Plasmodium vivax Plasmodium malariae Plasmodium falciparum

Stages

Growing trophozoite Mature trophozoite Growing trophozoite Band form

Young trophozoite forms Pleomorphic

and RBCs have multiple infection

Young schizont Growing schizont Mature schizont Rosette, daisy, or

Margarete arrangement

Macrogametocyte

Mature schizont Macrogametocyte

Microgametocyte

Only the young trophozoites and

gametocytes are seen in falciparum
infection. The other intermediate forms are
only seen in severe infection
Microgametocyte
 Plasmodium vivax Plasmodium malariae Plasmodium falciparum

Type of fever Benign tertian Quartan Malignant tertian or subtertian

E-S cycle 48 hours 72 hours 36-48 hours

duration
Multiple Rare Very rare Common
infection
Effect on the Usually enlarge except in young No change No change
size of the trophozoites
RBC
Red blood cell Young, like reticulocytes Matured red blood cells Both young and mature RBC
preference
Number of 12-24 6-12 18-24 to 32
merozoites in
mature
schizont
Secondary Present None None
exo-
erythrocytic
phase
Hypnozoites Present None None
in the liver
Usual type of Recurrence Recrudescence Recrudescence
relapse
Intermediate Man Man Man
host
Definitive Female Anopheles mosquito Female Anopheles mosquito Female Anopheles mosquito
host
Infective Sporozoite Sporozoite Sporozoite
stage to
intermediate
host
Infective Microgametocyte, macrogametocyte Microgametocyte, macrogametocyte Microgametocyte, macrogametocyte
stage to
definitive host
Pathogenic Merozoite Merozoite Merozoite
stage
Source of Female Anopheles mosquito infected with Female Anopheles mosquito infected with Female Anopheles mosquito infected
infection sporozoites sporozoites with sporozoites
 Plasmodium vivax Plasmodium malariae Plasmodium falciparum

Manner of Percutaneous transmission through the Percutaneous transmission through the Percutaneous transmission through the
transmission bite of the infected female Anopheles bite of the infected female Anopheles bite of the infected female Anopheles
mosquito which contains the sporozoites mosquito which contains the sporozoites mosquito which contains the
sporozoites
Mechanism of Tissue anoxia Tissue anoxia Tissue anoxia
disease
production
Prominent Splenomegaly, fever, anemia Splenomegaly, fever, anemia Splenogemaly, fever, anemia
manifestation
of infection
Laboratory Demostration of the intermediate forms in Demostration of the intermediate forms in Demostration of young trophozoites
diagnosis thick and thin blood smears thick and thin blood smears and gametocytes in thick and thin
blood smears. Intermediate forms are
seen in severe infections.
Treatment Primaquine Primaquine Primaquine
 Cryptosporidium parvum Toxoplasma gondii
Stages

Spherical, red with modified acid fast stain, contains 4 Cresent-shape. Conoid body dark-stained mass at
sporozoites, no sporocyst one end opposite the nucleus
Intermediate host None Man
Definitive host Man Cats
Infective stage Mature oocyst Mature oocyst
Pathogenic stage Merozoite Trophozoite
Source of infection Food or water contaminated by the mature oocyst Food or water contaminated by the mature oocyst
Manner of transmission Ingestion of food or water contaminated with the mature Ingestion of food or water contaminated with the mature
oocyst oocyst. Ingestion of poorly cooked infected beef, pork,,
or mutton.
Habitat Brush border of the mucosal epithelium of the stomach or Any organ or tissue. It can develop in the brain, eyes,
intestine. May also inhabit the gall bladder and pancreatic and skeletal muscle.
duct
Mechanism of disease Destruction of host cell by the multiplying merozoites Multiplication of the organism within the infected cell
production leads to death and rupture of the cell
Prominent manifestation of Diarrhea Sabin syndrome chorio-retinitis, cerebral calcification,
infection convulsion or psychomotor disturbance, hydro- or
microcephalus
Laboratory diagnosis Demostration of the mature oocyst using modified acid Demonstration of the different forms in biopsy materials
fast stain. Oocyst will stain red of lymph node, bone marrow, spleen, brain, and other
tissues. Serologic test Sabin-Feldmann dye test
Treatment Pyrimethamine and sulphadiazine, Spiramycin, Pyrimethamine and sulfonamides, Spiramycin
Somatostatin
 Trichuris trichiura Trichenella spiralis Capillaria philippinensis
Stages Adult male Adult male

