on civil society groups, including NGOs and
unions, that are seen as a threat to the regime. As a result, many Egyptians see their country as moving
away from a democratic system and becoming more authoritarian under Sisi's leadership. This has
created a sense of frustration and disillusionment among many Egyptians, who feel that their government
is not responsive to their needs and concerns. Protests against Sisi's regime have therefore become a
way for citizens to express their dissatisfaction with the government and demand greater democratic
freedoms. Unfortunately, however, these protests have often been met with violence and repression, with
the government using tactics such as tear gas, water cannons, and live ammunition to disperse crowds. This
has led to a cycle of escalating violence, with protesters becoming more determined to push for change
even as the government becomes more entrenched in its position. Ultimately, the fate of democracy in
Egypt will depend on the ability of citizens to continue pushing for change and holding their government
accountable for its actions. If the government is able to suppress dissent and maintain its grip on power, it
is unlikely that Egypt will be able to achieve the democratic ideals that so many of its citizens are striving
towards. However, if citizens are able to mobilize and demand change, there is hope that Egypt can move
towards a more democratic future. It will be important for citizens to remain engaged and vigilant, and for
the international community to continue supporting the democratic aspirations of the Egyptian people.
Ultimately, the fate of democracy in Egypt will depend on the willingness of its citizens and leaders to
prioritize democratic values and work towards a more open and inclusive society.

In addition to suppressing political dissent, Sisi's regime has also targeted minority groups in Egypt.
One such group is the LGBTQ+ community, who have faced a wave of arrests and prosecutions under
Sisi's presidency. In 2017, authorities raided a hotel in Cairo and arrested several men who were waving
the rainbow flag, a symbol of LGBTQ+ pride. They were accused of "promoting sexual deviancy,"
and some were sentenced to years in prison. This was just one example of a broader campaign against
LGBTQ+ people in Egypt, which has included the use of online entrapment and torture in detention. Sisi's
government has justified these actions by invoking traditional Islamic values and claiming that LGBTQ+
rights are a threat to Egyptian society. However, human rights groups argue that these crackdowns
represent a violation of basic human rights and have called for international pressure to be put on Egypt
to stop discriminating against LGBTQ+ people. Similarly, the Coptic Christian minority in Egypt has
faced persecution and discrimination under Sisi's presidency. While Copts make up around 10% of the
population, they have been the targets of terrorist attacks and have faced restrictions on their religious
practices. In 2016, the Egyptian parliament passed a law that made it easier for churches to be built, but
critics argue that it still places significant obstacles in the way of Copts seeking to build new places of
worship. The Sisi government has also failed to hold perpetrators accountable for attacks on Copts, and
some have accused the regime of not doing enough to protect them from violence. As with the LGBTQ+
community, human rights groups have called on the international community to pressure the Egyptian
government to respect the rights of religious minorities. Overall, Sisi's regime has shown a disregard for
basic human rights and has targeted minority groups in its efforts to maintain power.

V. Sisi's Legacy
Today, V. Sisi's legacy remains a mixed bag. On one hand, he is seen by many as an authoritarian leader
who has cracked down on dissent and human rights in the country. Opponents of the regime point to the
mass imprisonment of political dissidents, the erosion of press freedoms, and the use of torture against
detainees as evidence of a government that is increasingly dictatorial in nature. Meanwhile, supporters of
V. Sisi argue that he has brought about much-needed stability in a country that was on the brink of chaos
following the Arab Spring protests. They point to the government's efforts to combat terrorism, including
a military campaign in the Sinai Peninsula, as evidence that V. Sisi is a strong leader who is willing to
take difficult steps to protect the country.

Additionally, V. Sisi is credited with pushing through a number of economic reforms that have helped to
stabilize the country's economy after years of turmoil. These include measures such as slashing subsidies
on fuel and electricity, introducing a value-added tax, and seeking foreign investment. Despite concerns
among some analysts that these reforms have placed an undue burden on Egypt's poor and working class,
there is no denying that the country's economy is in better shape today than it was just a few years ago.

