CLASS SET- DO NOT WRITE ON THESE 9/9/2019

Cells and Tissues

Part 1: Biology Review
•Carry out all chemical activities needed to
• Objectives: sustain life
• Identify cell organelles and briefly discuss the function of each.
• Explain the function of cell differentiation. •Cells are the building blocks of all living things.
• Discuss the structure and function of the cell membrane.
• Explain how transport processes function to move substances across the plasma membrane. •Tissues are groups of cells that are similar in
• Differentiate between passive and active transport.
• Give examples of passive and active transport.
structure and function.
• Describe the process of mitosis and explain the importance of mitotic cell division. (regulation of
cell cycle)
• Discuss neoplasms and distinguish between benign and malignant neoplasms.

Anatomy of the Cell

Found in ALL CELLS
•Cells are not all the same.
•All cells share general structures.
•All human cells have three main regions
• Nucleus
• Cytoplasm (cytosol and organelles)
• Plasma membrane

Organelles- vary based on cell functions Variety of cells- differentiation

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Cell membrane Membrane structure

• flexible boundary
• facilitates contact with other cells and environment
• receptor sites - hormones, enzymes, neurotransmitters, nutrients,
antibodies
• selectively permeable - mediates entrance and exit of material into
and out of cell
• Based on:
• size of molecules
• solubility in lipids
• charge on ions
• presence of carrier molecules

Cellular Projections Solutions and Transport

•Not found in all cells • Solution—homogeneous mixture of two or more
• Cilia move materials across the cell surface components
• EX: respiratory system to move mucus • Solvent—dissolving medium (water)
• Solutes—components in smaller quantities within a solution
• Flagella propel the cell
• Only human cell= sperm
• Microvilli are tiny, fingerlike extensions of the plasma • Intracellular fluid—Fluid found in living cells.
membrane
• Increase surface area for absorption • Interstitial fluid—fluid on the exterior of the cell
• EX: small intestines (between cells)

Movement Across the Plasma Membrane

• Passive Processes
• no energy expenditure
• moves down a concentration gradient
• high ---> low concentration
• Active Processes
• requires energy expenditure
• moves against a concentration gradient
• low ---> high concentration
• may utilize 40% of cells ATP supply

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Passive Processes Passive Processes

• Diffusion
• Particles tend to distribute themselves evenly within a
•Types of diffusion solution
• Simple diffusion • Movement is from high concentration to low
• Osmosis concentration, or down a concentration gradient
• Facilitated diffusion
•Filtration

Passive Processes Active Processes

• Substances are transported that are unable to pass by
•Filtration diffusion
• Water and solutes are forced through a membrane • too large
by fluid, or hydrostatic pressure • solubility
• against a concentration gradient
• A pressure gradient must exist
• Solute-containing fluid is pushed from a high- • ATP is used for transport (ENERGY)
pressure area to a lower pressure area. • Two common types
• Active transport (solute pumping)
• Vesicular transport
• Exocytosis (out of cell)
• Endocytosis (into cell)
• Phagocytosis
• Pinocytosis

Cell Life Cycle

Na+/K+ Pump
•Cells have two major periods
• Interphase
• Cell grows
• Cell carries on metabolic processes
• Cell division (mitosis)
• Cell replicates itself
• Function is to produce more cells for growth and repair processes.
• Varies depending on cell type.
• Body (somatic) cells.
• *Remember* - gametes are made by meiosis

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Centrioles Chromatin Centrioles Spindle Centromere

microtubules
Forming

Cell Cycle
mitotic
spindle Centromere

Plasma Nuclear Chromosome, Fragments of Spindle

membrane envelope consisting of two nuclear envelope pole
Nucleolus sister chromatids
Interphase Early prophase Late prophase

Metaphase Nucleolus
plate forming

Cleavage
furrow

Nuclear
Spindle Sister Daughter envelope
chromatids chromosomes forming
Metaphase Anaphase Telophase and cytokinesis
Figure 3.15

Neoplasms Neoplasms
• Uncontrolled cell division (loss of natural cell cycle • Benign = stays at the original site, encapsulated.
regulation) (noncancerous)
• Malignant = nonencapsulated, metastasize, or break
• An abnormal cell mass= a neoplasm away. (cancerous)

More on Cancer
• Cancer can occur any time in your life.
• Carcinogens are substances known to promote cancer
• It is NOT CONTAGIOUS
• YOU CAN INHERIT MUTATED DNA WHICH INCREASES CHANCE OF
CANCER