-Coiled -Slightly curved

posterior 360° posterior with a
pair of
conspicuous
conical papillae

Egg

Adult female -Peanut-shaped slightly constricted

at the middle
-Uterus filled with
semi-coiled larvae -Coarsely pitted egg shell
Adult female
-Flat bipolar mucus plugs
-Straight
posterior

Egg
Encysted
-Football or larva
Japanese
latern-shaped -Tightly coiled
larva in
-Bipolar between
mucus plugs muscle fibers
 Trichuris trichiura Trichenella spiralis Capillaria philippinensis
Common Whipworm Trichina worm P d k
name
Disease Trichuriasis Trichinosis Ca illa ia i , P d k di ea e
caused
Intermediate None None Fishes Hypseleostris bipartite,
host Ambassis miops, Eliotris melanosoma
Definitive Man Man Man
host
Infective None None Embryonated egg
stage to
intermediate
host
Infective Embryonated egg Encysted larva 3rd stage larva (L3 larva)
stage to
definitve host
Pathogenic Adult worms Adult worms Adult worms
stage
Source of Food or water contaminated by the Undercooked pork containing the encysted Raw infected fishes containing the 3rd
infection embryonated egg larva stage larva
Manner of Ingestion of viable embryonated eggs from Ingestion of undercooked pork containing Ingestion of raw or undercooked fishes
transmission contaminated food or water the encysted larva infected with the 3rd stage larva
Habitat Cecum large intestine Lower part of the duodenum or the Jejunum small intestine
duodeno-jejunal junction small intestine
Mechanism of Mechanical or allergic processes. Worms Localized inflammation and necrosis of Severe enteropathy causes massive
disease mechanically irritate plexuses of nerves in muscle tissue. There is inflammation in the loss of water and electrolytes leading
production the intestinal walls resulting to relaxation of areas of larval migration to deranged intestinal function and
the anal sphincter muscles. malabsorption
Prominent Rectal prolapse Muscle pain, fever Diarrhea, borborygmi - gurgling sounds
manifestation in the abdomen
of infection
Laboratory Demonstration of eggs in direct fecal Demonstration of encysted larva in muscle Demonstration of adult worms, larva,
diagnosis smear biopsy tissue sections, Serologic tests, and eggs in direct fecal smear
Bentonite flocculation tests, Bachmann
intradermal test
Treatment Mebendazole Mebendazole Mebendazole
 Ascaris lumbricoides
Stages

Adult male curved posterior Adult female straight end 4th larval stage in the lungs

Ferilized egg with Ferilized decorticated Unferilized egg Embryonated egg

albuminous layer egg without disorganized masses larva is now visible
albuminous layer of lecithin
Common name Giant intestinal roundworm
Disease caused Ascariasis
Intermediate host None
Definitive host Man
Infective stage Embryonated egg
Pathogenic stage Larva and adults
Source of infection Food or water contaminated by embryonated eggs
Manner of transmission Ingestion of viable embryonated eggs through contaminated food or water
Habitat Ileum small intestine
Mechanism of disease Migratory larva in the lungs causes tiny hemorrhages in the alveoli, which incite cellular infiltration and consolidation.
production Adult worms may cause obstruction in the appendix, biliary duct, or pancreatic duct. It can perforate the intestine.
 Ascaris lumbricoides
Prominent manifestation of L effle e ii , -belly appearance, impairement of growth, peritonitis, appendicitis, acute pancreatitis
infection
Laboratory diagnosis Demonstration of eggs in direct fecal smear, adult worm examination if worm is passed out, demonstration of larva
i he i L effle e ii ,Ta a ig i -ray and string sign in barium swallow
Treatment Mebendazole
 Necator americanus / Ancylostoma duodenale Strongyloides stercoralis
Stages

