NEW

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7444468/
Tee, Michael et. al. (2020)
Previous disease outbreaks caused generalized fear to the public and induced fear-
related behaviors and anxiety (Shultz et al., 2016; Person et al., 2004). 
there are so many uncertainties with the disease with a possibility of a fatal outcome.
Infection or death of family and friends could worsen the overall mental health well-
being of an individual (Ahmed et al., 2020). 
It is imperative to determine the prevalence of adverse mental health issues in a society
during this pandemic and mitigate its psychological risks and consequences.
The results of the study showed that respondents’ depression, anxiety, and stress levels
were relatively high.
During this time, 16.3% of the respondents reported moderate to severe psychological
impact; 16.9% of the respondents reported moderate to severe depressive symptoms;
28.8% reported moderate to severe anxiety symptoms; and 13.4% reported moderate to
severe stress signals. 

https://mecp.springeropen.com/articles/10.1186/s43045-021-00116-6
Shaikh, Areeba et. al (2021)
As the world succumbs to the novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic,
people may find the new normal stressful and unbearable. The high infectivity of the
virus calls for maintaining self-isolation, personal distance, hygiene, and imposing
lockdowns to curb the spread. Though proven to be effective, these measures can be
overwhelming for individuals and may adversely affect their mental health, such as
depression, anxiety, and stress
Many researchers have found intense psychological effects in individuals due to the
outbreak of pandemics. People may experience feelings as worry about being infected,
fear of stigma or isolation, resource instability, self-criticism, and hopelessness are risk
factors leading to depression, anxiety, and stress during the lockdown period 
The depression, anxiety, and stress scores were calculated for each country. The
Philippines had the highest mean score in all three domains.
In accordance with our findings, a study reported no effect of employment status on
anxiety among Filipino young adults. However, they found no effect of the educational
level on anxiety, contrary to our study results [43].
Our study revealed that young adults between the ages of 20 and 25 recorded the
highest scores of stress, depression, and anxiety in terms of age. Consistently, Fawzy
and Hamed found that those between the ages of 18 and 30 expressed a higher
psychological impact than older participants

https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lanwpc/article/PIIS2666-6065(22)00200-0/fulltext
Maravila, Joemer et. al (2022)
Public health workers reported stress and mental health exhaustion. Apart from fear of
infection during service provision, public health workers and university staff experienced
work overload, pressure to learn new technology, and webinar fatigue. Mental health
problems have surfaced as health workers and young people have become more
affected while support services remain insufficient.
Public health workers have reported actions to maintain service delivery in the new
normal such as use of telehealth and social media. However, issues on workforce
wellbeing and digital equity posed adaptation challenges. Participants suggested
partnership with higher education institutions as pivotal to position local health systems
towards recovery.
Used descriptive phenomenokogy
After rigorous analyses, four major themes were identified to describe the indirect
impacts of the pandemic on local health systems, including school health systems. As
shown in Table 2, these themes were: (1) reduction in access and utilisation of routine
public health programs, (2) fear and fatigue among workers, (3) increased awareness of
mental health problems, and (4) adapting to the new normal.
Public health workers were concerned about their safety and of their families. They
were fearful of contracting COVID-19 while interacting with patients and community
members.
A dean from a health sciences school believed that the pandemic affected the mental
health of individuals who have been infected, those who have survived, and those who
never acquired the virus.
Mental health problems have surfaced as a public health concern and are now seen as
a priority in medical training according to a clinical preceptor on community medicine.
Some universities have initiated immediate responses due to the abrupt increase in
demand for mental health services and programs for students. For example, a university
in Mindanao provided remote counselling and psychological first aid.

https://WHO-2019-nCoV-Sci-Brief-Mental-health-2022.1-eng.pdf
WHO (March 2, 2022)
The GBD 2020 (7) estimated that the COVID-19 pandemic has led to a 27.6% increase
(95% uncertainty interval (UI): 25.1–30.3) in cases of major depressive disorder (MDD)
and a 25.6% increase (95% UI: 23.2–28.0) in cases of anxiety disorders (AD) worldwide
in 2020.
Evidence suggests the pandemic and associated PHSMs have led to a worldwide
increase in mental health problems, including widespread depression and anxiety.
People living with pre-existing mental disorders are also at greater risk of severe illness
and death from COVID-19 and should be considered a risk group upon diagnosis of
infection

https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/00469580221107051
Carascal, Mark et. al. (2022)
Various global researchers indicated the adverse effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on
HCWs. These effects include serious physical, moral, and psychological challenges that
can affect their personal and professional lives.5,6 Experts attribute the most significant
impact to psychological effects since they can linger within the affected
individual.7 Several authors reported high levels of fear, stress, depression, and anxiety
among HCWs.
In two studies, researchers found higher levels of posttraumatic stress symptoms
among recovered HCWs compared to the general population of survivors.
The five main themes identified from the lived experience of COVID-19-recovered
HCWs are: living in uncertainty, living in distress, living in fatigue, living in dissociation,
and living in value of life. The themes presented are based on the confirmed experience
of the participants throughout their journey of recovery from COVID-19.

