ANTHROPOGENIC IMPACT TO ENVIRONMENT

POLLUTION AND LAND DEGRADATION

 POLLUTION
INTRODUCTION
Pollution is a serious problem industrialized societies. People have
converted the life support system of all living people into their own
resources and have greatly disrupted the natural ecological balance.
Serious degradation and depletion have been caused due to overuse,
abuse and mismanagement of resources to meet human greed.
WHAT IS POLLUTIONS?
 The term pollution can be defined as influence of any substance causing
nuisance, harmful effects and uneasiness to the organism.
 Thus, it is a short of negative stress exerted on the positive health of the
ecosystems. The substances that caused the undesirable changes in the
water, air, land are referred to as the pollutants.

WHAT IS POLLUTANTS?
 A pollutants may caused long or short term damage by changing the growth
rate of plant or animal species, or by interfering with human amenities,
comfort health or property values.
 They have different and sometimes unique health effects and are found in
different amounts.
❖ NITROGEN OXIDES (Nox)
❖ SULFUR OXIDES (Sox)
❖ PARTICULATE MATTER (PM)
❖ GROUND LEVEL OZONE (O3)
❖ VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (VOCs)
❖ MERCURY (Hg)
❖ PERPOXYACYL NITRATES (PANs)
 ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION AND CONTROL
Environmental pollution can be defined as any undesirable change
in physical, chemical, or biological characteristics of any component
of the environment example: air, water, soil which can cause harmful
effects on various forms of life or property.
 TYPES OF POLLUTION TY
❖ AIR POLLUTION
❖ WATER POLLUTION
❖ LAND POLLUTION

AIR POLLUTION

➢ Is the introduction of chemicals, particulate matter or biological materials that

cause harm or discomfort to humans or another living organisms or cause damage to
the natural environment or built environment into the atmosphere.
WHY IS AIR IMPORTANT?

➢ Our bodies need air so that we can breathe.

➢ Air is important as food and water, we could not live
without it.
SOURCE OF AIR POLLUTION:

❖ One cause of air pollution is traffic.

❖ Natural caused by nature.
❖ Man-made caused by human activity.
CRITERIA FOR AIR POLLUTANTS:

❖ CARBON MONOXIDES
❖ LEAD
❖ GROUND LEVEL OZONE
❖ OZONE
❖ PARTICLE POLLUTION
❖ NITROUS DIOXIDES
CARBON MONOXIDES

➢ Incomplete oxidation of carbon results in the production of

carbon monoxides. Natural carbon monoxides formation occurs
from photochemical reactions in the troposphere, volcanoes,
forest fires etc.
LEAD

➢ Sources of lead emissions vary from one to another.

➢ At the National level, major sources of lead in the air are ore and
metals processing and piston-engine aircraft operating on leaded
aviation fuel.
GROUND LEVEL OZONE

➢ Ground level ozone is formed in the atmosphere when energetic

ultraviolet radiation dissociates molecules of oxygen into separate
oxygen atoms.
 OZONE

➢ Breathing ozone can trigger a variety of health problems, particularly for

children the elderly people of all ages who have lung disease such us
asthma.
NITROUX OXIDES

➢ Is a greenhouse gas with significant anthropogenic sources

contributing to its worldwide abundance.
PARTICLE POLLUTION

➢ Also called particulate matter is a mixture of a tiny solids or liquid droplets that
includes smoke, soot, dirt and dust floating in the air. Common sources are:

❖ Wood Stoves and fireplaces

❖ Vehicles
❖ Dust from construction
❖ Outdoor burning
❖ Industrials facilities
❖ Wild fires
 WATER POLLUTION

➢ It can be defined as an alternation in physical, chemical or biological

characteristics of water through natural or human activities and making it
unsuitable.
➢ Fresh water present on the earth surface is put too many uses. It is used for
drinking, domestic and municipal uses, agriculture, irrigation, industries,
navigation, and recreation.
➢ The used water become contaminated and is called waste water.
THE SOURCES OF WATER POLLUTION CAN BE CLASSIFIED AS:

❖ Municipal waste water

❖ Industrial waste water
❖ Inorganic pollutants
❖ Organic pollutants
❖ Marine pollution
❖ Thermal pollution
❖ Agricultural waste

➢ Most of water pollution is man-made it may also occur naturally by addition

of soil particles through erosion animal waste and leaching of minerals from
rocks.