Rhabditiform larva

Rhabditiform larva Filariform larva Egg Filariform larva

Embryonated egg Embryonated egg

Parasitic female

Common name N. americanus New World hookworm Threadworm

A. duodenale Old World hookworm
Disease caused N. americanus Uncinariasis, Necatoriasis Strongyloidiasis, Strongyloidosis, Cochin-China
A. duodenale - Ancylostomiasis diarrhea, threadworm infection
Intermediate host None None
Definitive host Man Man
Infective stage Filariform larva Filariform larva
Pathogenic stage Filariform larva, adult worm Filariform larva, adult worm
Source of infection Soil contaminated with filariform larva Soil contaminated with filariform larva
Manner of transmission N. americanus more of skin penetration by the filariform Skin penetration by the filariform larva
larva
A. duodenale more of ingestion of the filariform larva
 Necator americanus / Ancylostoma duodenale Strongyloides stercoralis
Habitat Small intestine Entire bowel from the stomach, even up to the
appendix. Common parasitized areas are duodenum
and upper jejunum.
Mechanism of disease Cutaneous entry of filariform larva in the skin causes Cutaneous entry of filariform larva in the skin causes
production inflammation and itchiness inflammation and itchiness

Pulmonary passage of the filariform larva in the lungs Pulmonary passage of the filariform larva in the lungs
causes inflammation and consolidation causes inflammation and consolidation

Intestinal - adult worms attach to the walls of the Intestinal mucosa may be honeycombed by adult
intestine. Worms suck blood then move to another site, worms and larvae, and sloughing of extensive patches
leaving behind tiny ulcers that ooze out blood and some may occur
proteins.
Prominent manifestation of Cutaneous Creeping eruptions Cutaneous Larva currens, more progressive and
infection extensive
Pulmonary L effle e ii
Pulmonary L effle e ii
Microcytic hypochomic anemia
Intestinal burning, dull or sharp, non-radiating mid-
epigastric pain that resemble peptic ulcer, diarrhea
Laboratory diagnosis Demonstration of eggs, or sometimes larva, in direct fecal Demonstration of larva in direct fecal smear. Recovery
smear. Recovery of larva in sputum. Harada-Mori culture of larva in sputum. Harada-Mori culture. String test
Treatment Mebendazole Mebendazole
 Necator americanus Ancylostoma duodenale Ancylostoma braziliense Ancylostoma caninum
Buccal capsule

Semilunar cutting plates Identical pair of 2 fused large 1 pair of small inconspicuous 3 pairs of large equal-sized
outer teeth teeth, 1 pair of large outer teeth
teeth
Copulatory bursa

Bipartite dorsal rays, fused Tripartite dorsal rays,

tips copulatory spicules separated copulatory spicules
 Enterobius vermicularis Gnathostoma spinigerum Angiostrongylus cantonensis
Stages Egg Adult worm

Adult male curved

posterior, bulb-like
esophagus

Adult female
uterus filled with
eggs, bulb-like
Egg D-shaped, esophagus Prominent mucus plug on one end Barber-pole appearance
lop-sided
appearance
Common Pinworm, seatworm, society worm - Rodent lungworm
name
Disease Enterobiasis, Oxyuriasis Gnathostomiasis Angiostrongyliasis
caused
Intermediate None Copepods Cyclops sp. Snails Achatina fulica, Pila sp.
host
Definitive Man Many kinds of animals. Man is an Rodents. Man is an accidental host
host accidental host
Infective None 1st stage larva 1st stage larva
stage to the
intermediate
host
Infective Embryonated egg 3rd stage larva 3rd stage larva
stage to the
definitive host
 Infective Embryonated egg 3rd stage larva 3rd stage larve
stage to man
Pathogenic Adult worms 3rd stage larva 3rd stage larva
stage to man
Source of Bed linens, sheets, blankets, and clothing Animals infected with the 3rd stage larva Snails infected with the 3rd stage larva
infection contaminated with embryonated eggs
Manner of Inhalation or ingestion of embryonated Ingestion of improperly cooked fishes, Ingestion of improperly cooked snail
transmission eggs frogs, snakes, or any other animal infected infected with the 3rd stage larva
with the 3rd stage larva
Habitat Colon, anus Any part of the body Meninges
Mechanism of Gravid females will migrate to the perianal Formation cutaneous or subcutaneous Worms in the meninges die and these
disease area at night to lay eggs there. tunnels where the worms migrate dead worms provoke an inflammatory
production eac i called e i hilic e i gi i
Prominent Nocturnal pruritus ani Visceral larva migrans. Swelling of the Eosinophilic meningitis
manifestation affected areas due to allergic reaction
of infection
Laboratory Demonstration of the eggs using the Demonstration and identification of the Demonstration and identification of the
diagnosis scotch tape method worm from the lesion. Intradermal test larvae and young adults in the CSF.
Eosinophilia in CSF
Treatment Mebendazole Mebendazole Mebendazole

