Related Studies (Foreign)

For hundreds of years, stereotyping and prejudices among the gender role of
men and women had significantly affected the perception of both genders in society,
as this stereotyping grew, gender role stereotyping affected the perception of men and
women on their career choices and aspirations. According to Ellemers (2018) defines
gender stereotypes as ubiquitous or can occur in any place and anytime, “with male
and female categorization emphasized to children in particular as a dominant societal
framework, despite growing public support for equal opportunities for boys and
girls”. Shows that from recent studies before, gender stereotyping had affected how a
child perceives themselves in society. Nowadays, students are at risk of being
influenced by this stereotyping in society, Especially Senior High School Students.
They are at their critical stage where the students have to decide what path they will
choose to pursue in the future, making them susceptible to the influences of gender
stereotypes in terms of career aspirations.

The latest studies show that gender stereotyping can occur in the career
decision-making of students. According to Cheryan et al. (2017), a lot of professional
career and job differences were always based on social prejudices rather than the
intellectual gap between men and women. It indicates how society stereotyped both
genders in terms of their gender roles and professional career. Especially students
who tend to be more vulnerable to the influence of gender stereotyping. Students'
perceptions of their career choice can be significantly changed by prejudices
nowadays.

A study at the University of Quebec in Montreal, Canada, revealed that The

way the parent's beliefs relate to the child’s career aspiration can be seen differently
between boys and girls. Although gender differences in career aspirations are
certainly complex and influenced by diverse factors, it is now well-established that
social factors play a key role (Hyde, 2014; Olsson and Martiny, 2018; Froehlich et al.,
2020). It is such a belief that it is important for shaping the ability and curiosity of a
child throughout their life. More importantly, adolescents mandatorily need to make a
decision about their future and choose their aspirations. Although, it was shown that
parents sometimes choose the career suited for their son, making their child lose its
attainment to achieve one career. Parents often said “ Doctors are for the boys and
Teachers are for the Girls’. This stereotypical belief could have subsequent
consequences on a child's career decision-making. (Croft et al., 2014; McFadden et
al., 2020) Nonetheless, such results are particularly informative as they go beyond
previous work using more general measures of gender normative stereotypes and
indicate that different facets of gender role beliefs might have distinct implications for
boys' motivation and career aspirations in different domains.

In the previous study conducted by Fatima N & Ruhi K. (2018), they found
that career choices can have some negative connection with gender role attitudes. It
was shown from this study that both gender male and women tend to choose the
profession that correlates with their gender role in society, men tend to choose a male-
oriented career and women gravitate toward a more female-oriented career. The other
study from Pakistan shows that in Pakistan, 5% only of the total female labor force is
recently employed in male-dominated careers (Pakistan Bureau of Statistics, 2014).
With the high stereotyping that occurs within the society where people based or
perceive others' careers on their gender, people can then lose some of the professions
they are interested in, leading to low self-engagement towards their ambitions. Gender
stereotyping can affect how an individual sees themselves, making them uncertain
about their capacity to execute behaviors to show the right performance attainment, it
gives both genders changes in their perception of themselves, and they choose careers
based on societal aspects rather than their ability. In other words, leading to a loss of
confidence.

On other hand, some researchers from the University of Enna and Catani from
Italy, Monica et al. (2022) conducted a survey and found out that “the females more
frequently manifest the desire to continue their education, males instead prefer non-
university pathways, for example, military careers; furthermore, more females than
males give significantly greater importance to employment prospects, access
conditions, and to the number of members of the university course, but above all, to
the presence of practical workshops”. Although both genders have the freedom to
decide their careers, society changes its perceptions and can influence the behavioral
aspects of a child that can affect their self-efficacy towards their ability. When it
comes to parent, parents shouldn’t be passing on their gender stereotypes to their
children in order to stop the influence of stereotyping in other generation. According
to Pellerone M. and Iacolinno C. (2016), they stated that “During childhood, teachers
and parents, through their expectations about behavior, roles, and attitudes of
children, tend to influence the gender socialization processes that guide males and
females toward professions deemed appropriate to the belonging gender”. Showing
that even though some of these children have no ability in the specific career that they
should pursue, some still do it for the expectations of society towards them. Making it
so that societal gender role stereotyping can significantly affect a person's attainment.
This persistent impact of gender stereotyping toward the person's career aspiration
will have negative consequences both on society and themselves.

Choosing a career in South Korea, the study from the University of Seoul
concludes that in South Korea, traditional gender-career stereotypes are still
commonly accepted. It was stipulated from this study that gender career stereotyping
may inhibit women by impacting their self-confidence and self-regulation in their
career decision-making process. Supporting the statement from (Yonhapnews 2016)
that “75% of 479 companies in South Korea still preferred to hire men rather than
women”. It designates that sexism and stereotyping have continuously been
confirmed, an example of this is from (The Diplomat 2016) “The number of
unemployed female university graduates was still higher than that of men, even
though the number of female graduates surpass male graduates. It indicates that in this
society a lot of companies and businesses still prefer men as an employer for they see
men as strong and masculine figures of humanity. Making women lose the freedom of
professional decision-making and making men suffer from toxicity.
 Reference