➢ The main point of source of pollution to waters is from sewage and waste
water treatment, while for diffuse pollution, main sources are from farming
and fossils fuel power plants (via the air).
MUNICIPAL WASTE WATER

➢ Are significant sources of environmental degradation from domestic

products and pharmaceuticals as well as eutrophication from nutrient
overloading.
INDUSTRIAL WASTE WATER

➢ The major source of water pollution is the waste water discharged from
industries and commercial bodies, these industries are: chemical,
metallurgical, food processing industries, textile, paper industries. They
discharge several organic and inorganic pollutants that prove highly toxic
to living beings.
INORGANIC POLLUTANTS

➢ They include fine particles of different metals, chlorides, sulphates, oxides

of iron, cadmium acids and alkali.
ORGANIC POLLUTANTS

➢ They include oils, fats, phenols, organic acids grease and several other
organic compounds.
MARINE POLLUTION

➢ Ocean are the final sink of all natural man-made pollutants. Rivers
discharged their pollutants into the sea. The sewage and garbage of costal
cites are also dumped into the sea.
➢ The other sources includes: discharged of oils, grease, detergents, and
other radioactive wastes from ships.
THERMAL POLLUTION

➢ Thermal pollution of water is caused by the rise in temperature of water. The main
source of thermal pollution are the thermal and nuclear power plants.
➢ The power generating plants use water as coolants and release hot water into the
original source. Sudden rise is temperature kills fish and other aquatic animals.
AGRICULTURAL WASTE

➢ Chemical fertilizers and pesticides have become essential for present day high
yielding crops. Consequently they have become a potential of sources water
pollution. These fertilizers contain major plants nutrients mainly nitrogen,
phosphorus, and potassium.
➢ Excess fertilizers may reach the ground water by leaching or maybe mixed with
surface water of rivers, lakes and ponds by runoff and drainage.
 LAND POLLUTIONS

➢ Refers to the destruction or a decline in quality of the earth’s surface

as a result of human actions. This could include anything from mining
to agriculture to building and consequences may be intentional or
unintentional. Urbanization and industrializations as major causes land
pollution.
CAUSES OF LAND POLLUTION:

❖ CONSTRUCTION
❖ AGRICULTURAL
❖ DOMESTIC WASTE
❖ INDUSTRIAL WASTE
CONSTRUCTION

➢ Large quantities of people living close together producing trash, and

littering in a dense area does inevitably lead to land pollution. To
accommodate our increasing pollution, construction activities occur which
results in large waste materials, such as metal, plastics, wood and bricks.
AGRICULTURAL

➢ As there are more and more people inhabiting the earth, food is in
higher demand and so forests are chopped down and turn into
farmland. In addition, herbicides, pesticides, artificial fertilizers,
animal manure are washed into the soil and pollute it.
DOMESTIC WASTE

➢ Domestic waste is a waste that is generated as a results of the ordinary day

to day use of a domestic premise and is either taken from the premises by or
on behalf of the occupier who generated the waste without consideration.
INDUSTRIAL WASTE

➢ Plastic factories, chemical plants, oil refineries, nuclear waste

disposal activity, large animals farms, coal-fired power plants,
metals production factories and other heavy industry all contribute
to the land pollution.
 WASTE TO STOP POLLUTION
➢ We believe that is the responsible thing to do increase recycling.
➢ It just like doing laundry and separating blacks and colors.
➢ There residents of the country should also try and do their part
and put in at least one day of litter picking up.
 LAND DEGRADATION

INTRODUCTION

The change in the characteristics and quality of soil which adversely

affect its fertility is called as degradation. Land Degradation is the most
important environmental problem currently challenging sustainable
development in many parts of the world. The problem is most acute where
the environment is intrinsically vulnerable and where the population is
losing control of its own resources.
LAND DEGRADATION MEANS:

❖ Loss of natural fertility of soil because of loss of nutrients.