Toxocara canis / Toxocara cati Infective stage to Egg or larva

Egg definitive host
-Pitted egg shell Infective stage to Egg or larva
man
Pathogenic stage Larva
Source of infection Food or water contaminated by eggs or larva
Manner of Ingestion of eggs from contaminated food or
transmission water or larva from undercooked tissues of the
parathenic host
Habitat Any tissue
Mechanism of Larva will go to any tissue and stay there. They
Common T. canis Dog ascarid
disease production will elicit granuloma formation
name T. cati Cat ascarid
Prominent High sustained eosinophilia
Disease Toxocariasis
manifestation of
caused
infection
Intermediate None
Laboratory dx Identification of larva in biopsy specimen
host
Treatment Thiabendazole
Definitive T. canis dog
host T. cati cat
Man is an accidental host
 Cryptosporidium parvum Toxoplasma gondii
Stages

Spherical, red with modified acid fast stain, contains 4 Cresent-shape. Conoid body dark-stained mass at
sporozoites, no sporocyst one end opposite the nucleus
Intermediate host None Man
Definitive host Man Cats
Infective stage Mature oocyst Mature oocyst
Pathogenic stage Merozoite Trophozoite
Source of infection Food or water contaminated by the mature oocyst Food or water contaminated by the mature oocyst
Manner of transmission Ingestion of food or water contaminated with the mature Ingestion of food or water contaminated with the mature
oocyst oocyst. Ingestion of poorly cooked infected beef, pork,,
or mutton.
Habitat Brush border of the mucosal epithelium of the stomach or Any organ or tissue. It can develop in the brain, eyes,
intestine. May also inhabit the gall bladder and pancreatic and skeletal muscle.
duct
Mechanism of disease Destruction of host cell by the multiplying merozoites Multiplication of the organism within the infected cell
production leads to death and rupture of the cell
Prominent manifestation of Diarrhea Sabin syndrome chorio-retinitis, cerebral calcification,
infection convulsion or psychomotor disturbance, hydro- or
microcephalus
Laboratory diagnosis Demostration of the mature oocyst using modified acid Demonstration of the different forms in biopsy materials
fast stain. Oocyst will stain red of lymph node, bone marrow, spleen, brain, and other
tissues. Serologic test Sabin-Feldmann dye test
Treatment Pyrimethamine and sulphadiazine, Spiramycin, Pyrimethamine and sulfonamides, Spiramycin
Somatostatin
 Trichuris trichiura Trichenella spiralis Capillaria philippinensis
Stages Adult male Adult male

-Coiled -Slightly curved

posterior 360° posterior with a
pair of
conspicuous
conical papillae

Egg

Adult female -Peanut-shaped slightly constricted

at the middle
-Uterus filled with
semi-coiled larvae -Coarsely pitted egg shell
Adult female
-Flat bipolar mucus plugs
-Straight
posterior