Finally, it is worth noting that V. Sisi's tenure has been marked by a number of ambitious infrastructure
projects. These include the construction of a new administrative capital outside of Cairo, the expansion
of the Suez Canal, and the renovation of downtown Cairo. While some project have been criticized as
costly vanity projects, there is no doubt that they have transformed the physical landscape of the country,
as well as providing new job opportunities for Egyptians.

In summary, V. Sisi's legacy is complex and multifaceted. On the one hand, he is seen as an authoritarian
leader who has curtailed basic freedoms in the country. On the other hand, he is credited with bringing
about much-needed stability, implementing economic reforms, and kickstarting a number of ambitious
infrastructure projects. Ultimately, the verdict on V. Sisi's tenure as president will likely depend on which
side of this divide one falls on, and whether or not one sees the benefits of his rule as outweighing its
costs.

A. Improvement of infrastructure
In addition to economic reform, President Sisi's government has also focused on improving Egypt's
infrastructure. Egypt has suffered from poor infrastructure for decades, with frequent power outages,
unreliable public transportation, and inadequate roads and bridges. To address these issues, Sisi has
launched several major initiatives, including the New Suez Canal project, the creation of a new capital city,
and the development of the Sinai Peninsula. The New Suez Canal project, completed in 2015, involved
the dredging and widening of the existing canal, allowing larger ships to pass through and reducing wait
times for vessels. The project was completed ahead of schedule and under budget, and was hailed as a
major achievement by the government.

The creation of a new capital city, announced in 2015, is perhaps the most ambitious of Sisi's infrastructure
projects. The new city, which is being built from scratch outside of Cairo, will eventually house up
to 5 million people and will be equipped with state-of-the-art technology and transportation systems.
The government has said that the new city will help alleviate congestion in Cairo and attract foreign
investment. However, critics have raised concerns about the cost and feasibility of the project.

On the other hand, the development of the Sinai Peninsula, which has long been neglected by the
government, is seen as a key strategic priority. In recent years, Sinai has been plagued by terrorist attacks
and a growing insurgency, and the government has responded with a heavy military presence. However,
Sisi has recognized that military force alone will not solve the problem and has launched a development
program aimed at improving the economic and social conditions in the region. The program includes the
construction of new roads, schools, hospitals, and other infrastructure, as well as the promotion of tourism
and other industries.

While Sisi's infrastructure initiatives have been praised by many Egyptians, some critics have argued that
the government's focus on mega-projects has come at the expense of basic services and social welfare
programs. For example, the government's decision to slash fuel subsidies in 2014 led to a sharp increase
in the price of gasoline and other essentials, putting a strain on many households. Moreover, some experts
have questioned whether the government's high-profile infrastructure projects will ultimately benefit
ordinary Egyptians or simply serve to enrich the country's elite or its foreign partners.

In conclusion, Sisi's efforts to reform Egypt's economy and improve its infrastructure have been ambitious
and far-reaching, but also controversial. While the government's economic policies have helped stabilize
the country's finances and attract investment, they have also caused hardship for many Egyptians.
Likewise, while the government's infrastructure initiatives have the potential to transform the country,
there are concerns about the cost, equity, and sustainability of these projects. Ultimately, whether Sisi's
reforms will succeed in revitalizing Egypt's economy and society remains to be seen.

B. Increase in foreign investment

Another major development under Sisi's presidency has been a surge in foreign investment in Egypt. One
of the most notable achievements in this regard has been the construction of Egypt's new administrative
capital, a mega-project that is expected to cost around $45 billion by the time it is completed. The new
capital is being built by a consortium of Emirati and Chinese firms and will be located east of Cairo. It is
being designed to ease congestion in the current capital and provide ample room for expansion.

