BAGATCHALON, KATLYN RME Chap1&2

Environmental sustainability and affordability design of
Modular House
Katlyn kaye L, Bagatchalon,
#532 Hudson street, Manhattan Villas Don Bosco Paranaque city
*Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; email:

katlynkaye.bagatchalon@tup.edu.ph
Abstract
1. Introduction
Background of the Study
Statement of the Problem
Research Questions and Hypothesis
General/Specific Objectives
Scope and Limitations
Significance of the Study
Terms and Definitions
2. Related Literature
3. Methodology
Theoretical Framework
4. Conclusion/Discussions
5. Design
Bibliography
Bachelor in Graphics Technology – Major in Architecture | Research Methodology |1

CHAPTER 2 – REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM:
1. How can modular structure be used effectively to improve environmental sustainability?
2. Considering the housing needs incurred the schedule rebuilding plans, how could time, low
cost, reduced waste, improve quality and sustainability by adopting modular homes for new
sustainable residence.
3. What potential do modular systems have for creating sustainable architecture?
RESEARCH OBJECTIVES
General Objective: Provide 1 General Objective

 Aims to introduce and to provide more knowledge about modular homes to serve sustainable,
eco-friendly and to address the concern of every sector of the society especially the depressed
areas of the society for a beautiful, stable and affordable shelter.
Specific Objective: Provide 3 Specific Objective
 Aims to create cost efficient, safe, healthy and comfortable homes within well designed
communities in a closed sustainable life cycle.
 Aims to develop spatial modules to create urban domestics spaces and enhancing the
designing with nature.
 Aims to provide integrated housing solutions through fabrication and modularization house
with different types of design that involves modular treehouse concept.

RESEARCH MATRIX
Concept Year Author Phrase /Result Reference (APA
(DO NOT PARAPHRASE YET!) Minimum of 5 FORMAT)
References each.
Prefabricated 2014 Tomas U. Modular buildings and modular homes Jr, T. U., &
Technology in a Ganiron are sectional prefabricated buildings or Almarwae, M.
Modular House Jr, houses, that consist of multiple sections (2014).
Mohamm called modules. "Modular" is a method Prefabricated
ad of construction differing from other Technology in a
Almarwa methods. The modules are six sided modular House. pp.
e boxes constructed in a remote facility, Vol.74, pp, 51-74.
then delivered to their intended site of
use. Using a crane, the modules are set
onto the building's foundation and
joined together to make a single
building. The modules can be placed
side-by-side, end-to-end, or stacked,
allowing a wide variety of configurations
and styles in the building layout.
Modular buildings, also called

prefabricated buildings, differ from
mobile homes, which are also called
manufactured homes, in two ways. First,
modular homes do not have axles or a
frame, meaning that they are typically
transported to their site by means of
flat-bed trucks. Secondly, modular
buildings must conform to all local
building codes for their proposed use,
while mobile homes, made in the United
States, are required to conform to
federal codes governed by HUD. [7]
There are some residential modular
buildings that are built on a steel frame
(referred to as on-frame modular) that
do meet local building codes and are
considered modular homes, rather than
mobile homes.
1.1. Module 2014 Tomas U. Multiple Blocks of Prefabricated Jr, T. U., &
House Ganiron House: This type of modular housing Almarwae, M.
Classification Jr, remains the same principle as one block (2014).
Mohamm prefabricated houses shown in Figure 9. Prefabricated
ad The difference is in layout of blocks. Technology in a
Almarwa There can be more than one block modular House. pp.
e connected together, that way ensuring Vol.74, pp, 51-74.
more space for open planning. One
block can be one room, the wet rooms
can be made separately in another block

[17, 18].
As shown in Figure 10, the system allows

building blocks one to another that way
making multi-storey prefabricated
house. Managing blocks of this kind can
reach unlimited design variances, it can
fit any environment and the time
process of building is shortened due to
prefabrication [18]. The blocks are
delivered with several trucks and with
crane they are connected together. All
technical installations are set up before.
The stability of those blocks are
ensured, each item is made according to
load bearing regulations. When
connected, blocks obey their own static
rules. If blocks are arranged with
overhangs, the extra reinforcement is
made. Usually the layout of blocks is
designed before in factory, therefore all
necessary construction reinforcement is
provided. The construction of blocks
usually is made of steel frame, but there
are also wooden constructions and
container systems. Once the modules of
a portable home are assembled, there is
a double wall effect. Where the modules
meet, as each module is a mini building
in its own way, when connected
together, the internal walls are
effectively doubled. This type is gaining
popularity among motel business, the
construction time is short, costs are
lower than traditional building and the
design doesn’t play important role.
1.2. Modular 2014 Tomas U. Modular House Assembled on Site: Jr, T. U., &
House Ganiron This type of module house is a Almarwae, M.
Assembled on Jr, prefabricated home built in an offsite (2014).
Site Mohamm factory, which is then delivered by truck Prefabricated
ad to the home site, and assembled by a Technology in a
Almarwa construction crew [18, 19]. The sort of modular House. pp.
e this kind home can share some Vol.74, pp, 51-74.
similarities to prefabricated block
houses. The materials and way its built
could be very similar. The difference
between this type and prefabricated
block house is that there are more
varieties of shape, the size could grow
bigger, and the main issue is mounting.
This type of construction may be subject
to weather conditions – at the moment
of mounting. Also, the time spent on site
assembling this house lasts longer than
one block house finishing. As shown in
Figure 11, the module house assembled
on site does not need to be specially
reinforced for transporting. Figure 11.
Modular House Assembling as long as it
is delivered to site in pieces shown in
Figure 12, the elements do not suffer
from different statistical forces that may
influence block house [18]. To assemble
such a house the crane is required.
Building elements are connected piece
by piece by construction workers.
Performance 2016 Malay Prefabrication and housingDavea, M., Watson,
and perception Davea, Participants were asked to answer a B., & Prasad, D.
in prefab Bruce series of multiple-choice questions in (2016).
housing: An Watson, order to capture a snapshot of their Performance and
exploratory Deo experience in the context ofperception in
industry survey Prasad prefabrication and housing industry and prehab housing: An
on sustainability the market they operate in. exploratory
and affordability industry survey on
Market and housing type: Participants sustainability.
were asked to select their market type
where more than one selection was
allowed. Within the residential category,
suburban dwellings was the most
popular selection for more than half of
all respondents. Close to half also
indicated involvement in rural
dwellings / holiday homes, high-end /
boutique / custom designed homes as
well as high density urban or city
dwellings. An estimated 48% also
selected social housing / low-income or
low-cost homes. Within the residential
category the respondents were asked
about the type of housing they had
experience with. The most frequent
choice was single level detached
dwellings at 88% followed by low rise
housing, mid-rise housing and high rise
housing at 76%, 43% and 24% selections
respectively (Fig. 2a).
Category of prefab: More than half of

the respondents selected modular
systems and exactly half opted for
panelized systems. Modular included
modules or pods that are essentially
three dimensional or volumetric
elements, while panelized systems
included any system that used panels,
cassettes, trays or flat packs that are two
dimensional or non-volumetric
elements. Both components / kit of
parts and whole buildings (3D) were
equally popular selections followed by
modular and panelized. To a small
extent mixed / hybrid systems were also
selected by an estimated 10% of the
respondents (Fig. 2b).
Construction type: The most frequent

selection by far was steel framed
construction, which was selected by an
estimated 54% of all 41 statistics-based
responses. Second highest selection at
22% was timber panels / cassettes /
trays / SIPs (2D) closely followed by steel
panels (2D) and timber framed systems
both at an estimated 20%. Timber
modular (3D) and precast concrete
frames & components were relatively
less popular at 15% and 12%
respectively. Other construction types
nominated include shipping container
based modules, aluminum framed and
modules, plastic or polymer based
frames and panels, concrete panels and
modules, and other hybrid materials
each with less than 10% response
individually.
Production system type and capacity:

Out of the 40 responses the most
popular selections were predominantly
manual fabrication with no assembly
line and part manual and part
mechanized / robotized work on
assembly lines, both selections,
achieving an estimated 30% response
individually. Almost a quarter of the
responses made a selection of
predominantly manual fabrication on
assembly lines. A small percent of
participants (8%) said they use
predominantly mechanized / robotized
work on assembly lines. When asked
about their production capacity the
response was quite diverse, ranging
from less than 10 to more than 10,000
homes per year as illustrated in Fig. 3a.
Off-site vs. onsite mix: The response

was equally wide-ranging when asked
about the level of prefabrication usually
employed in their projects. The most
popular choices as shown in Fig. 3b,
were the mid-range of prefabrication,
i.e. almost half prefab or off-site work
mixed with half onsite construction, and
80-95% prefabrication, both equally at
about 22% individually. However, close
to a half of all respondents selected
higher level of prefabrication than the
mid-range and close to 30% preferred
prefabrication levels higher than 80%.
Almost a quarter of responses chose
lower level of prefabrication with one
half at 20-40% prefab and the other at
only 0- 20% prefab with 0-100% onsite
construction.
Size of dwellings: Participants indicated

experience with all size of dwellings (Fig.
3c). A two bedroom dwelling was the
most frequent size selection by almost
two thirds of all respondents with
decreasing selection on either side of
dwelling sizes. The self-contained studio
dwellings with no separate bedroom
were least popular at an estimated 39%
of responses. Under the other category
29% specified that they could deliver any
size of dwelling, from as small as 13sqm
to as large as 500sqm, with some
claiming multi-story dwellings of up to 7
bedrooms.