Egg
Encysted
-Football or larva
Japanese
latern-shaped -Tightly coiled
larva in
-Bipolar between
mucus plugs muscle fibers
 Trichuris trichiura Trichenella spiralis Capillaria philippinensis
Common Whipworm Trichina worm P d k
name
Disease Trichuriasis Trichinosis Ca illa ia i , P d k di ea e
caused
Intermediate None None Fishes Hypseleostris bipartite,
host Ambassis miops, Eliotris melanosoma
Definitive Man Man Man
host
Infective None None Embryonated egg
stage to
intermediate
host
Infective Embryonated egg Encysted larva 3rd stage larva (L3 larva)
stage to
definitve host
Pathogenic Adult worms Adult worms Adult worms
stage
Source of Food or water contaminated by the Undercooked pork containing the encysted Raw infected fishes containing the 3rd
infection embryonated egg larva stage larva
Manner of Ingestion of viable embryonated eggs from Ingestion of undercooked pork containing Ingestion of raw or undercooked fishes
transmission contaminated food or water the encysted larva infected with the 3rd stage larva
Habitat Cecum large intestine Lower part of the duodenum or the Jejunum small intestine
duodeno-jejunal junction small intestine
Mechanism of Mechanical or allergic processes. Worms Localized inflammation and necrosis of Severe enteropathy causes massive
disease mechanically irritate plexuses of nerves in muscle tissue. There is inflammation in the loss of water and electrolytes leading
production the intestinal walls resulting to relaxation of areas of larval migration to deranged intestinal function and
the anal sphincter muscles. malabsorption
Prominent Rectal prolapse Muscle pain, fever Diarrhea, borborygmi - gurgling sounds
manifestation in the abdomen
of infection
Laboratory Demonstration of eggs in direct fecal Demonstration of encysted larva in muscle Demonstration of adult worms, larva,
diagnosis smear biopsy tissue sections, Serologic tests, and eggs in direct fecal smear
Bentonite flocculation tests, Bachmann
intradermal test
Treatment Mebendazole Mebendazole Mebendazole
 Ascaris lumbricoides
Stages

Adult male curved posterior Adult female straight end 4th larval stage in the lungs

Ferilized egg with Ferilized decorticated Unferilized egg Embryonated egg

albuminous layer egg without disorganized masses larva is now visible
albuminous layer of lecithin
Common name Giant intestinal roundworm
Disease caused Ascariasis
Intermediate host None
Definitive host Man
Infective stage Embryonated egg
Pathogenic stage Larva and adults
Source of infection Food or water contaminated by embryonated eggs
Manner of transmission Ingestion of viable embryonated eggs through contaminated food or water
Habitat Ileum small intestine
Mechanism of disease Migratory larva in the lungs causes tiny hemorrhages in the alveoli, which incite cellular infiltration and consolidation.
production Adult worms may cause obstruction in the appendix, biliary duct, or pancreatic duct. It can perforate the intestine.
 Ascaris lumbricoides
Prominent manifestation of L effle e ii , -belly appearance, impairement of growth, peritonitis, appendicitis, acute pancreatitis
infection
Laboratory diagnosis Demonstration of eggs in direct fecal smear, adult worm examination if worm is passed out, demonstration of larva
i he i L effle e ii ,Ta a ig i -ray and string sign in barium swallow
Treatment Mebendazole
 Necator americanus / Ancylostoma duodenale Strongyloides stercoralis
Stages

Rhabditiform larva

Rhabditiform larva Filariform larva Egg Filariform larva

Embryonated egg Embryonated egg

Parasitic female

Common name N. americanus New World hookworm Threadworm

A. duodenale Old World hookworm
Disease caused N. americanus Uncinariasis, Necatoriasis Strongyloidiasis, Strongyloidosis, Cochin-China
A. duodenale - Ancylostomiasis diarrhea, threadworm infection
Intermediate host None None
Definitive host Man Man
Infective stage Filariform larva Filariform larva
Pathogenic stage Filariform larva, adult worm Filariform larva, adult worm
Source of infection Soil contaminated with filariform larva Soil contaminated with filariform larva
Manner of transmission N. americanus more of skin penetration by the filariform Skin penetration by the filariform larva
larva
A. duodenale more of ingestion of the filariform larva
 Necator americanus / Ancylostoma duodenale Strongyloides stercoralis
Habitat Small intestine Entire bowel from the stomach, even up to the
appendix. Common parasitized areas are duodenum
and upper jejunum.
Mechanism of disease Cutaneous entry of filariform larva in the skin causes Cutaneous entry of filariform larva in the skin causes
production inflammation and itchiness inflammation and itchiness