❖ Less vegetation
❖ Changes in the characteristics of soil.
❖ Pollution of water resources from contaminating of soil through which
water sweeps into ground or runoff to the water bodies.
❖ Changes in climatic conditions because of unbalance created in the
environment.
CAUSES OF LAND DEGRADATION:

❖ DEFORESTATION
❖ SOIL EROSION BY WIND OR WATER
❖ INDUSTRIALIZATION
❖ UNSUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURAL PRACTICES
❖ URBAN EXPANSION
DEFORESTAION

➢ Overcutting of vegetation occurs when people cut forests,

woodlands and shrub lands to obtain timber, fuel wood and other
products at a pace exceeding in the rate of natural regrowth.
SOIL EROSION BY WIND AND WATER

➢ Erosion is the term given to soil loss due to the mobilization of

topsoil by the forces of water and wind.

➢ Wind and water move the eroded particles to some other location,
where it is deposited as sediment. Soil erosion is a natural process
that removes soil from the land.
INDUSTRIALIZATION

➢ Development of industries for the economic growth of the country

leads to excessive deforestation and utilization of land in such way
that is has lost is natural upgradation quality.
URBAN EXPANSION

➢ Urban expansion growth, road construction, mining and industry

are major factors in land degradation in different regions. Valuable
agricultural land is often lost.
UNSUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURAL PRACTICES

➢ Increased mechanization of agriculture has led to increased yields

and faster production. Various methods, techniques and equipment
are now used in agriculture at different scales which are destructive
to the soil and water resources and gradually decrease the
productivity of the land.
OVERGRAZING OF PASTURE LAND

➢ Overgrazing refers to excessive eating of grasses and other green

plants by cattle. It results into reduced growth of vegetation, reduced
diversity of plants species, excessive growth of unwanted plant species,
soil erosion and degradation of land due to cattle movement.
OVER CULTIVATION OF CROPLAND AND MONO CROPPING

➢ Over cultivation and mono cropping are usually associated with high
levels of mechanization which can compact the soil, leaving the
land bare between harvest and planting, both of which increase the
potential for erosion and continuous loss of nutrients with
application of large quantities of fertilizers.
WATERLOGGING AND SALINIZATION OF IRRIGATED LAND

➢ Waterlogging occurs when there is too much water in plants root

zone, which decreases the oxygen available to roots. Waterlogging
can be a major constraint to plant growth and production under
certain conditions, will cause plant death.
OVER EXTRACTION OF WELLS, RIVERS AND DAMS

➢ The effect of ground water extraction can be to lower water tables

(increase depth to ground water), particularly for unconfined aquifers
and a reduction pressure for confined aquifers.
EXCESSIVE AND CONTINUOS USE OF FERTILIZERS, HERBICIDES AND
PESTICIDES

➢ Herbicides, pesticides, and fertilizer applications may have a negative

impact on farmland wildlife. This intervention may involve reducing or
creasing applications of pesticides (such as insecticides, fungicides,
herbicides, and fertilizers.)
EFFECTS OR IMPACTS INCLUDE:
CONSERVATION MEASURES

STRIP FARMING: It is a practice in

which cultivated crops are sown in
alternative strips to prevent water
movement.

CROP ROTATION: It is one of the

agricultural practice in which
different crops are grown in same are
following a rotation systems which
help in replenishment of the soil.
RIDGE AND FURROW FORMATION: Soil
erosion is one of the factors responsible
for land degradation. It can be prevented
by formation of ridge and furrow during
irrigation which lessens runoff.

CONSTRUCTION OF BUNDS: This

usually checks or reduces the velocity
of runoff so that soil support
vegetation.
CONTOUR FARMING: This type of farming
is usually practiced across the hill slide
and is useful in collecting and diverting
the runoff to avoid erosion.

SUSTAINABLE LAND MANAGEMENT

The term SLM can be used to describe the utilization of terrestrial resources
(soil, plants, water, etc.) for the production of goods to satisfy changing human
needs, without determent to the long-term productive potential of these
resources and their environmental functions.
CONCLUSION

Land Degradation occurs because of land poor management practices.

In order to assess sustainable land management practices, the climate
resources and the risk of climate related natural disasters need to be
documented. The use of climate information must be applied in
developing sustainable practices. There is need to apply sustainable
land management practices in field for conservation of land.
THANK YOU!!!
PREPARED BY: GROUP-4