1.1 Relationship 2016 Malay This section included a series of 9 point Davea, M., Watson,
between Davea, Likert scale questions where 1 B., & Prasad, D.
sustainability Bruce represented ‘not at all’ (e.g. not at all (2016).
and affordability Watson, important/sustainable/affordable), 5 Performance and
Deo represented ‘neutral/unsure’ and 9 perception in
Prasad represented ‘most’ (e.g. most prehab housing: An
important/sustainable/affordable). First exploratory
they were asked, in general how industry survey on
important were sustainability criteria in sustainability.
the design and production processes of
their homes. Out of 28 responses the
most popular answers at 25% each were
5 and 8. As illustrated in Fig. 4 the
response was fairly skewed with the
values spreading on the entire scale with
the interquartile range at 5 to 8 and the
median at 7. The average response for
the sample was 6.4. On the other hand
when asked the same question on
affordability criteria the data was
significantly leaning towards the upper
end of the scale and the median at 8
indicating a tendency for markedly
higher preference for and sharp focus
on affordability criteria compared to
sustainability criteria.
Modular 2020 Jessica Modular homes are built indoors, they Jessica. (2020,
Homes: can be completed in a matter of weeks, November 10).
Everything You as opposed to months. They don’t see Modular Homes:
Need to Know the typical on-site delays caused Everything you
predominantly by the weather. Modular need to know.
homes must conform to specific rules,
guidelines, and building codes that often
surpass those of traditional on-site
homes.
When considering a modular home,

make sure to shop around, as not all
companies that make factory-built
homes are alike. There can be significant
differences in quality, price, and service.
As with purchasing or building any
home, you must do your research.
Prefabricated 2016 Brenda Dieter Rams once said: “Good design is Defoe, B. (2016).
and Defoe innovative”. Specifically, Rams (n.d.) said: Prefabricated and
Modularized “the possibilities for innovation are not, modulized Building
building as an by any means, exhausted. Technological as an affordable
affordable development is always offering new Housing Solution
housing opportunities for innovative design. But for Millennials: A
solution for innovative design always develops in Case Study.
millennials: a tandem with innovative technology and
case study can never be an end in itself”. It is for
this reason that the process of
prefabrication must be viewed in
34concert with design as well as the
development of technology.
Prefabrication does not solely consist of
beautiful designs, but of detailed
connections that come together in
unique ways. While it easy to blame
technological advances for the negative
aspects of the environment, it is much
more likely that the people behind the
deployment of such technologies are to
blame. While most consider the
construction industry to be
technologically advanced, the reality is
that in general, this industry is extremely
inefficient. Smith (2010) explains that:
traditional [construction] contracts
rigidly delineate responsibilities with
much elaboration on the consequences
of failure. These contracts reinforce risk-
abating behavior, causing projects
teams not to engage in integrated
practice models, much to the
disadvantage of all stakeholders” (p. 53).
Instead of gaining value on projects,
owners lose money and architects do
not see an increase in design quality.
Similarly, contractors bear a great deal
of risk and financial burden due to
financial litigation. As a result, the
construction industry has spent little
time investing in technology or training
professionals for prefabrication. In 2006,
Pritzker Prize-winner

Thom Mayne stated: “if you want to
survive, you’re going to change; if you
don’t you’re going to perish” (as cited in
Smith, 2010, p. 66). In his statement,
Mayne was talking about using digital
tools as an advantage in providing
opportunities for increased fabrication
capabilities. Today, this tool comes in
the form of CAD and more recently,
Building Information Modeling (BIM).
BIM, is the creation and management of
digital representations of the physical
and functional characteristics of places.
It allows for better informed design
decisions, and buildings that are more
efficient and cost-effective; and perhaps
more importantly, 35it reduces waste
and increases profit margins by helping
industry professionals plan ahead,
produce faster results, and finish
projects on budget. Consequently, the
use of this technology is on the rise and
is expected to drive higher levels of
prefabrication over the next few years.
In 2011, McGraw-Hill Construction
research found that: currently, 71% of
prefabrication and modular construction
users are doing model-driven
prefabrication on some projects.
However, this activity is expected to
grow to 91% by 2013—with a quarter of
users (25%) doing model-driven
prefabrication on more than 50% of
their projects.
Aside from the benefits of reducing

waste, off-site work could decrease
habitat disturbance, and offer flexibility
in contributing to the development of
adaptive buildings. Not only does this
contribute to greater control, but many
also believe that the use of
prefabrication/modularization can help
projects achieve LEED credits under
36the U.S. Green Building Council’s LEED
green building certification program,
thus leading to greater environmental
sustainability. Again, because the impact
of construction on the environment is
significant, the use of
prefabrication/modularization could
contribute to greener construction
practices. In the end, the greatest
benefit of BIM is in potential productivity
gains. As new advances in technology
offer more possibility and cost savings
when compared to stick build
construction,
prefabrication/modularization will
emerged as an important building
option for industry professionals.
1.1Collaboratio 2016 Brenda As previously discussed, one of the Defoe, B. (2016).
n and Influence Defoe drivers in the adoption of widespread Prefabricated and
in the Private use of prefabricated and modularized modulized Building
Sector building is the sharing of technology as an affordable
through collaboration within the private Housing Solution
sector. If this building process is to be for Millennials: A
implemented on a scale similar to Case Study.
conventional building, then all those
who participate in the development of
prefabrication technologies must share
information. Since technology is often
transferred from one party to another,
there is an opportunity to transfer
various models of collaboration across
the architectural field.
Fabrication and 2020 Bibeau, Impact of modular construction on Bibeau, N. G.
modular Neal G. schedule and cost performance (2020).
construction Prefabication and
2020 Modullar
Construction..