Similarly, Egypt has witnessed a significant increase in its tourism industry under Sisi's leadership. After
a lull in the aftermath of the 2011 revolution, tourism has picked up sharply, with the country welcoming
over 13 million tourists in 2019, up from just over 5 million in 2016. This has been largely due to Sisi's
efforts to improve the security situation in the country, as Egypt has long been a popular destination for
tourists due to its history, culture, and ancient landmarks. The government has also been investing heavily
in its infrastructure, with a particular focus on its airports, to make the country more accessible to tourists.

In addition, Sisi's administration has been keen to attract foreign investment in sectors such as energy,
infrastructure, and agriculture. One notable development in this regard has been the discovery of a massive
natural gas field in the Mediterranean Sea known as the Zohr gas field. The field, which was discovered in
2015, is estimated to hold around 30 trillion cubic feet of gas, making it the largest in the Mediterranean.
It is being developed by Italian energy company Eni and is expected to help transform Egypt's energy
sector, making it a net exporter of gas.

Moreover, Egypt has been working to improve its business environment by enacting a series of economic
reforms aimed at reducing bureaucracy and streamlining procedures. In 2016, the government implement-
ed a value-added tax, a move that was seen as a major step towards modernizing the country's economy.
The reform has helped to increase government revenue and has made it easier for businesses to operate
in Egypt. In addition, the government has been working to improve its investment climate by introducing
new legislation aimed at protecting investors and streamlining the process for setting up a business.

One of the key components of Egypt's economic reform program has been to reduce its budget deficit,
which had ballooned in the years following the 2011 revolution. The government has sought to do this
through a combination of subsidy reforms, tax hikes, and austerity measures. While these policies have
proven unpopular with some segments of Egypt's population, they have been credited with stabilizing the
country's economy and reducing its dependence on foreign aid. In 2019, the country even recorded its
first budget surplus in 15 years, a sign of the success of these measures.

However, the economic policies pursued by Sisi's government have not been without controversy. Some
critics have accused the government of prioritizing the interests of foreign investors over those of ordinary
Egyptians. They argue that the economic policies pursued by Sisi's government have done little to address
the structural inequalities that exist in Egyptian society and have instead served to enrich a small group
of elites. In addition, there have been concerns about the human rights situation in the country, with some
investors and businesses worried that ongoing political instability and repression could undermine their
operations.

Despite these challenges, however, there is no doubt that Egypt's economy has made significant strides
under Sisi's presidency. The country has become more attractive to foreign investors and has managed
to stabilize its economy after years of turmoil. While much work remains to be done in addressing the
challenges faced by ordinary Egyptians, the country's leadership appears to be committed to pursuing a
path of economic reform and modernization.

In conclusion, under Sisi's presidency, there has been a surge in foreign investment in Egypt. The country's
tourism industry has picked up sharply, and major projects such as the new administrative capital and
the Zohr gas field have attracted significant foreign investment. The government has also been working
to improve its investment climate, reduce its budget deficit, and modernize its economy. While some
continue to criticize the government for prioritizing the interests of foreign investors over those of ordinary
Egyptians, there is no doubt that Egypt has made significant strides in recent years towards economic
reform and modernization.

C. Tarnished reputation

:
Despite his efforts to promote economic development and stability in Egypt, Sisi's reputation has been
significantly tarnished by his administration's crackdown on political dissent and human rights abuses.
Under Sisi's rule, Egypt has seen an increase in arbitrary arrests, torture, and extrajudicial killings, with
hundreds of thousands of people detained since 2013. In addition, Sisi's government has targeted jour-
nalists, activists, and civil society organizations, using broad anti-terrorism laws to justify the harassment
and imprisonment of critics. This has resulted in a significant decline in press freedom and freedom
of expression in Egypt, with many journalists self-censoring in fear of retribution. The international
community has also criticized Sisi's government for its handling of the Sinai insurgency, which has led
to allegations of human rights abuses against civilians in the region. Additionally, Egypt's relationship
with other countries has been strained due to its interference in regional conflicts, including the ongoing
civil war in Libya. Sisi's controversial foreign policy has led to criticism from human rights organizations,
foreign governments, and the United Nations, which has publicly expressed concern over Egypt's civil
rights record. As a result, Sisi's once-promising reputation as a reformist leader has been increasingly
tarnished, with many questioning his commitment to democracy and human rights.

