Lean Amine – used to removes acid gases, hydrogen sulfide and carbon dioxide.

Purge gas - Purging ensures that you have control over which gases are in your gas delivery system,
and therefore which gases are being exposed to internal components, sensors, or other equipment. It
also helps to prevent unwanted reactions from taking place, which can greatly increase the service
life of related components.
It also helps to prevent unwanted reactions from taking place
Purge Gas means nitrogen, carbon dioxide, liquefied petroleum gas, or natural gas used to maintain
a non-explosive mixture of gases in a flare header or provide sufficient exit velocity to prevent
regressive flame travel back into the flare header.

Catalyst - A catalyst is important as it speeds up a chemical reaction by lowering the amount of

energy required for the reaction to take place.

Make-up hydrogen- to sustain kasi used up na yung hydrogen sa process.

CoMo catalyst - most commonly used catalyst in the hydrodesulfurization process due to its high
selectivity, low cost, and simplicity of production.

sour gas, a natural gas containing a high concentration of hydrogen sulfide (H2S).

sour gas is delivered to a refinery gas to be cleaned of hydrogen sulfide. Others are sent through a series
of distillation towers to recover propane, butane, pentane, and heavier components

Hydrogen sulfide is removed from crude petroleum because it reduces product value - It is poisonous
and dangerous, putting environmental and safety compliance at risk.

Hydrotreating is a catalytic chemical process widely used to remove sulfur compounds from refined
petroleum products

Another important reason for removing sulfur from the intermediate product naphtha streams within a
petroleum refinery is that sulfur, even in extremely low concentrations, poisons the noble metal
catalysts platinum and rhenium in the catalytic reforming units that are subsequently used to upgrade
the of the naphtha streams.

EQUIPMENT

PUMP - used as boosters in pipe networks, to move liquid from low-pressure areas to high-pressure
areas, or to elevate liquid from low level to high level. Pumps basically transform the mechanical energy
of a motor into the energy of the fluid flow.

HEAT EXCHANGER – Heat exchangers are devices that are used to transfer thermal energy from
one fluid to another without mixing the two fluids. In this process, the heat exchanger allows the
liquid-gas mixture to be partially heated before it flows through the fuel-fired heater for a complete
heating process. This process lowers the amount of energy needed to heat the mixture to the fixed-bed
reactor’s operational temperature.

FIRED-HEATER - Fired-heater heat fluids up to the desired temperature that flows through the tubes.

REACTOR - is where the hydrodesulfurization reaction takes place.

GAS EXCHANGER - used to separate the liquid and gaseous components of an oil and gas output stream.

A gas separator is a vertical vessel used to separate fluid constituents. When the mixture of gas and
liquid enters the separator, it hits the inlet diverter and begins to separate. The gas rises to the vessel's
top, while the liquid settles at the bottom.

AMINE CONTACTOR - responsible for controlling the flow of lean amine and rich amine. The primary
purpose of the amine contactor in HDS is to eliminate the hydrogen sulfide from recycled gas before
mixing it with the hydrogen-rich gas and then returning it to the heat exchanger.

Amine rates should be high enough to eliminate the hydrogen sulfide in the sour gas from the gas
stream generated by a separator with the appropriate amount of amine at the specific operating
temperature.

STRIPPER - unwanted components are removed from a process stream. uses the principles of
adsorption, a chemical process that converts liquid or solid into a gaseous substance. In this context,
steam is used as the gas for absorbing liquid molecules. These liquid molecules being separated from the
feedstock will be absorbed by the water vapor in order to get the desired product.

CONDENSER - heat exchanger apparatus used to condense a gaseous substance into a liquid state
through cooling

REBOILER - heat exchanger that is crucial in transporting heat to and from a chemical process's fluid. The
reboiler converts a process fluid to steam (vapor) or a combination of steam and condensate. The
reboiler in the desulfurization unit processes the liquid produced by the stripper. The product that goes
through this process will be the final desulfurized liquid product, while the excess will be reprocessed in
the stripper.

reboiling distillation column - to concentrate the heavier component in the liquid phase.
REFLUX DRUM - distribution point for reflux and distillate in this process wherein it holds the condensed
liquid from the top of the column which further leaves under a certain level of control. This is crucial to
guarantee that the proper amount of reflux will be recycled back to the distillation column

WHOLE PROCESS

The liquid feed (at the bottom left in the diagram) is pumped up to the required elevated pressure and is
joined by a stream of hydrogenrich recycle gas. The resulting liquid-gas mixture is preheated by flowing
through a heat exchanger. The preheated feed then flows through a fuel-fired heater where the feed is
totally vaporized and heated to the required elevated temperature before entering the reactor and
flowing through a fixed-bed of catalyst where the hydrodesulfurization reaction takes place. The hot
reaction products are partially cooled by flowing through the heat exchanger where the reactor feed
was preheated and then flows through a water-cooled heat exchanger before it flows through the
pressure controller (PC) and undergoes a pressure reduction down to about three to five atmospheres.
The resulting mixture of liquid and gas enters the gas separator vessel at about 35 °C and three to five
atmospheres of absolute pressure. Most of the hydrogen-rich gas from the gas separator vessel is
recycle gas which is routed through an amine contactor for removal of the reaction product hydrogen
sulfide gas (H2S) that it contains. The H2S-free hydrogen-rich gas is then recycled back for reuse in the
reactor section. Any excess gas from the gas separator vessel joins the sour gas (i.e., gas containing H2S)
from the stripping of the reaction product liquid. The liquid from the gas separator vessel is routed
through a reboiled stripper distillation tower. The bottoms product from the stripper is the final
desulfurized liquid product from the hydrodesulfurization unit. The overhead sour gas from the stripper
contains hydrogen, methane, ethane, hydrogen sulfide, propane and perhaps some butane and heavier
components (i.e., higher molecular weight components). That sour gas is sent to the refinery's central
gas processing plant for removal of the hydrogen sulfide in the refinery's main amine gas treating unit
and through a series of distillation towers for recovery of propane, butane and pentane or heavier
components. The residual hydrogen, methane, ethane and some propane is used as refinery fuel gas.
The hydrogen sulfide removed and recovered by the amine gas treating unit is subsequently converted
to elemental sulfur in a Claus process unit.