Assessment of 2014 ANTHON Prefabrication, in its most elemental Hopkins,, A. S.
modular Y SCOTT sense, has been used in modern society (2014). Assesment
construction HOPKINS since the Industrial Revolution. With the of modular
utilization advent of the power saw, construction
across all predetermined sizes of lumber were cut utilization across all
campuses of the and delivered to building sites to be campuses of the
university of assembled into stud-walls using university of North
north carolina machine-cut nails. Previously, bricks Carolina System.
system were always manufactured on site from
the clay that the building was built upon;
this process shifted to the factory, where
bricks could be mass-produced to
precise dimensions (Bruce & Sandbank,
1944). In spite of the relative modernity
of prefabrication, there is evidence of
prefabricated elements on Roman
shipwrecks, which suggests that certain
building elements were fabricated at
quarries and then transported to the
construction site for assembly (Urban,
2012). Along the same lines, colonial
expansion necessitated the rapid
deployment of hasty structures,
especially for medical purposes.
Sketches from the late 1800s depict
portable barrack and field hospitals
envisioned as quick ways to set up
infrastructure and facilities for military
purposes (Dietz, 1971). Disease
demanded many beds, and quickly.
However, specific to modern building
methods, the demand for housing
following World War II was the great
impetus for prefabrication, or what was
then termed industrial construction. The
Great Depression made manifest the
lack of traditional, affordable housing
across the American landscape (Bruce &
Sandbank, 1944). During this period,
many technologists, designers, and
entrepreneurs were eager to develop
the perfect solution for the masses.
Many innovative, and now storied,
housing solutions emerged, drawing
inspiration 10 from the work of Henry
Ford and Frederick Winslow Taylor.
Some companies, such as Lustron, tried
to capitalize on the precision of the
automobile manufacturing process and
developed a steel house in the same
fashion. Others, like Levitt, tried to bring
the factory to the field, and had a
veritable assembly line that spanned
multiple lots with crews hopping from
house to house performing their
respective, specialized tasks (Smith,
2010). However, these housing
experiments were not widely adopted,
and utopian visions of mass-produced
housing for the masses waned. In recent
decades, prefabrication holds different
connotations for different people. To the
general public, prefabricated may
connote manufactured housing,
indicative of the ubiquitous trailer park.
To the building professional,
prefabricated could imply a radically
different meaning ranging from a roof
or floor truss to a bathroom module or a
complete commercial building. In both
cases, the definition for prefabrication is
accurately applied. Most new
construction projects employ
prefabricated methods to some degree.
Prefabricated components, such as pre-
hung doors, are universal elements that
are standard operating procedure for
the construction industry, and their
inclusion has greatly enhanced the
standardization and customization of
the trade. The elemental composition of
a prefabricated building can take three
general forms. Smith contends
“components, panels, and modules are
general categories in which buildings are
fabricated or manufactured offsite and
assembled” (2010, p. 127). This
breakdown by component is referred to
by Gibb (1999) as non-volumetric and
volumetric. Volumetric is a term
frequently used in European cultures
and was formerly the descriptor for
module construction in the US. Dietz
(1971) has also referred to volumetric
construction as monolithic box
construction, but that is dated
terminology today. In this study,
modular will 11 be used to describe any
volume-encompassing construction
technique that is factory made and site
assembled. Figure 1 details the possible
applications as suggested by both Smith
(2010) and Gibb (1999). Proponents of
modular contend that greater benefits
are reaped as the degree of
prefabrication increases. From this
perspective, a volumetric, trimmed-out
module is more advantageous to use
than unfinished wall and floor panels
(Smith, 2010).
IDEAhaus: A 2014 Keeffe, Anthropogenic climate change is now Keeffe, G., &
Modular G., & an undeniable phenomenon [1] and McHugh, I. (2014).
Approach to McHugh, already in the UK, models of future IDEAhaus: A
Climate I climates have been developed, allowing Modular Approach
Resilient UK architects and designers to predict the to Climate Resilient
Housing thermal performance of designs using UK Housing.
predicted weather data for a range of Buildings, 4(4), 661-
climate scenarios over the next 70 years 682.
[2]. The change in climate is not only to
hotter drier summer conditions, but also
to milder much wetter winters. These
two changes create a new difficult
scenario for the architects of housing
where passive cooling needs to be
factored into the design, along with
flood resilience.
Modular 2021 Dewhirst, Renewal and Relocation Projects: Dewhirst, John, &
Housing John Several modular systems have already Steven. (2021).
Steven, been devised to redevelop an. area Modular housing.
while not destroying the neighborhood
and offering only minimal disruption
and relocation of the inhabitants. Such a
• system would permit swift and
concrete achievements within a clearly
defined neighborhood area. The
inhabitants would probably be relocated
within the same neighborhood and be
more favorably disposed to the
relocation (11. S, Dept, of HUD, 1969,
Vol. II, p. iii-65). However, it would have
to be demonstrated that the residents
of the area have a desire to remain and
would take advantage of such
developments. • Modular systems would
provide opportunities for gradual step-
by-step rebuilding of the area, so that
most of the displaced inhabitants could
move into new dwelling units in their
present location rather than be moved
out of the area (Progressive
Architexture, 1968, p. 106). One such
scheme,
Back to the 2010 Hochman Hochman, D. (2010,
The view is often taken that treehouse
trees. Forbes , D. March). Back to the
are a subsidiary residential structure; a
Life trees. Forbes Life ,
novelty, designed and built by their
pp. 71-73.
future occupant, purely for the purpose
of enjoyment. Indeed, treehouses are
eye-catchers, garnering aesthetic
appeal, a direct connection with nature,
and a lofty view of surrounding vistas.
They also have an incredible ability to
capture the imagination and remind us
of what it feels like to be a kid. Current
commercial treehouse resorts offer
most of the same amenities of a hotel,
including inroom toilet, shower, and
electricity (Greenwood & Garnier,
Habitable Treehouses: Not as Simple as
Swiss Family Robinson). It is for these
reasons and others that treehouses
have been featured in magazines like
Forbes Life, as some treehouses go
beyond backyard projects to gain
attention in the United States and
Europe as commercially viable vacation
destinations (Hochman, 2010).
With treehouses increasing in popularity

in the public sector, a need arises to find
a way to regulate these structures and
to find reliable methods to determine
their capacity and factor of safety. In the
design of traditional structures, civil
engineers are expected to apply their
knowledge of structural analysis and
mechanics to follow
governmentapproved building codes. It
is a rare case when such a specific
provision for treehouses is included in
local building doctrines.
Sika Building 2010 Kaspar Factory assembly of modular buildings Winkler, K. (2010).
Trust Winkler and components such as floors, walls, Sika Building Trust.
roofs, bathrooms or complete houses
also brings advantages in terms of cost
and time savings, reduced site deliveries
and the subsequent local impact of
construction, less need for sub-
contractors, and a reduced risk of delays
caused by poor weather. The
subsequent reduction in material
handling and the decrease in the
amount of waste produced onsite also
makes this method of construction
more sustainable. At the same time
modular building enables mass
production and repeatability.
Innovation is one of the pillars of the