Pulmonary passage of the filariform larva in the lungs Pulmonary passage of the filariform larva in the lungs
causes inflammation and consolidation causes inflammation and consolidation

Intestinal - adult worms attach to the walls of the Intestinal mucosa may be honeycombed by adult
intestine. Worms suck blood then move to another site, worms and larvae, and sloughing of extensive patches
leaving behind tiny ulcers that ooze out blood and some may occur
proteins.
Prominent manifestation of Cutaneous Creeping eruptions Cutaneous Larva currens, more progressive and
infection extensive
Pulmonary L effle e ii
Pulmonary L effle e ii
Microcytic hypochomic anemia
Intestinal burning, dull or sharp, non-radiating mid-
epigastric pain that resemble peptic ulcer, diarrhea
Laboratory diagnosis Demonstration of eggs, or sometimes larva, in direct fecal Demonstration of larva in direct fecal smear. Recovery
smear. Recovery of larva in sputum. Harada-Mori culture of larva in sputum. Harada-Mori culture. String test
Treatment Mebendazole Mebendazole
 Necator americanus Ancylostoma duodenale Ancylostoma braziliense Ancylostoma caninum
Buccal capsule

Semilunar cutting plates Identical pair of 2 fused large 1 pair of small inconspicuous 3 pairs of large equal-sized
outer teeth teeth, 1 pair of large outer teeth
teeth
Copulatory bursa

Bipartite dorsal rays, fused Tripartite dorsal rays,

tips copulatory spicules separated copulatory spicules
 Enterobius vermicularis Gnathostoma spinigerum Angiostrongylus cantonensis
Stages Egg Adult worm

Adult male curved

posterior, bulb-like
esophagus

Adult female
uterus filled with
eggs, bulb-like
Egg D-shaped, esophagus Prominent mucus plug on one end Barber-pole appearance
lop-sided
appearance
Common Pinworm, seatworm, society worm - Rodent lungworm
name
Disease Enterobiasis, Oxyuriasis Gnathostomiasis Angiostrongyliasis
caused
Intermediate None Copepods Cyclops sp. Snails Achatina fulica, Pila sp.
host
Definitive Man Many kinds of animals. Man is an Rodents. Man is an accidental host
host accidental host
Infective None 1st stage larva 1st stage larva
stage to the
intermediate
host
Infective Embryonated egg 3rd stage larva 3rd stage larva
stage to the
definitive host
 Infective Embryonated egg 3rd stage larva 3rd stage larve
stage to man
Pathogenic Adult worms 3rd stage larva 3rd stage larva
stage to man
Source of Bed linens, sheets, blankets, and clothing Animals infected with the 3rd stage larva Snails infected with the 3rd stage larva
infection contaminated with embryonated eggs
Manner of Inhalation or ingestion of embryonated Ingestion of improperly cooked fishes, Ingestion of improperly cooked snail
transmission eggs frogs, snakes, or any other animal infected infected with the 3rd stage larva
with the 3rd stage larva
Habitat Colon, anus Any part of the body Meninges
Mechanism of Gravid females will migrate to the perianal Formation cutaneous or subcutaneous Worms in the meninges die and these
disease area at night to lay eggs there. tunnels where the worms migrate dead worms provoke an inflammatory
production eac i called e i hilic e i gi i
Prominent Nocturnal pruritus ani Visceral larva migrans. Swelling of the Eosinophilic meningitis
manifestation affected areas due to allergic reaction
of infection
Laboratory Demonstration of the eggs using the Demonstration and identification of the Demonstration and identification of the
diagnosis scotch tape method worm from the lesion. Intradermal test larvae and young adults in the CSF.
Eosinophilia in CSF
Treatment Mebendazole Mebendazole Mebendazole

