Module 1: Activity No.

3
Plate No. 1: Steel Manufacturing Processes

Name: Dy, Loyd Benz M.

Student No.: 20171110159

V. Testing

Material Strength Test evaluates the mechanical properties of steel

such as the yield point, tensile strength and elongation percentage. The
yield point is the elastic limit of the steel in which maximum stress is
applied before it changes form. The tensile strength is the resistance of
the steel to break. Load is applied and evaluated until the steel split into
two parts. Elongation is the percentage of stretch from the original
length of the steel to the point of failure, showing how ductile the steel
is. Ductility is the capability of the steel to be stretched out without
becoming more brittle or weaker in the process.

Figure 5.1 Universal Testing

Machine
https://commons.wikimedia.org/

Charpy V-Notch Test measures a material's ability to absorb energy

within a given temperature range. It pits a small piece of test material
against a heavy pendulum hammer. The test piece has a V-shaped
notch carved in the middle, which gives the test its name. The pendulum
swings into the test piece (often bending, if not snapping the piece), and
the absorbed energy is measured.

Figure 5.2 Charpy Impact

Machine
https://www.ecplaza.net/
Brinell Hardness Test uses a small steel indenter and applied force to
dent a material. The size of the dent is used to calculate the Brinell
hardness number (BHN), which is a standard unit of hardness.
Hardness is important for applications that require abrasion resistance
instead of strength or toughness.

Figure 5.3 Brinell

Hardness Tester
https://www.leebtest.com/

The Rockwell Hardness Test measures the permanent depth of

indentation produced by a force/load on an indenter. A preliminary test force
is applied to a sample using a diamond or ball indenter, then the baseline
depth of indentation is measured. The major load is added and held for a
predetermined amount of time to allow for elastic recovery, then the final
depth of indentation is measured.

Figure 5.4 Rockwell

Hardness Tester
https://en.wikipedia.org/wi
ki/Rockwell_scale

Torsion Test involves the twisting of a sample along an axis

and is a useful test for acquiring information like torsional shear
stress, maximum torque, shear modulus, and breaking angle
of a material or the interface between two materials.

Figure 5.5 Torsion Testing

https://www.admet.com/
Ultrasonic Test uses high-frequency soundwaves to
detect laminations in the body of steel material. A probe
sends a sound wave into the material. When the sound
hits a barrier, it will bounce back towards the probe. The
probe's ultrasonic transponder converts those sound
waves into electrical energy, which can be read on a test
machine screen. UT is highly accurate, with accuracies
between +/-0.025 mm and +/-0.001 mm.

Figure 5.6 Ultrasonic Testing

https://www.jsdndt.com/

Magnetic Particle Inspection is used for detecting

defects in ferromagnetic materials. By magnetization of
the inspected area there is created a magnetic field.
Magnetic flux does not change its direction in the defect-
free area of the tested item.

Figure 5.7 Magnetic Particle Inspection

https://www.qualitymag.com/

Industrial Radiographic Testing (RT) makes use of X-

ray or gamma radiation to create images that can show
defects hidden inside the material. This technology is
widely used to ascertain material integrity of welds,
castings, piping, machined parts, pressure vessels and
other objects.

Figure 5.8 Radiographic Testing

https://www.ndt.net/