Sika growth strategy: 425 new patents
were filed and 21 Global Technology
Centers are maintained throughout the
world. Sika is committed to sustainable
development. With the
Sika sustainability strategy the company
pursues the objective of creating lasting
value for people and the environment,
while at the same time adopting a
moderate and sustainable approach to
the utilization of resources. Thus,
shaping the future responsibly.
Building 2010 Catherine Finding space to build accessible low- Mingoya, C. (2010).
Together. Tiny Mingoya income housing can be difficult due to Building together:
House Villages zoning regulations, community Tiny House village
for the opposition and lot size. Small vacant lots for the Homeless: A
Homeless: A which lay abandoned, neglected or Comparative Case
Comparative remain speculatively undeveloped20 can Study.
Case Study blight a neighborhood; but in recent
years, cities such as New York and
Boston have transformed these small
lots into community gardens and parks.
21,22 While certainly valuable as
community green spaces, these
underutilized urban properties may be
the front-line for a creative approach to
housing the urban homeless- tiny
homes. Tiny homes vary in their cost
and complexity, but generally combine
the amenities of a house, including
sleeping, bathing, storage, and cooking
quarters, in under 200sq ft
Practical 2019 Matijs When designing structures in trees, the Matijs, B. (2019).
Modelling in Babris, process of developing an idea, much like Practical Modelling
Treehouse Uģis in traditional construction, usually in Treehouse
Development Bratuškin begins with measuring and surveying development.
s, Riga the site. The choice of space for
Technical treehouse design is, however,
Universit considerably more limited than in
y, Riga, traditional construction because of the
Latvia need to use existing trees and the
limited ability to create new support
points.
D es i g n fo r m 2016 Ryan M. Quality Applying the efficiencies and Colker, R. M. (2016).
odular Colker controls of highly evolved Design modular
construction: an manufacturing processes to building Construction: An
introduction for construction produces several introduction for
architects significant benefits. The monitored Architects.
manufacturing setting, the use of
precise fabrication tools such as
CAD/CAM, and the ability to automate
processes allow for a high level of
quality control and consistency. This
quality control is especially beneficial
when it comes to the installation of
sensitive high-tech components such as
fire and security systems or sensor-
based environmental controls. The
increased precision in fabrication of
exterior wall components also results in
a much tighter building envelope with
fewer air leaks. Depending on the
complexity of the project’s program and
building form, mass production
manufacturing processes can be used to
achieve additional economies of scale.
Additionally, utilizing mass production
processes does not necessarily translate
into a loss of design flexibility. Project
teams can work with fabricators to
pursue a mass customization approach
that captures the benefits of mass
production economies of scale while
allowing variability to suit a wide range
of client requirements and design
intents. The production and storage of
building components in an enclosed
facility also results in reduced exposure
to the weather, which can cause
moisture-related damage during
construction and, in turn, decrease the
durability of the components and
increase the potential for mold growth
that’s harmful to occupant health.
Productivity Labor productivity is also
increased when using an off-site
approach. A crew working in a plant is
less affected by adverse weather.
Additionally, a crew equipped with
precise tools and machinery, working in
a space designed to provide ideal
conditions for manufacture, is able to
achieve higher levels of quality in a more
efficient manner. Off-site construction
also means a more consistent crew and
a more controlled workflow that will be
less prone to disruption. In addition, as
a modular construction approach
requires a high level of coordination and
collaboration among project team
members, it promotes a more
integrated process that can in turn lead
to increased productivity during the
design and planning stages of the
project. Safety An off-site construction
approach is also generally safer for
workers. Workers work in a controlled
setting and are not exposed to the
hazards of extreme weather and other
construction site dangers such as those
related to noise and air quality.
According to the U.S. Labor Department
Bureau of Labor Statistics, rates for fatal
injuries are, overall, substantially lower
in manufacturing than in traditional
onsite construction. On top of increased
safety, moving construction work to off-
site manufacturing facilities could
improve the overall culture of
construction work, for example, by
providing greater job security and more
flexible shifts for workers. DESIGN FOR
MODULAR CONSTRUCTION: AN
INTRODUCTION FOR ARCHITECTS >
INTRODUCTION > 14 Schedule
Prefabricating the bulk of a building in
an off-site facility means that the
construction process is much less
vulnerable to delays due to poor
weather conditions. This facilitates a
more predictable schedule. Off-site
construction also allows for work that
would usually need to be sequenced to
be performed simultaneously.
Compared to the linear process that
generally characterizes traditional on-
site construction, with trades working
sequentially, off-site construction allows
trades to work concurrently. In addition,
if a project is coordinated so that site
work and pre-construction engineering
is conducted at the same time that
building components are fabricated off-
site, the construction schedule can be
shortened by 30 percent to 50 percent,
according to the Modular Building
Institute, resulting in dramatic schedule
savings. If true, this is a significant
benefit over conventional on-site
construction that requires the
completion of the foundation before
work on the building can begin. The
more work that can be completed off-
site, the greater the savings due to the
increased amount of time saved on-site.
Delays related to supply chain issues
may also be reduced by using off-site
construction, as modular manufacturers
may often have more firmly established
connections with a larger network of
qualified material suppliers as well as a
greater ability to store bulk materials
compared to traditional on-site
operations. Further savings can be
gained through close coordination
between on-site and off-site operations.
Ideally, building components should be
fabricated, transported, and delivered to
the site “just-in-time,” according to when
the site infrastructure required for their
installation has been completed,
avoiding any additional costs for storage
at either the plant or the construction
site. It should be noted that reductions
in schedule may depend on the
complexity of the project or the level of
customization involved. Although a
benefit of modular construction is that it
allows for greater technical complexity
in design, complex projects that require
many unique components will require
more fabrication time—as well as
assembly time—than projects using
more standardized elements.
DESIGN PROCESS
Bakit Siya May 2015 zipmatch Some Filipinos own a home. The Zipmatch. (2015,
Bahay, Ikaw greater majority of Filipinos do not march 14). Bakit
Wala? own a home. Siya May Bahay,
Ikaw Wala?
The study showed that 32% of the
respondents are not sure whether they
are financially capable of buying a
home. 41% of respondents explicitly
expressed their concern about not
having enough savings even for a down
payment. Another 12% said that they
felt that they did not have enough of a
monthly salary to pay for a deposit or
even make monthly amortization
payments on a home.
The data suggests that the respondents

who were unsure about their capability
to purchase a home simply need to do
an honest evaluation of their finances.
Sustainable 2010 adasivam Affordable housing also limits the cost of adasivam
Development Karuppa housing because households should not Karuppannan, A. S.
and Housing nnan and pay more than 30% of their household (2010). Sustainable
Affordability Alpana income. If households spend more than Development and
Sivam 30% of the household income on Housing
housing it implies they are in housing Affordability.
stress. Therefore, it is a real challenge
for both facilitator and provider to
provide affordable housing, which is
also sustainable. As we know
sustainability does not only mean
economically viable, but also socially and
environmentally sustainable. Therefore,
there is a need to trade off between
various sustainable elements to achieve
sustainable housing that is affordable.
Unfortunately currently the
sustainability of housing is very much
related to economics and to some
extent environment. Therefore,
sustainable housing must be
economically viable, socially acceptable,
technically feasible and environmentally
compatible. However, to improve the
quality of life social sustainability will
play a vital role. It is not always true that
sustainability could be achieved by
providing expensive housing.
Piecing together 2010 peter j. Manufactured homes, known as mobile Cameron, p., & Di
modular: cameron, homes in the past are similar to Modular carlo, n. (2010,
understanding jr. and homes in that they are both composed september).
the benefits and nadia g. of boxes built in a factory. The two are PIECING TOGETHER
limitations of di carlo often confused but the main differences MODULAR:
modular between them are portability and UNDERSTANDING
construction regulatory compliance. Manufactured THE BENEFITS .
methods for homes are constructed according to
multifamily HUD federal codes and are required to
development be built on a non-removable steel
chassis so that they can be easily and 10
safely transported. Also, most state
building codes, local zoning codes and
subdivision covenants severely restrict
the use of manufactured homes in most
areas.
Materials Used 2021 Olawale Wood is another commonly used Olayemi, O. (2021,
in Prefab Olayemi material in prefab homes. It can be used March 24).
Houses as-is, in the form of “heavy timber”, Materials used in
which refers to column and beam Prefab houses.
structures, or in the form of “mass
timber”, which refers to its use as panel
systems (a combination of wood and
other materials). Wood’s fire resistance
is often a subject of concern, but wood
systems can be designed to have good
fire resistance due to the ablative char
that forms during exposure to fire.
Bamboo is a common building material
that can be adapted for use in prefab
homes, as well. Wood can also be
engineered into composites that have
good material properties, even
comparable to steels. Examples of such
wood materials include cross-laminated
timber (CLT), glued laminated lumber
(GLULAM), and laminated veneer lumber
(LVL). They are all essentially several
sections of wood sheets glued together
in such a way that there are no
continuous grain lines for fault/crack
initiation or propagation.
Materials Used 2021 Olawale Modular prefabrication has been proven Olayemi, O. (2021,
in Prefab Olayemi as a process of many sustainable March 24).
Houses benefits as compared to conventional Materials used in
approaches. Aside from the obvious Prefab houses.
aspects like waste reduction and lower
on-site energy consumption, numerous
factors play their roles in the
sustainability of prefab houses,
particularly in the construction phase. Its
sustainable performance has been
evident when it comes to dealing with
issues of construction waste, aesthetic
options, site disruption, water
consumption, and pollution generation.
To properly evaluate the sustainability of
prefab construction – and construction,
in general – all the phases of
constructing, operating, and maintaining
a building throughout its life cycle
should be considered.
A 2019 study on the sustainable
performance of prefabricated modular
buildings extracted 16 indicators across
economic, social and environmental
dimensions to compare with
conventional building performances.
The results showed that prefab
construction had significantly less
impact on the environment, especially in
terms of emissions, energy, and water
consumption. Prefab construction also
exhibited economic advantages as it
reduced the amount of steel, concrete
and formwork used in traditional
construction by 60%, 56% and 77%,
respectively [5].
Green 2021 Olumuyi Urban Green Infrastructure covers Adegun*, O. B.