https://www.dlsu.edu.ph/wp-content/uploads/pdf/research/journals/apssr/2022-March-
vol22-1/12-age-covid-19-and-mental-health-in-the-philippines-a-multidimensional-
perspective
Ma. Regina Hechanova, Alvin Patrick Valentin, and Karlos Pio Alampay (2022)
The spread of infection, isolation, and loss of income during the COVID-19 pandemic
has increased mental health issues
The Generational Cohort Theory suggests that the life experiences of the various
generations can shape their attitudes or behaviors. For example, the quarantine policies
have increased the dependence on technology to connect people and have isolated
those who are not adept in using technology.
This research posits that there is a difference in mental health states, psychological
well-being, depression, anxiety, and stress across different age groups.
In general, the greater the exposure to COVID-19 stressors, the poorer the well-being
and the greater the stress, anxiety, and depression symptoms. The only exception was
the negative relationship between exposure from work and depression, anxiety, and
stress. Those who reported greater exposure to COVID-19 because of work reported
less depression, anxiety, and stress symptoms
The first cluster was composed of participants aged between 16 and 35 years while the
second cluster was composed of participants aged 36 years and above. Independent
samples t-tests were conducted to compare the mental health states of the two age
groups (see Table 4). test showed a statistically significant and small difference in the
psychological well-being of the two age groups, t(797) = −6.27, p < .001, r = .22. The
older group had greater psychological well-being compared to those 35 years and
below.
The younger respondents also reported greater distress because of COVID-19-related
news. This may be explained from the lens of generations. Because of their connection
to digital platforms, this technological generation has greater exposure to coronavirus
information compared to older generations.
resilience also significantly predicted all mental health states. This supports literature
affirming the role of resilience in helping people cope with adverse circumstances,
anxiety, and depression (Foureur et al., 2013; Lin et al., 2020). Results revealed age
differences with the younger generation reporting less resilience than older generations.
This can be explained from a lifestage perspective. Older individuals have had greater
experience with adversity and are more likely to appraise challenges as inevitable and
transitory, which may explain their greater resilience. In addition, there is robust
evidence that resilience is inversely related to anxiety and depression (Foureur et al.,
2013; Seiler & Jenewein, 2019), which may explain the poorer mental health of the
younger generation

file:///C:/Users/Toshiba/Downloads/5006-Article%20Text-23299-1-10-20220628.pdf
Raymond Gaspar & Nina Ashley Dela Cruz (2022)
Many workers, if feasible, have been advised to work from the comfort of their homes.
However, a larger group of workers, amid workplace closure guidelines, have been
either furloughed or faced reduced working hours, which has consequently affected
their income and finances. The elderly have long been restricted from going outside due
to their vulnerability to the virus. Stay-at-home orders have left many individuals in
isolation and experiencing feelings of fears and anxiety, largely over economic
hardships and uncertainty
Several months have passed with lockdowns still in place, and it was revealed that the
National Center for Mental Health has been receiving a rising number of calls from
Filipinos facing depression and other mental health issues. From an average of 80
hotline calls per month before the COVID-19 lockdown, the center has been receiving
nearly 400 calls every month (WHO Philippines 2020).
Such observation provides a strong incentive to boost both physical and mental health
as well as to support those people facing a much higher risk of mental distress. In doing
so, the country needs to effectively overcome existing challenges related to insufficient
availability of medical treatment, appropriate facilities, and mental health professionals
(ADB 2020).

BASIN SA INTRO
When the pandemic started, there was a rise in feelings of isolation, loneliness,
and uncertainty in the general population. This is more evident in working-class young
adults as they transition from their normal working routine to new set-ups. Those who
still report to work in their offices are led to feelings of anxiety as they go home to their
loved ones in fear of bringing home the virus with them. A study by Hechanova,
Valentin, and Alampay (2022) found that participants aged between 16 and 35 years
reported having poorer psychological well-being compared to those who were aged 36
years and above.