Furthermore, some argue that Sisi’s regime has exhibited authoritarian tendencies and repressed political
dissent. In the aftermath of his overthrow of Morsi, Sisi promised to restore stability and oversee a
transition to democracy. However, his regime has since been characterized by the stifling of opposition and
a crackdown on civil society. In particular, Sisi has targeted the Muslim Brotherhood, labeling it a terrorist
organization and imprisoning thousands of its members. Civil liberties in Egypt have also been curtailed,
with restrictions on the press and freedom of expression. Human rights organizations have documented
cases of torture and extrajudicial killings by security forces, and trials of dissidents and activists have
been marred by irregularities. Despite these criticisms, supporters of Sisi argue that these measures are
necessary to maintain stability and combat terrorism, pointing to the spate of terrorist attacks that have
plagued the country in recent years. In addition, Sisi’s supporters hail his economic policies, which have
focused on attracting foreign investment and implementing large-scale infrastructure projects. However,
critics argue that these policies have not benefited ordinary Egyptians, who continue to face high levels
of unemployment, inflation, and poverty. Ultimately, the legacy of Sisi’s regime remains contested, with
some praising his efforts to restore stability and others condemning his repression of dissent and failure
to deliver on economic promises.

VI. Conclusion
In conclusion, Sisi's Egypt has undergone a significant transformation since he took power in 2013. While
he has implemented reforms to boost the economy and combat terrorism, he has also cracked down on
dissent and undermined civil liberties. Sisi's authoritarian rule has led to the imprisonment of thousands
of political prisoners, activists, journalists, and human rights defenders. His government has also been
accused of widespread human rights abuses, including torture, enforced disappearances, and extrajudicial
killings. Despite these allegations, Sisi has maintained strong relationships with several international
partners, including the United States, France, and Russia. However, his crackdown on opposition and his
disregard for human rights have drawn criticism from many countries and human rights organizations,
who have called for an end to the violations and an improvement in the country's democratic practices.
As Sisi's rule persists, it remains unclear whether his reforms will lead to sustained economic growth, or
further curtail human rights and democracy in Egypt. The future of Egypt is uncertain, but it is undeniable
that the impact of Sisi's presidency will be felt for many years to come.

A. Recap of main points

In conclusion, there are several main points to consider when it comes to the situation in Egypt under
President Abdel Fattah el-Sisi. Firstly, Sisi’s rise to power through a military coup has been met with much
controversy and criticism both within and outside of Egypt. Secondly, Sisi’s regime has been marked by an
authoritarian crackdown on political opposition, civil society, and media freedom, resulting in widespread
human rights abuses. This has led to a growing sense of fear and repression among the Egyptian people,
who have faced arbitrary detention, torture, and enforced disappearances under Sisi’s rule. Thirdly, under
Sisi’s leadership, Egypt has increasingly aligned itself with regional powers such as Saudi Arabia and
the United Arab Emirates, at the expense of its traditional role as a mediator in regional conflicts, like
the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. This has had profound implications for Egypt’s international standing, as
well as for regional stability and security. Finally, despite these challenges, Sisi has attempted to develop
the Egyptian economy through mega-projects, such as the new administrative capital, and by engaging
with global institutions such as the International Monetary Fund. Whether these economic reforms will
ultimately benefit the Egyptian people remains to be seen, however, as the benefits have not yet trickled
down to the average citizen, who continues to struggle with high levels of poverty and unemployment.
Ultimately, what is clear is that Sisi’s rule has brought significant changes to Egypt, both positive and
negative, and it remains to be seen whether the gains outweigh the costs.