Infrastructure wa strategically planned networks of (2021, March).
Can Improve Bayode natural landforms and green spaces as Green
the Lives of Adegun well as an “informal network of micro- Infrastructure Can
Slum Dwellers activity to supplement the strategic-level Improve the Lives
in African Cities interventions,” including agri-food of Slum Dwellers in
landscapes (Jerome, 2017). Both deliver African Cities.
diverse goods and services that support
human sustenance. People living in
slums and informal settlements relate to
green spaces and natural ecosystems
that can function beneficially as green
infrastructure in different ways (Adegun,
2017a; Douglas, 2018; Birtchnell et al.,
2019; Diep et al., 2019). This relationship
holds the key to improvements not only
in environmental quality, but also in
quality of life for low-income residents.
Modular Home 2018 Monika A traditional house usually takes several Thakur, M. (2018,
vs. Traditional Thakur months to years for completion. This is November 28).
Home: Which because all the material — wood for the Modular Home vs.
One is Better windows and doors frames, pipes for Traditional Home:
For Me? plumbing, cement and bricks for walls, Which One is Better
and other furnishing materials — have For Me?
to be transported to the construction
site and then fitted to complete the
house. Buying materials of exact
measurement of a building and further
transporting them to the site increases
the final construction cost of the house.
Modular homes are more energy-

efficient as well. This is because modular
homes follow stringent industry-
mandated insulation standards and
building practices. This helps in saving
energy and money over time
Unlike traditional homes, modular
homes are built in a factory setting that
reduces the risk of on-site damage or
theft of material. These on-site threats
can lead to budget overruns
A Choice Model 2010 Joseph Fully Modular All the components of a Huang, J. C.-h.
of Mass Chuen- single housing unit are entirely made, (2010, april). A
Customized huei assembled and finished at the plant; as Choice Model of
Modular Huang three-dimensional modules (like boxes) Mass Customized
Housing by requiring only simple connections to the Modular . R
Internet Aided foundations and main service conduits
Design once at the site. The size of the modular
unit is restricted by highway law or
shipping constraints. S
1.1 Types of 2010 Joseph Sectional Huang, J. C.-h.
Modular House Chuen- Small and easy to transport sectional (2010, april). A
System huei modules, but need a complementary Choice Model of
Huang component or process once they reach Mass Customized
the site. Double-wide trailer is the typical Modular . R
example found along the North
American highways. Sectional modular
system has some potential for
implementing with digital fabrication
technology. ESG Pavilion by graduate
students in Swiss Federal Institute of
Technology (ETH) is an example of
creating sectional modules. (3)
Component
By definition, a component system may
be a panelized, precut, or kit-of-parts
system. All building components are
pre-engineered and designed to be
assembled in a variety of ways.
Components are sized for convenient
handing or according to shipping
constraints. The smaller of components
may take longer time to be assembled
on site, but that allows more flexibility
for creating building variations.
an analysis on: 2012 stephen In terms of the environment, one of the CHIU, S. T.-L. (2012,
the potential of tse-lun benefits that prefabricated production April 9). THE
prefabricated chiu has over traditional construction is its POTENTIAL OF
construction ability to implement methods of PREFABRICATED.
industry pollution control. In a housing
production, there are many potential
areas of waste production. For instance,
emission of VOC, Volatile Organic
Compound, discharge of debris and
wood chips, and the leftover short
length lumbers. For prefabricated
productions, in house waste materials
can be collected to be reused or
recycled as raw material for another
product. For instance, wood chips can
be collected, processed and reformed as
OSB, oriented strand boards, or as MDF,
medium density fibre boards. Leftover
lumbers can be stored in inventory to be
reused in other production. Emission
from over-spraying can be filtered and
reused. Unrecyclable waste can be
condensed and properly disposed of
instead of being released into the
atmosphere or end up in landfills. In the
case of traditional construction, the
reuse and recycle of materials is difficult.
Traditional construction occurs on-site;
which means 21 that if the contractor
wishes to, for instance, store a piece of
left over lumber, the contractor needs to
rent a storage facility or bring it back
and bring it to the next site. If the
contractor wishes to implement
emission control, workers need to go
through the time consuming process of
assembling and disassembling the
filtering apparatus. Performing this task
at every single house is not only time
consuming, but extremely costly. In
addition to pollution control,
prefabricated production also allows for
noise control. In prefabrication, the
products are produced in, generally
speaking, a remote location, which
means that no matter how loud the
production is, neighbours will not feel
annoyed about the construction. And,
although there might still be some
assembly required on-site, the level of
noise is much lower, because most of
the machining is done in-plant. The
duration of final construction and noise
pollution will also be much less than
traditional construction projects
1.2 New Trend 2010 Joseph Mass customization has different Huang, J. C.-h.
toward Mass Chuen- implications for different products and (2010, april). A
Customization huei in different sectors. There are also Choice Model of
Huang different methods and strategies to Mass Customized
achieve it (Crayton, 2001). Some Modular . R
products can be tailored or customized
directly by the consumer; other
products may only have limited degree
of customization at the retail outlet or
dealer. One of the most important
distinctions running through all the
different senses of mass customization
is somehow the consumer may involved
the design through production process.
The choice is configured to what extent
the process is “transparent” or
“collaborative” and forms part of a
dialogue between the producer and the
customer. Some people also argue that
prefabricated production is more
environmental friendly as less gas is
consumed during transportation
compared to traditional construction.
The claim is that prefabrication
manufacturing plants can be
strategically placed in locations that
minimized the amount of transportation
between suppliers and the plant.
Mass 2019 Barman, Mass customization is a business Barman, S. a.
Customization S., and strategy combining the opposing (2015). survey of
in the House Canizares production theories mass production mass customization
Building and customization. Mass customization in practice. pp. Int.
Industry: is taking its point of departure in J. Supply Chain
Literature economics of scale using mass Manag. 4, 65–72.
Review and production to produce units at a low
Research cost while at the same time allowing
Directions flexibility and individual customization
of the product
Mass 2019 Maria Mass customization is a business Larsen, M. S. (2019,
Customization Stoettrup strategy combining the opposing October 10). Mass
in the House Schioenni production theories mass production Customization in
Building ng Larsen and customization.According to Pine the House Building
Industry: (1993) the purpose of mass Industry: Literature
Literature customization “is to develop, produce, Review and
Review and marketing, and deliver affordable goods Research
Research and services with enough variety and Directions.
Directions customization that nearly everyone finds
exactly what they want.” Buffington
(2011) stated that a lack of a clear
taxonomic classification and a clear
definition of mass customization most
likely is the reason why mass
customization generally has not been an
alternative to mass production yet.
According to Salvador et al. (2009), the
ability to adopt mass customization is
based on three fundamental
capabilities: (1) solution space
development, which aligns the variety of
product attributes with the variety of
customer needs; (2) robust process
design, which structures the
organizational and value chain
resources to fulfill customer needs; and
(3) choice navigation, which supports
customers' decisions when defining
their own solution while reducing choice
complexity.
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE NARRATIVE (outline)
1. Prefabrication and modular House
1.1 Module House classification
1.1.1 Modular house vs Traditional house
1.2 Modular Treehouse Concept
2. Benefits of Modular Housing
2.1 Quality
2.2 Productivity
2.3. Schedule
2.4 Affordable and sustainable housing
2.5 Cost and value
3. Modular Manufacturing / Design Process
3.1 Manufacturing Phases
3.2 Modular House on assembled on site.
3.3 Structural Materials

4. Green Infrastructure
4.1 Environment: Pollution control
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE NARRATIVE
This chapter shows the related Environmental Sustainability and affordability design of
modular house as reviewed by the researcher. The following literature and studies related to
this study were presented below.
Prefabrication and Modular House
Modular houses, often called prefab homes, are a modern approach to create a customized
home at a low cost. (Jr & Almarwae, 2014) stated that Modular buildings and modular homes
are sectional prefabricated buildings or houses, that consist of multiple sections called
modules. "Modular" is a method of construction differing from other methods. According to
(Jessica, 2020) Modular homes are built indoors, they can be completed in a matter of weeks,
as opposed to months.
The issue of housing

affordability is multi-dimensional.
Numerous studies have identified
many factors associated with
housing affordability like,
interes t r a t e s , i n c o m e
levels,
construction cost, land supply,
and housing prices. Problems are
many and they are all
interwoven. One of the biggest
problems low income households
face today is finding
affordable and appropriate
housing. Affordable housing is
that it is affordable to lower or
middle income households. It
includes owner-occupied housing
as well as rental housing

owned by government, nonprofits
organisations, corporations or
individuals (Disney, 2007).
The issue of housing
affordability is multi-dimensional.
Numerous studies have identified
many factors associated with
housing affordability like,
interes t r a t e s , i n c o m e
levels,
construction cost, land supply,
and housing prices. Problems are
many and they are all
interwoven. One of the biggest
problems low income households
face today is finding

affordable and appropriate
housing. Affordable housing is
that it is affordable to lower or
middle income households. It
includes owner-occupied housing
as well as rental housing
owned by government, nonprofits
organisations, corporations or
individuals (Disney, 2007
1.1 Module House Classification
According to (Jr & Almarwae, 2014) This type of modular housing remains the same principle
as one block prefabricated houses. The difference between this type and prefabricated block
house is that there are more varieties of shape, the size could grow bigger, and the main
issue is mounting. Also, the difference is in layout of blocks. There can be more than one
block connected, that way ensuring more space for open planning.
As claimed by (Hopkins,, 2014) During this period, many technologists, designers, and
entrepreneurs were eager to develop the perfect solution for the masses. Many innovative,
and now storied, housing solutions emerged, drawing inspiration 10 from the work of Henry
Ford and Frederick Winslow Taylor. Proponents of modular contend that greater benefits are
reaped as the degree of prefabrication increases. From this perspective, a volumetric,
trimmed-out module is more advantageous to use than unfinished wall and floor panels
(Smith, 2010).

