Learner-Centered Psychological Principles

• Focus on psychological factors that are primarily internal rather than physiological
factors. However, the principles also attempt to acknowledge external environment that
interact with these internal factors.
• Intended to deal holistically with learners in the context of real-world learning
situations.
• The 14 principles are divided into 4 factors (1) cognitive and metacognitive (2)
motivational and affective, (3) developmental and social, and (4) individual
difference factors influencing learners and learning.
• The principles intended to apply to all learners.
Cognitive and Metacognitive Factors
1. Nature of learning process
2. Goals of the learning process
3. Construction of knowledge
4. Strategic thinking
5. Thinking about thinking
6. Context of learning
Motivational and Affective Factors
7. Motivational and emotional influences on learning
8. Intrinsic motivation to learn
9. Effects on motivation on effort
Developmental and Social Factors
10. Developmental influences in learning
11. Social influences in learning
Individual Differences Factors
12. Individual learning in process
13. Learning and diversity
14. Standards and assessment
Alexander and Murphy gave a summary of the 14 principles and distilled into five areas:
1. The knowledge base
2. Strategic processing and control
3. Motivation and affect
4. Developmental and individual differences
5. Situation or context