Chaffee, K. E., & Plante, I. (2021, December 21). How parents' stereotypical beliefs
relate to students' motivation and career aspirations in mathematics and
Language Arts. Frontiers. Retrieved April 12, 2023, from
https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.796073/full?fbclid=I
wAR2U04oJpzeR9j7Q6sVpdoHGX44iZc5f9F5jEycof2bd5FRqIUdOc38zfzg

Cheryan, S., Ziegler, S. A., Montoya, A. K., and Jiang, L. (2017). Why are some
STEM fields more gender balanced than others? Psychol. Bull. 143, 1–35. doi:
10.1037/bul0000052

Croft, A., Schmader, T., and Block, K. (2015). An underexamined inequality: cultural and
psychological barriers to men’s engagement with communal roles. Pers. Soc.
Psychol. Rev. 19, 343–370. doi: 10.1177/1088868314564789

Ellemers, N. (2018). Gender Stereotypes. Ann. Rev. Psychol. 69, 275–298. doi:
10.1146/annurev-psych-122216-011719

Hassan, M., Luo, Y., et al. (2022, May 23). Investigating the parental and media
influence on gender stereotypes and young student's career choices in Pakistan.
Frontiers. Retrieved April 14, 2023, from
https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.890680/full

Hyde, J. S. (2014). Gender similarities and differences. Annu. Rev. Psychol. 65, 373–398.

doi: 10.1146/annurev-psych-010213-115057

Olsson, M., and Martiny, S. E. (2018). Does Exposure to Counterstereotypical Role

Models Influence Girls’ and Women’s Gender Stereotypes and Career Choices? A
Review of Social Psychological Research. Front. Psychol. 9:2264. doi:
10.3389/fpsyg.2018.02264

Froehlich, L., Olsson, M. I. T., Dorrough, A. R., and Martiny, S. E. (2020). Gender at
Work Across Nations: men and Women Working in Male-Dominated and Female-
Dominated Occupations are Differentially Associated with Agency and
Communion. J. Soc. Issues 76, 484–511. doi: 10.1111/josi.12390

McFadden, K. E., Puzio, A., Way, N., and Hughes, D. (2020). Mothers’ gender beliefs
matter for adolescents’ academic achievement and engagement: an examination
of ethnically diverse U.S. mothers and adolescents. Sex Roles 84, 166–182. doi:
10.1007/s11199-020-01157-7

Nadeem, F., & Khalid, R. (2018). The relationship of gender role attitudes with career
aspirations and career choices among young adults. Retrieved April 14, 2023,
from
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/329888421_The_relationship_of_gen
 der_role_attitudes_with_career_aspirations_and_career_choices_among_young
_adults

Pellerone, M., Ramaci, T., et al. (2022, December 22). Gender stereotypes in
occupational choice: A cross-sectional study on a group of Italian adolescents.
Taylor & Francis. Retrieved April 15, 2023, from
https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.2147/PRBM.S134132?
fbclid=IwAR2ubm3XplVko0gmKjBO1n5v8E9dKeLmLVzyz4SQVcHzzOcaC
QshBxNQeUY

Shin, Y.-J., Lee, E. S., & Seo, Y. (2018, October 16). Does traditional stereotyping of
career as male affect college women's, but not college men's, career decision
self-efficacy and ultimately their career adaptability? - sex roles. SpringerLink.
Retrieved April 15, 2023, from
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11199-018-0976-7

Pellerone, M., Ramaci, T., et al. (2022, December 22). Gender stereotypes in
occupational choice: A cross-sectional study on a group of Italian adolescents.
Taylor & Francis. Retrieved April 15, 2023, from
https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.2147/PRBM.S134132?
fbclid=IwAR2ubm3XplVko0gmKjBO1n5v8E9dKeLmLVzyz4SQVcHzzOcaC
QshBxNQeUY

RRS 3

Nadeem, F., & Khalid, R. (2018). The relationship of gender role attitudes with career
aspirations and career choices among young adults. Retrieved April 14, 2023,
from
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/329888421_The_relationship_of_gen
 der_role_attitudes_with_career_aspirations_and_career_choices_among_young
_adults

RRS 5

Shin, Y.-J., Lee, E. S., & Seo, Y. (2018, October 16). Does traditional stereotyping of
career as male affect college women's, but not college men's, career decision
self-efficacy and ultimately their career adaptability? - sex roles. SpringerLink.
Retrieved April 15, 2023, from
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11199-018-0976-7

RRs 1

Hassan, M., Luo, Y., et al. (2022, May 23). Investigating the parental and media
influence on gender stereotypes and young student's career choices in Pakistan.
Frontiers. Retrieved April 14, 2023, from
https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.890680/full

Ellemers, N. (2018). Gender Stereotypes. Ann. Rev. Psychol. 69, 275–298. doi:
10.1146/annurev-psych-122216-011719

RRS2

Chaffee, K. E., & Plante, I. (2021, December 21). How parents' stereotypical beliefs
relate to students' motivation and career aspirations in mathematics and
Language Arts. Frontiers. Retrieved April 12, 2023, from
https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.796073/full?
fbclid=IwAR2U04oJpzeR9j7Q6sVpdoHGX44iZc5f9F5jEycof2bd5FRqIUdOc3
8zfzg