Figure 1 details the possible applications as suggested by both Smith (2010) and Gibb (1999).
According to (Defoe, 2016) Dieter Rams once said: “Good design is innovative”. Specifically,
Rams (n.d.) said: “the possibilities for innovation are not, by any means, exhausted.
Technological development is always offering new opportunities for innovative design. But
innovative design always develops in tandem with innovative technology and can never be an
end in itself”. Prefabrication does not solely consist of beautiful designs, but of detailed
connections that come together in unique ways. While it easy to blame technological
advances for the negative aspects of the environment, it is much more likely that the people
behind the deployment of such technologies are to blame.
1.1.1 Modular House vs Traditional House
According to (Thakur, 2018) A traditional house usually takes several months to years for
completion. This is because all the material — wood for the windows and doors frames, pipes
for plumbing, cement and bricks for walls, and other furnishing materials — have to be
transported to the construction site and then fitted to complete the house. Buying materials
of exact measurement of a building and further transporting them to the site increases the
final construction cost of the house.

It also stated that modular homes are more energy-efficient as well. This is because modular
homes follow stringent industry-mandated insulation standards and building practices. This
helps in saving energy and money over time. Unlike traditional homes, modular homes are
built in a factory setting that reduces the risk of on-site damage or theft of material. These on-
site threats can lead to budget overruns.
1.1.2 Types of Modular House
As stated by (Huang, 2010) Fully Modular All the components of a single housing unit are
entirely made, assembled and finished at the plant; as three-dimensional modules (like
boxes) requiring only simple connections to the foundations and main service conduits once
at the site. The size of the modular unit is restricted by highway law or shipping constraints.
Sectional, Small and easy to transport sectional modules but need a complementary
component or process once they reach the site. Double-wide trailer is the typical example
found along the North American highways. Sectional modular system has some potential for
implementing with digital fabrication technology. On the other hand, Component, a
component system may be a panelized, precut, or kit-of-parts system. All building
components are pre-engineered and designed to be assembled in a variety of ways.
Components are sized for convenient handing or according to shipping constraints. The
smaller of components may take longer time to be assembled on site, but that allows more
flexibility for creating building variations.
As claim by (Larsen, 2019) the ability to adopt mass customization is based on three
fundamental capabilities: solution space development, robust process design, and choice
navigation.
1.2 Modular Treehouse Concept
According to (Hochman, 2010) The view is often taken that treehouse are a subsidiary
residential structure; a novelty, designed and built by their future occupant, purely for the
purpose of enjoyment. Indeed, treehouses are eye-catchers, garnering aesthetic appeal, a
direct connection with nature, and a lofty view of surrounding vistas. As specified by (Matijs,
2019) When designing structures in trees, the process of developing an idea, much like in
traditional construction, usually begins with measuring and surveying the site. The choice of
space for treehouse design is, however, considerably more limited than in traditional
construction because of the need to use existing trees and the limited ability to create new
support points. The present study is aimed at exploring the impact of tree house experiential
tourism on local nature tourism activities in regional municipalities using temporary practical
modelling treehouse installations as a low-risk instrument for establishing the best use cases
and approaches for the chosen sites.
Benefits of Modular Housing
2. 1 Quality
The primary benefit that the modular construction method is quality control. As stated by
(Colker, 2016) the monitored manufacturing setting, the use of precise fabrication tools such
as CAD/CAM, and the ability to automate processes allow for a high level of quality control
and consistency. This quality control is especially beneficial when it comes to the installation
of sensitive high-tech components such as fire and security systems or sensor-based
environmental controls. The increased precision in fabrication of exterior wall components
also results in a much tighter building envelope with fewer air leaks. As claim by (Cameron &
Di carlo, 2010) Manufactured homes, known as mobile homes in the past are similar to
Modular homes in that they are both composed of boxes built in a factory. The two are often
confused but the main differences between them are portability and regulatory compliance.
2.1 Productivity
According to (Colker, 2016) Labor productivity is also increased when using an off-site
approach. A crew working in a plant is less affected by adverse weather. Additionally, a crew
equipped with precise tools and machinery, working in a space designed to provide ideal
conditions for manufacture, is able to achieve higher levels of quality in a more efficient
manner. Off-site construction also means a more consistent crew and a more controlled
workflow that will be less prone to disruption.
2. 3 Schedule

Prefabricating the bulk of a building in an off-site facility means that the construction process
is much less vulnerable to delays due to poor weather conditions. This facilitates a more
predictable schedule. Off-site construction also allows for work that would usually need to be
sequenced to be performed simultaneously. Compared to the linear process that generally
characterizes traditional on-site construction, with trades working sequentially, off-site
construction allows trades to work concurrently. (Colker, 2016)
2.4 Affordable and Sustainable Housing
According to (adasivam Karuppannan, 2010) Affordable housing also limits the cost of
housing because households should not pay more than 30% of their household income. If
households spend more than 30% of the household income on housing it implies they are in
housing stress. Therefore, it is a real challenge for both facilitator and provider to provide
affordable housing, which is also sustainable. As we know sustainability does not only mean
economically viable, but also socially and environmentally sustainable. Therefore, there is a
need to trade off between various sustainable elements to achieve sustainable housing that
is affordable. Unfortunately currently the sustainability of housing is very much related to
economics and to some extent environment. Therefore, sustainable housing must be
economically viable, socially acceptable, technically feasible and environmentally compatible.
However, to improve the quality of life social sustainability will play a vital role. It is not always
true that sustainability could be achieved by providing expensive housing.
As stated by (Olayemi, 2021) Modular prefabrication has been proven as a process of many
sustainable benefits as compared to conventional approaches. Aside from the obvious
aspects like waste reduction and lower on-site energy consumption, numerous factors play
their roles in the sustainability of prefab houses, particularly in the construction phase. Its
sustainable performance has been evident when it comes to dealing with issues of
construction waste, aesthetic options, site disruption, water consumption, and pollution
generation.
2.5 Cost and value

As claim by (Colker, 2016) Although modular construction can be more cost efficient than on-
site construction, this does not automatically mean it will result in a reduction in overall
project cost. However, the costs are often more predictable than with traditional construction
methods. If affordability and controlled cost is of primary concern on a project, modular
construction can be used to achieve it, but it will require greater intention in design and
thorough planning.
2.6 Safety
An off-site construction approach is also generally safer for workers. Workers work in a
controlled setting and are not exposed to the hazards of extreme weather and other
construction site dangers such as those related to noise and air quality. According to the U.S.
Labor Department Bureau of Labor Statistics, rates for fatal injuries are, overall, substantially
lower in manufacturing than in traditional onsite construction. (Colker, 2016).
2.7 Concept of mass customization
According to (Barman, 2015) Mass customization is taking its point of departure in economics
of scale using mass production to produce units at a low cost while at the same time allowing
flexibility and individual customization of the product. As stated by (Larsen, 2019) , the ability
to adopt mass customization is based on three fundamental capabilities: (1) solution space
development, which aligns the variety of product attributes with the variety of customer
needs; (2) robust process design, which structures the organizational and value chain
resources to fulfill customer needs; and (3) choice navigation,
According to (Huang, 2010) mass customization is somehow the consumer may involved the
design through production process. The choice is configured to what extent the process is
“transparent” or “collaborative” and forms part of a dialogue between the producer and the
customer. Some people also argue that prefabricated production is more environmental
friendly as less gas is consumed during transportation compared to traditional construction.
The claim is that prefabrication manufacturing plants can be strategically placed in locations
that minimized the amount of transportation between suppliers and the plant.

