Modals are auxiliary or helping verbs. They may be used in expressing permission, obligation and prohibition.

Conditionals are the statements expressing the results of a particular condition.

Conditional sentences have two parts:

 The IF-clause introduces a condition.

 The main clause is the result of that condition.
There are 4 types of conditionals

Speech style is a communicative style which portrays how a language is characterized in terms of degree of
formality. Presented below are the different types of communicative styles.
Subject - A subject is a part of a sentence that contains the person or thing performing the action (or
verb) in a sentence

VERB - are words that show an action (sing), occurrence(develop), or state of being(exist). Almost every
sentence requires a verb.
SUBJECT -VERB AGREEMENT
Subject and verb must agree in number. The subject of a sentence should always match the verb
describing its action.
BASIC RULE FOR SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT
Singular subjects must have singular verbs.
Plural subjects take plural verbs.

Rules on subject verb-agreement

Notes:

Singular means one. We used the helping verb like is and was.

Plural mean two or more. We used the helping verb like are and were.

Singular subject must have singular verb. Pag singular ang subject ang verb nyo ay may ‘’s’’

Plural subject may ‘’s’’ ang huli for example players plural yan. Since may ‘’s’’ na ang subject ang verb
mo ay without s na.

Rule no. 1: always remember that if you use ‘’AND’’ and ‘’I’ as your subject it always takes a plural verb.

Rule no. 2: if your subject is plural then the verb should be plural. If your subject is singular then your verb
should also be singular. always identify first the subject, ask yourself if it is singular or plural the if it is
singular then the verb must also singular. same with the plural.
RULE NO.3: When you see ‘’ AND’’ always use plural verb (are or were) except when they mean one thing.

RULE NO. 4: Same rule with number 2. It means kung alin ang mas malapit na subject yun ang ssusundin
mong verb. Dahil dalwa ang subject. For example’’ Neither the players nor the coach is joining. Ang malapit sa
verb natin ay ang coach so, singular siya because there’s no ‘’s’’

Rule no. 5: Dito naman if your subject is followed by the intervening words or phrases such as, with as, as well
as, in addition to, accompanied by, together with and no less than it takes singular verb, Tandaan ang
intervening words para mas Madali I identify.

Rule no. 6: if ang subject nyo ay kasunod ay plural noun ibig sabihin nun ang verb nyo ay singular. Plural noun
group of words. Ibiig sabihin marami...

Rule no.7: Laging tandaan ang indefinite plural ito yung several, few, both and many.Laging plural verb ang
ilalagay nyo

Rule no.8: Pag dito naman tandaan nyo rin yung indefinite pronouns na most, all, none and some ay singular.
Pero depende sa meaning nito may ibang plural kaoag ang subject plural edi plural din dapat ang verb.
ALWAYS REMEMBER SUBJECT MUST AGREE WITH THE VERB.

Rule no.9: Expression ng time, distance, weight and money ay singular ang gagamitin kahit na naka plural ito.
Ibig sabihin pag nakakita kayo ng tungkol sa time, money, distansya at weight singular ang gagamitin na verb.

Verb Tenses
The word Tense is derived from Latin word “tempus” which means time. A verb indicates the time of an action,
event or condition by changing its form.

Verbs
• Express an action word or a state of being.
• They determine the subject as to doer or receiver of an action.
• They also complete the thought of a sentence.
a. FOUR PRINCIPAL PARTS OF THE VERB
b. two voice of verb

 Active voice - The subject is the doer of the action.( Subject ang nauuna bago ang verb,Ang subject ang
gumagawa ng kilios)
 Passive voice - The subject is the receiver of the action.( Ang subject ang tagatanggap ng action.) Dito
verb ang nauuna kesa sa subject.
c. Classification of Verbs

 Regular Verbs - Form their past tense and past participle by adding -d or -ed.( Mag aadd ka lang ng ed
or d. regular ang tawag dun.
 Irregular Verbs - Formed by either a change in spelling or sometimes no change at all.
(Pero kapag ang verb mo ay nag change ang speeling at minsan walang pagbabago tinatawag
natin tung irregular verb. S past participle nag chachange ito for example ang base form or yung
verb niya ay rise so since present mag aadd ka lang ng ing pag present participle pag past naman
ito yung mag aadd ka nang ed pero pag irregular magbabago siya. Sa vowels niya kagaya ng rise
naging rose yung vowel naging o then sa past participle mag chachange yan minsan pinapaltan
ang hulu ng ( en, n, t or d) dito nilagyan lang ng (n)
d. Tenses

Notes:

Sa simple present mag dadagdag ka lang ng s or es pag ang verb mo ay nagtatapos sa y papaltan mo yan
ng I then add es for example study magiging studies. Then sa iba kagaya ng nasa itaas na example
nagdagdag lang ng s naging writes.

Sa Simple future tense since irregular ang verb nag change siya.

Sa simple future tense nag add lang ng will or shall.

a. Present perfect tense

Formula for this ay

SUBJECT + HAS /HAVE + THE PAST PARTICPLE OF THE MAIN VERB

Ibigsabihin nito pag ang subject mo ay singular gagamit ka ng has pag plural have. Then yung pagt oarticiple.
TANDAAN ANG FORMULA. Para mabilis mung maidentify.

b. Past perfect tense

had ay past form ng has and have is plural same parin dito .

c. future perfect tense

Dito naman pag nakita mo yung will have future tese na yun.

TAKE NOTE ANG PRESENT PERFECT TENSE AY NANGYARI NA BEFORE PERO NANGYAYARI
PARIN HANGGANG NGAYONN KAGYA NG EXAMPLE NATIN NAGTURO NA SIYA FOR TWO
YEARS PERO HANGGANG NGAYON NAG TUTURO PA RIN SILA IN THE PRESENT. ITO LANG
ANG PAGKAKAIBA NG PRESENT PERFECT SA PAST PERFEC.
GOOD LUCK SA EXAM NYO. I HOPE AY MAY
NATUTUNAN KAYO. IF MAY QUESTIONS ASK
ME.

If I had not broken mum’s favorite cup,

She would not have been angry with me.
If she had not been angry with me,
She would not have forbidden me to visit you,
If she had not forbidden me to visit you.
We could have played in the garden,
I could have been with you,
If I had been with you,
I would have been so much happier than I am now.