Lesson1

Communication
Process, Principles,
Ethics, and Levels
 Components of
Communication and
the Communication
Process
 Components of Communication
Sender
• the one responsible for creating a message to be sent
• an individual, group, or organization who initiates
communication

Receiver
• an individual, group, or organizational entity who receives
the created message

Channel
• the medium that the sender uses to transmit the message
• could take a verbal or non-verbal form, oral or written
 Components of Communication
Process of Encoding
• the sender’s attempt to express ideas and replicate thoughts
or feelings into a message medium through a form of
language or written ideas for the sake of transmitting those
thoughts or feelings to another person(s) or entity.
Process of Decoding
• occurs when the receiver tries to make meaning out of the
sender’s message, figuring out what the other person means

Interference
• factors that deter or bar effective communication
• could come in the form of external physical noise,
physiological noise, or psychological noise.
 Components of Communication

Feedback
• it permits the sender to analyze the efficacy of his or her
message
• helps the sender verify his or her interpretation of the
message by the decoder

Environment
• refers to the fields of experience or cultural backgrounds that
influence the way communicators encode and decode
messages
 Message
Sender Encoding Media Decoding Receiver

System

Feedback Response
https://www.thoughtco.com/what-is-communication-process-1689767
https://etcsub.blogspot.com/2019/07/unit-i-basics-of-communication-history.html
 Principles of
Communication
 Principles of Communication
What sets humans apart from animals is the gift of rationality,
coupled with creative and analytical thinking. Communication today is
mainly driven by the goal of having meaningful interactions (Henson,
2018).
An effective communication system is based on the following
principles:
Clarity
Conciseness
Concreteness
Correctness
Coherence
Completeness
Courtesy
 Principles of Communication
The 7 Cs

Principle of Clarity

It implies emphasizing on a specific

message or goal at a time, rather than trying to
achieve too much at once. It enhances the
meaning of the message and makes
understanding easier. It makes use of exact,
appropriate, and concrete words.
 Principles of Communication
The 7 Cs

Principle of Conciseness

Always stick to the point. It highlights the

main message, avoiding use of excessive and
needless words. A concise message is non-
repetitive in nature.
 Principles of Communication
The 7 Cs

Principle of Concreteness

It is supported with specific facts and

figures and makes use of words that are clear.
Concreteness strengthens confidence.
Arguments presented should be based on solid
facts and opinions from credible sources.
 Principles of Communication
The 7 Cs

Principle of Correctness

It is important to observe grammatical

correctness in both speaking and writing. If
your audience spots errors in either grammar
or factual information, they will be distracted
and your credibility will be greatly reduced,
limiting the effectiveness of your
communication.
 Principles of Communication
The 7 Cs

Principle of Coherence

The ideas should be connected to each

other and related to the topic. The sender
should have a logical flow, and the style, tone,
and language should be consistent throughout.
 Principles of Communication
The 7 Cs

Principle of Completeness

It should convey all facts required by the

audience (listener/receiver). It includes all
necessary and relevant information so that the
audience will not be left wanting of any
information.
 Principles of Communication
The 7 Cs

Principle of Courtesy

Avoid any overtone or undertone or

insinuation in both writing and speaking to
eliminate confusion and misinterpretation.
Communication Ethics
 Communication Ethics
Communication must follow ethical rules and
standards. Ethics is defined as a set of moral
principles held by a society, group, or individual. The
following are the five golden rules on communication
ethics:
Truthfulness and Honesty
Integrity
Fairness
Respect
Responsibility
 Communication Ethics

Truthfulness and Honesty

There should be no lies and deceit in

sending and receiving messages.
Communication must be anchored on factual
statements. For example, when a manager asks
a subordinate if the assigned task is completed,
the response “done” should only be given if
the task is actually finished.
 Communication Ethics

Integrity

It is similar to honesty but with the moral

responsibility of the communicator. It refers to strong
ethical principles that will not be compromised
despite the presence of any temptation. For example,
if someone promises to approve a project based solely
on its good merits, he or she should not approve
another project from another person just because he
or she was given gifts or financial bribes.
 Communication Ethics

Fairness

This means being impartial and having a strong

sense of balance in sending and receiving messages
with regard to the feelings of others and not showing
favor to any side especially during times of conflict.
For example, a mother wants to be fair; she then
shows fairness in dealing with her two sons who are
quarrelling; she must listen to both sides before
making any disciplinary measure.
 Communication Ethics

Respect

It is a sign of courtesy and goodwill and not

being tactless in expression. For example, a student
who is part of the audience listens to a speaker during
a seminar. To show respect, he or she must be
attentive, and in case he or she wants to raise a
question during the forum, the manner of questioning
should show courtesy to the expertise of the speaker.
 Communication Ethics

Responsibility
It refers to being accountable for one’s actions
and what one says considering that when a message is
delivered, it cannot simply be taken back. A person
must be responsible enough not to say words that are
hurtful or judgmental for they may be damaging to
others. These ethical rules may just be due to a
personal judgment, but they matter in making wise
and responsible decisions to foster favorable human
interaction, thus achieving effective communication.
Seven Levels of
Communication
 Seven Levels of Communication
Intrapersonal communication
It is extremely private and restricted to the self. It
includes a silent conversation with the self ( e.g., primping in
front of the mirror to check if the one’s make-up is good, or
reflecting on the things one did) confined as thoughts. While
most communicators do not consider “intrapersonal
communication” as genuine form of communication because
there are no two participants involved, the fact remains that
the self can be both a sender and receiver of communicative
acts. Just like in praying, one may reflect on the sins he or she
has committed and be able to ponder on the thought of
repentance and absolution.
 Seven Levels of Communication

Interpersonal communication

It takes place between two individuals in a one-

on-one conversation. The two individuals swap their
roles as sender and receiver in order to communicate
in a clear and interactive manner with each other. The
dynamism in interpersonal engagement is marked by a
continuous cycle of responses.
 Seven Levels of Communication

Small group communication

It takes place only when more than two people are

involved. It occurs between 3 and 20 individuals (Poole, 1991)
communicating in a context that is both relational and social
(Johnson, 1991), in which decision-making requires that
members both identify with the group and have an attitude of
commitment to participate in interaction (Ellis, 1994). Some
examples of small group communication are press conferences,
board meetings, and dialogues between the manager and staff
members.
 Seven Levels of Communication

Public communication

It takes place when one publicly addresses a

large gathering of people, like in campaigns and
speeches. The single sender of information addresses
an audience with limited feedback because the sender
is not supposed to be interrupted during the speech
presentation, research lecture, church homily, or
political campaign.
 Seven Levels of Communication
Organizational communication
It can be external or internal. Its purpose is to achieve
organizational effectiveness using available resources. The use
of messages and various channels in a formal and informal
manner within an organization flows in three directions:
DOWNWARD (information necessary for any staff to carry
out his or her work, such as policies and procedures, orders,
and requests which are passed down the appropriate level in
the hierarchy), UPWARD (reports, request, opinions, and
complaints), and HORIZONTAL (messages between different
departments, functions, or people at the same level in the
organization.
 Seven Levels of Communication

Mass communication

It is the use of print (newspaper and magazines)

and broadcast (radio and television) media channels
to reach a wider coverage. Radio and TV have
transmitters, and print companies have distributors
which can widen circulation and readership.
 Seven Levels of Communication

Cross-cultural communications

It results when people from different cultures

communicate based on their learned and acquired
values and manners. This interaction requires cultural
awareness in order to establish shared understanding
of the world.
Thank you!