Modular Manufacturing / Design Process
According to (Colker, 2016) Engage a modular manufacturer Generally, once a modular
project is ready to proceed beyond schematic design, the modular manufacturer should be
brought on to provide consultation and, potentially, design-assist services. The earlier this
happens, the better—especially for project teams new to modular construction. Having the
modular manufacturer involved early allows the project team to benefit from the
manufacturer’s expertise and knowledge of available products and techniques.
Figure 2: Key questions to consider during the design process.
3.1 Manufacturing process

Because the fabrication of modules should be considered as part of the design of modular
projects, it’s important for designers to have at least a general idea of how the modular
manufacturing process works.
Figure 3: Manufacturing Phases
3.2 Modular House on assembled on site.
In Modular House Assembled on Site, this type of module house is a prefabricated home built
in an offsite factory, which is then delivered by truck to the home site and assembled by a
construction crew. (Winkler, 2010) stated that Factory assembly of modular buildings and
components such as floors, walls, roofs, bathrooms, or complete houses also brings
advantages in terms of cost and time savings, reduced site deliveries and the subsequent
local impact of construction, less need for sub-contractors, and a reduced risk of delays
caused by poor weather.
According to (Davea, Watson, & Prasad, 2016) Off-site vs. onsite mix, the response was
equally wide-ranging when asked about the level of prefabrication usually employed in their
projects. Category of prefab: More than half of the respondents selected modular systems
and exactly half opted for panelized systems. (Dewhirst, John, & Steven, 2021) stated that
Renewal and Relocation Projects, several modular systems have already been devised to
redevelop an. area while not destroying the neighborhood and offering only minimal
disruption and relocation of the inhabitants.
3.3 Structural Materials
Wood is another commonly used material in prefab homes. It can be used as-is, in the form
of “heavy timber”, which refers to column and beam structures, or in the form of “mass
timber”, which refers to its use as panel systems (a combination of wood and other
materials). Wood’s fire resistance is often a subject of concern, but wood systems can be
designed to have good fire resistance due to the ablative char that forms during exposure to
fire. Bamboo is a common building material that can be adapted for use in prefab homes, as
well. Wood can also be engineered into composites that have good material properties, even
comparable to steels. Examples of such wood materials include cross-laminated timber (CLT),
glued laminated lumber (GLULAM), and laminated veneer lumber (LVL). They are all
essentially several sections of wood sheets glued together in such a way that there are no
continuous grain lines for fault/crack initiation or propagation.
Green Infrastructure
According to (Adegun*, 2021) Urban Green Infrastructure covers strategically planned
networks of natural landforms and green spaces as well as an “informal network of micro-
activity to supplement the strategic-level interventions,” including agri-food landscapes
(Jerome, 2017). Both deliver diverse goods and services that support human sustenance.
People living in slums and informal settlements relate to green spaces and natural
ecosystems that can function beneficially as green infrastructure in different ways (Adegun,
2017a; Douglas, 2018; Birtchnell et al., 2019; Diep et al., 2019). This relationship holds the
key to improvements not only in environmental quality, but also in quality of life for low-
income residents.
As illustrated by (Zipmatch, 2015) Some Filipinos own a home. The greater majority of
Filipinos do not own a home. The study showed that 32% of the respondents are not sure

whether they are financially capable of buying a home. 41% of respondents explicitly
expressed their concern about not having enough savings even for a down payment. Another
12% said that they felt that they did not have enough of a monthly salary to pay for a deposit
or even make monthly amortization payments on a home. The data suggests that the
respondents who were unsure about their capability to purchase a home simply need to do
an honest evaluation of their finances.
4.1 Environment: pollution control
According to (CHIU, 2012) In terms of the environment, one of the benefits that prefabricated
production has over traditional construction is its ability to implement methods of pollution
control. In a housing production, there are many potential areas of waste production. For
prefabricated productions, in house waste materials can be collected to be reused or recycled
as raw material for another product. It also stated that Some people also argue that
prefabricated production is more environmental friendly as less gas is consumed during
transportation compared to traditional construction. The claim is that prefabrication
manufacturing plants can be strategically placed in locations that minimized the amount of
transportation between suppliers and the plant.

INTRODUCTION
Affordable housing and sustainable development are major issues across the world including
Philippines. Most Filipinos cannot afford homes costing huge amounts of money. According
to the research, 32% of respondents are unsure if they are financially capable of purchasing a
property (Zipmatch, 2015). Tiny affordable homes, made of low-cost materials, and
developed in small blocks on cheap land on the urban periphery are all examples of
affordable housing. Prefab has also been found to have better environmental impacts in
addition to a variety of other advantages, including as time, money, construction quality, on-
site safety, technology, and productivity.
The primary purpose of this research is to address the need for a beautiful, stable, and cost -
effective home in every sector of society, particularly in impoverished regions. Furthermore,
The modular house concept is for those who are not making enough income to cover what it
costs to own your home and want to develop the new solution for creating environmentally
friendly home. A factory-built home is known as a modular house in which it is pre-assembled
as a panelized system (walls, floor panels, roof panels, trusses, etc.) or as whole modules.
Both types of modular home systems can be delivered by truck to a construction site where a
foundation has been laid, and then connected to form the entire structure. There are also
other modular home designs that may be established, including a modular treehouse and a
small house. This context employs as the primary study approach for evaluating various
types and applications for improving natural growth and sustainability.
This research explores the potential benefits of modular systems and on the opportunities
for greater sustainability and affordability in prefab housing.

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
The main issue that continues this study is to develop the Environmental sustainability and
affordability design of Modular House. The researchers want to figure out answers for the
following problem questions:
1. How can modular structure be used effectively to improve environmental
sustainability?
2. Considering the housing needs incurred the schedule rebuilding plans, how could time,
low cost, reduced waste, improve quality and sustainability by adopting modular
homes for new sustainable residence.
3. What potential do modular systems have for creating sustainable architecture?
How can prefabrication be used to

improve environmental sustainability
in
Australian residential buildings
GENERAL OBJECTIVES

Aims to introduce and to provide more knowledge about modular homes to serve
sustainable, eco-friendly and to address the concern of every sector of the society especially
the depressed areas of the society for a beautiful, stable and affordable shelter.
SPECIFIC OBJECTIVE
 Aims to create cost efficient, safe, healthy and comfortable homes within well designed
communities in a closed sustainable life cycle.
 Aims to develop spatial modules to create urban domestics spaces and enhancing the
designing with nature.
 Aims to provide integrated housing solutions through fabrication and modularization
house with different types of design that involves modular treehouse concept.
SCOPE AND LIMITATIONS
The scope of this study is about the Environmental sustainability and affordability design of
Modular House. It aims to give knowledge to its readers about the benefits of the
modularization method for housing. This study focuses on environmental aspects, with the
aim of improving safety, productivity, quality, cost, and sustainable performance.
Furthermore, improvements to the structure using standard connections, in which produced
based on mass customization. However, there are now limitations that prevent it from
reaching its full potential. There is no study location or monitoring site selection that the
study conducted only on the basis of related literature reviews on modular house building
setup.
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
This study aims to add to the discourse on the need to better understand design and
decision-making in the development of modular houses in our society. The perceptions of

sustainability and affordability, as well as the industry's major constraints, are more
significant. This study was conducted to address the need for an environmentally sustainable
and economic shelter in every segment of the population, particularly in impoverished areas.
Other aspects that would also be improved the environment, project duration time and cost
benefit across the lifecycle.
The researchers believe that the result of the study will benefit the following:
 Community- This might be beneficial to the educational system's future development.
 Consumer- learn more about the quality and efficiency of prefabricated homes;
eventually, the concept of prefabricated homes may become the norm.
 Student- The knowledge gained by the architecture student will be used to develop
and innovate the notion of building a sustainable and affordable modular home.
 Researcher- Future researchers can use the study as a guide, tool, and reference while
undertaking research that is related to the study.
RESEARCH QUESTIONS AND RATIONALE
The research questions for this study were:
1. How is prefabrication used in construction?
2. What are the potential benefits of using prefabrication over Traditional construction
methods?
3. Can prefabrication influence sustainable design in architecture?
4. How can mass customization be used to improve environmental sustainability in
Philippines residential building.
The researcher proposes to study to develop and demonstrate a platform for
environmentally sustainable and affordable modular housing. Housing's major goal is to
build an adaptable environment for human lifestyle. In other words, inhabitants' qualitative
and social needs should be met in addition to their personal needs (e.g., sleep, food, rest, and
protection from the weather and nature) and to address the concerns of diverse individuals
of society, particularly those in impoverished geographic areas.