B. Final thoughts on Sisi's Egypt

Overall, Sisi's Egypt presents a complex and nuanced picture. While the regime has achieved some
successes in terms of economic growth and stability, especially in comparison to the tumultuous period of
the 2011 revolution, there are serious concerns about the country's human rights record, political freedoms,
and democratic legitimacy. Sisi has tightened his grip on power through a series of arrests, detentions, and
restrictions on civil society, media, and political opposition. Moreover, the government's counterterrorism
efforts have raised questions about the efficacy and morality of its tactics. Some argue that the regime
is exploiting the fear of terrorism to silence dissent and justify authoritarian policies. In addition, Sisi's
foreign policy has been characterized by a mix of assertiveness and pragmatism, as he seeks to balance
relations with global and regional powers, such as the United States, Russia, Saudi Arabia, and Israel.
Nevertheless, Egypt's role as a key player in the Middle East and Africa cannot be ignored, and Sisi's
leadership will continue to shape the country's trajectory in the coming years. The challenge for Sisi is to
strike a balance between stability and democracy, between security and rights, and between domestic and
international interests. It remains to be seen whether he can achieve this delicate balancing act, but one
thing is clear: the future of Egypt depends on how well it can address its internal and external challenges,
and how effectively it can navigate the complex and dynamic geopolitical landscape of the region.
Bibliography
- W. Bentley MacLeod. 'Advanced Microeconomics for Contract, Institutional, and Organizational
Economics.' MIT Press, 4/5/2022

- Peggy B. Musgrave. 'Direct Investment Abroad and the Multinationals.' Effects on the United States
Economy, U.S. Government Printing Office, 1/1/1975

- Division on Engineering and Physical Sciences. 'Measuring and Improving Infrastructure Perfor-
mance.' National Research Council, National Academies Press, 1/1/1995

- Matthew C. Price. 'The Advancement of Liberty.' How American Democratic Principles Transformed
the Twentieth Century, Praeger Security International, 1/1/2008

- Garrett Epps. 'The First Amendment.' Freedom of the Press : Its Constitutional History and the
Contemporary Debate, Prometheus Books, 1/1/2008

- Jebagnanam Cyril Kanmony. 'Human rights violation.' Mittal Publications, 1/1/2010

- Radwa El Sekhily. 'Stability at All Costs. The Case of Egypt in Al-Sisi Era.' GRIN Verlag, 11/6/2019

- Augustine C Ohanwe. 'Post-Cold War Conflicts in Africa.' Adonis & Abbey Publishers Ltd, 7/31/2009

- Stewart Brewer. 'Borders and Bridges.' A History of U.S.-Latin American Relations, Praeger Security
International, 1/1/2006

- Janet Kelly. 'United States and Venezuela.' Rethinking a Relationship, Carlos A. Romero, Routledge,
12/19/2013

- Stephen McGlinchey. 'International Relations.' E-International Relations, 1/2/2017

- Board on Global Health. 'Learning from SARS.' Preparing for the Next Disease Outbreak: Workshop
Summary, Institute of Medicine, National Academies Press, 4/26/2004

- Greg Grandin. 'Human Rights and Revolutions.' Jeffrey N. Wasserstrom, Rowman & Littlefield
Publishers, 5/15/2007

- P. Davidson. 'Economic Reform Now.' A Global Manifesto to Rescue our Sinking Economies, H.
Flassbeck, Springer, 7/3/2017

- Robert B. Donald. 'Models for Clear Writing.' Prentice-Hall, 1/1/1984

- Valeria Resta. 'Routledge Handbook on Elections in the Middle East and North Africa.' Francesco
Cavatorta, Taylor & Francis, 3/31/2023

This essay was written by Samwell AI.

https://samwell.ai