Toxocara canis / Toxocara cati Infective stage to Egg or larva

Egg definitive host
-Pitted egg shell Infective stage to Egg or larva
man
Pathogenic stage Larva
Source of infection Food or water contaminated by eggs or larva
Manner of Ingestion of eggs from contaminated food or
transmission water or larva from undercooked tissues of the
parathenic host
Habitat Any tissue
Mechanism of Larva will go to any tissue and stay there. They
Common T. canis Dog ascarid
disease production will elicit granuloma formation
name T. cati Cat ascarid
Prominent High sustained eosinophilia
Disease Toxocariasis
manifestation of
caused
infection
Intermediate None
Laboratory dx Identification of larva in biopsy specimen
host
Treatment Thiabendazole
Definitive T. canis dog
host T. cati cat
Man is an accidental host
 Genus and Species Wuchereria bancrofti Brugia malayi Loa loa
Common Name Ba c f fila ial m Malayan filarial worm Loa/Eye worm
Vector/s Anopheles, Aedes, Mansonia species; Mansonia sp, Aedes togoi, Anopheles Chrysops dimidia and silacea
Culex fatigans species (day-biting fly)
POE Skin Skin Skin
MOT Insect bite Insect bite Insect bite
HABITAT Lymphatics Lymphatics Sub/cutaneous tissue
Infective Stage L3 L3 L3
Pathogenic Stage Dead and Living Adult worms Dead and Living Adult worms Adult worms

IMAGE

Diagnostic Characteristic Sheated Sheated Sheated

Mechanism of disease production Lymphatic Obstruction Lymphatic Obstruction
Periodicity Nocturnal Nocturnal Diurnal

MGS Page 8
 Wuchereria bancrofti Brugia malayi Loa loa
Microfilaria

Body nuclei are more or less equidistant Body nuclei irregularly distributed with 2 Large irregularly distributed body nuclei
with each other. prominent terminal nuclei at the caudal that reach up to the caudal end. No
Anterior has a short space devoid of nuclei end. Stiff and kinky body cephalic space
Common Ba c f fila ial m Malayan filarial worm Eye worm
name
Disease Ba c f fila ia i Malayan filariasis Loaiasis, Calabar swelling
caused
Intermediate Mosquito Aedes, Culex, Mansonia, Mosquito Aedes, Culex, Mansonia, Tabanid flies Chrysops sp.
host Anopheles Anopheles
Definitive Man Man Man
host
Infective Microfilaria Microfilaria Microfilaria
stage to the
intermediate
host
Infective 3rd stage larva 3rd stage larva 3rd stage larva
stage to
definitive host
Pathogenic Adult worm Adult worm Adult worm
stage
Source of Mosquito infected with the 3rd stage larva Mosquito infected with the 3rd stage larva Tabanid fly infected with the 3rd stage
infection larva
Manner of Percutaneous transmission of the 3rd stage Percutaneous transmission of the 3rd Percutaneous transmission of the 3rd
transmission larva thru bite of the mosquito vector stage larva thru bite of the mosquito vector stage larva thru bite of the fly vector
 Wuchereria bancrofti Brugia malayi Loa loa
Habitat Lymphatic vessels and glands Lymphatic vessels and glands Subcutaneous tissues
Mechanism of Adult worms incite cellular reaction in the Adult worms incite cellular reaction in the Cause temporary migratory
disease lymph nodes and lymph channels that will lymph nodes and lymph channels that will inflammation. Swollen areas subside
production eventually lead to lymphatic obstruction eventually lead to lymphatic obstruction after a few days and appear again
elsewhere
Prominent Lymphedema (affects genital organs Lymphedema, Elephantiasis Bulge eye
manifestation more) , Elephantiasis
of infection
Laboratory Demonstration of the microfilaria in thin Demonstration of the microfilaria in thin Demonstration of the microfilaria in thin
diagnosis and thick blood smear; more abundant at and thick blood smear; more abundant at and thick blood smear; exhibit diurnal
10 pm to 2 am nocturnal periodicity 10 pm to 2 am nocturnal periodicity periodicity
Treatment Diethyl-carbamazine Diethyl-carbamazine Diethyl-carbamazine