DEFINITION OF TERMS
Modular homes – (like site-built, pre-cut and panelized) built made up of individual modules
that could be easily reorganized, replaced, or transferred.
Environmental sustainability - Throughout construction and during the house's duration,
the house is meant to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, conserve water and energy, and
reduce waste.
Panelized construction- composed of prefabricated sections of walls, floors, or roofs that
can be assembled at the building site.
Site-built home- are constructed from individual pieces of wood, concrete or steel that are
delivered from suppliers, cut or poured to size on site and assembled.

Volumetric construction- is a form of off-site construction in which buildings are put
together by connecting a series of fairly large pre-built sections, or ‘modules. It is often
referred to as prefabricated building, although strict definitions may vary somewhat from
source to source.
Manufactured homes- known as mobile homes in the past are similar to Modular homes in
that they are both composed of boxes built in a factory. The two are often confused but the
main differences between them are portability and regulatory compliance.
Depressed area- a region where unemployment and a low standard of living prevail.
Green Infrastructure- is an approach to water management that protects, restores, or
mimics the natural water cycle. Green infrastructure is effective, economical, and enhances
community safety and quality of life.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
adasivam , K., & Alpana , S. (2010). sustainable development and Housing Affordability.
adasivam Karuppannan, A. S. (2010). Sustainable Development and Housing Affordability.
Adegun*, O. B. (2021, March). Green Infrastructure Can Improve the Lives of Slum Dwellers in African
Cities.
Barman, S. a. (2015). survey of mass customization in practice. pp. Int. J. Supply Chain Manag. 4, 65–72.
Bibeau, N. G. (2020). Prefrabication and Modilar Construction .
Cameron, p., & Di carlo, n. (2010, september). PIECING TOGETHER MODULAR: UNDERSTANDING
THE BENEFITS .
CHIU, S. T.-L. (2012, April 9). THE POTENTIAL OF PREFABRICATED.
Colker, R. M. (2016). Design modular Construction: An introduction for Architects.
Collins. (2021). Retrieved from https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/depressed-area
Davea, M., Watson, B., & Prasad, D. (2016). Performance and perception in prehab housing: An exploratory
industry survey on sustainability.
Defoe, B. (2016). Prefabricated and modulized Building as an affordable Housing Solution for Millenisals:
A Case Study.
Dewhirst, John, & Steven. (2021). Modulae housing.
Dictionary.com. (2021). Retrieved from https://www.dictionary.com/browse/panelized#:~:text=%5B
%20pan%2Dl%2Dahyzd%20%5D,building%20site%3A%20a%20panelized%20house.
Edward, s. (2020, August 14). What is volumetric construction?
Hochman, D. (2010). Back to the trees.Forbes Life. pp. pp. 71-73.
Hopkins,, A. S. (2014). Assesment of modular construction utilization across all campuses of the university
of North Carolina System.

Huang, J. C.-h. (2010, april). A Choice Model of Mass Customized Modular . Retrieved from
file:///C:/Users/Katlyn%20kaye/Downloads/IMCM2007_Huang.pdf
Jessica. (2020, november 10). Modular Homes: Everything you need to know.
Jr, T. U., & Almarwae, M. (2014). Prefabricated Technology in a modular House. pp. Vol.74, pp, 51-74.
Larsen, M. S. (2019, October 10). Mass Customization in the House Building Industry: Literature Review
and Research Directions.
Matijs, B. (2019). Practical Modelling in Treehouse development.
Mingoya, C. (2010). Building together: Tiny House village for the Homless: A Comparative Case Study.
Olayemi, O. (2021, March 24). Materials used in Prefab houses.
Thakur, M. (2018, November 28). Modular Home vs. Traditional Home: Which One is Better For Me?
What is Green Infrastuctue. (2019). Retrieved from American Rivers:
https://www.americanrivers.org/threats-solutions/clean-water/green-infrastructure/what-is-green-
infrastructure/
Winkler, K. (2010). Sika Building Trust.
Zipmatch. (2015, march 14). Bakit Siya May Bahay, Ikaw Wala?
REFERENCES:
4.pdf (nadiapub.com)
(PDF) Performance and Perception in Prefab Housing: An Exploratory Industry Survey on
Sustainability and Affordability (researchgate.net)

Defoe-Brenda-TerminalProject.pdf (ufl.edu)
PrefabModularSmartMarketReport2020.pdf
Hopkins, Anthony Scott Thesis 2014.pdf (uncg.edu)

IDEAhaus: A Modular Approach to Climate Resilient UK Housing (qub.ac.uk)
AZU_TD_BOX70_E9791_1972_479.pdf (arizona.edu)
History (sika.com)
mingoya_2015.pdf (mit.edu)
THESIS (mountainscholar.org)
Modular Treehouse Concept (newatlas.com)
Modular Homes: Pros and Cons, Cost, and Buying Guide | MYMOVE
Materials_Practice_Guide_Modular_Construction.pdf (aia.org)
Data Shows Why Filipinos Don't Own a Home | ZipMatch
Modular Home vs. Traditional Home: Which One is Better For Me? (homecrux.com)
An analysis on : the potential of prefabricated construction industry - UBC Library Open Collections
Practical_Modelling_in_Treehouse_Development.pdf
10 remote homes to offer a little escapism during the pandemic (dezeen.com)
(PDF) PREFABRICATED MODULAR HOUSING: A Case Study (researchgate.net)
Prefabrication in Developing Countries: A Case Study of India (umass.edu)
300389936.pdf (core.ac.uk)
Case study: Sustainability and modular housing | Planning, BIM & Construction Today
(pbctoday.co.uk)
Issues and Impediments about Modular Construction.pdf (concordia.ca)
Opportunities and Challenges of Modular Construction in a Hospitality Centric Environment
(unlv.edu)

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Environmental sustainability and affordability design of

Katlyn kaye L, Bagatchalon,

#532 Hudson street, Manhattan Villas Don Bosco Paranaque city

*Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; email:

Bachelor in Graphics Technology – Major in Architecture | Research Methodology |1

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM:

1. How can modular structure be used effectively to improve environmental sustainability?

3. What potential do modular systems have for creating sustainable architecture?

General Objective: Provide 1 General Objective

areas of the society for a beautiful, stable and affordable shelter.

Specific Objective: Provide 3 Specific Objective

communities in a closed sustainable life cycle.

designing with nature.

with different types of design that involves modular treehouse concept.

Bachelor in Graphics Technology – Major in Architecture | Research Methodology |2

Modular buildings, also called

Bachelor in Graphics Technology – Major in Architecture | Research Methodology |3

As shown in Figure 10, the system allows

Category of prefab: More than half of

Construction type: The most frequent

Production system type and capacity:

Off-site vs. onsite mix: The response

Size of dwellings: Participants indicated

Bachelor in Graphics Technology – Major in Architecture | Research Methodology |7

When considering a modular home,

Bachelor in Graphics Technology – Major in Architecture | Research Methodology |9

Aside from the benefits of reducing

Bachelor in Graphics Technology – Major in Architecture | Research Methodology |11

With treehouses increasing in popularity

Innovation is one of the pillars of the

The data suggests that the respondents

Green 2021 Olumuyi Urban Green Infrastructure covers Adegun*, O. B.

Modular homes are more energy-

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE NARRATIVE (outline)

1. Prefabrication and modular House

1.1 Module House classification

1.1.1 Modular house vs Traditional house

1.2 Modular Treehouse Concept

2. Benefits of Modular Housing

2.4 Affordable and sustainable housing

2.5 Cost and value

3. Modular Manufacturing / Design Process

3.1 Manufacturing Phases

3.2 Modular House on assembled on site.

3.3 Structural Materials

4.1 Environment: Pollution control

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE NARRATIVE

this study were presented below.

Prefabrication and Modular House

modules. "Modular" is a method of construction differing from other methods. According to

The issue of housing

Bachelor in Graphics Technology – Major in Architecture | Research Methodology |29

Bachelor in Graphics Technology – Major in Architecture | Research Methodology |30

reaped as the degree of prefabrication increases. From this perspective, a volumetric,

Bachelor in Graphics Technology – Major in Architecture | Research Methodology |31

behind the deployment of such technologies are to blame.

1.1.1 Modular House vs Traditional House