Visvesvaraya Technological University: Bachelor of Engineering Electrical and Electronics Engineering

VISVESVARAYA TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY
BELAGAVI - 590018
2021 –2022
An Internship Report
On
“Study of 220/66/11KV Substation’’

Submitted in the partial fulfillment of the requirement
For the VII Semester Internship - 18EEP78 for the award of degree of
Bachelor of Engineering
In
Electrical and Electronics Engineering
By
DINESH C 1GV19EE003
G YASHWANTH KUMAR 1GV19EE005
HARITHA S 1GV19EE006
SHIVA KUMAR K 1GV19EE011
VYSHNAVI K 1GV19EE016
Carried at
Karnataka Power Transmission Cooperation Limited

T. Gollahalli, KGF Taluk, Kolar Dist.
Under the Guidance of
Internal guide External guide

Mrs. Subhashini S Mrs. Rajeshwari
Asst. Prof, AEE, Nodal officer
Dept. of EEE, Dr. TTIT, K.G.F. KPTCL, KGF
Dr.T. Thimmaiah Institute of Technology

Oorgaum Post, K.G.F–563120
(Approved by AICTE, New Delhi, affiliated to VTU-Belagavi,
Approved by Govt. of Karnataka)
Dr.T. Thimmaiah Institute of Technology
Oorgaum Post, K.G.F–563120
(Approved by AICTE, New Delhi, affiliated to VTU-Belagavi,
Approved by Govt. of Karnataka)
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING.
CERTIFICATE
Certified that the Internship Work entitled “Study of 220/66/11KV Substation” is a

bonafied work carried out by DINESH C 1GV19EE003, G YASHWANTH KUMAR
1GV19EE005, HARITHA S 1GV19EE006, SHIVA KUMAR K 1GV19EE011,
VYSHNAVI K 1GV19EE016, in the partial fulfillment for the award of degree of
Bachelor of Engineering in Electrical and Electronics Engineering of the Visvesvaraya
Technological University, Belagavi during the year 2021- 2022. It is certified that all
corrections/suggestions indicated for the assessment have been incorporated in the report
deposited in the department. The Internship report has been approved as it satisfies the
academic requirement in respect of Internship Work- 18EEP78 prescribed for the
Bachelor of Engineering Degree.
…………………… ……………………
Signature of Internal Signature of External

Guide
Guide
Mrs. Subhashini. S Mrs. Rajeshwari
AEE,Nodal officer
KPTCL,kgf
DR.T. THIMMAIAH INSTITUTE OF
TECHNOLOGY
Department of Electrical and
ElectronicsOorgaum Post, KGF –
563120
DECLARATION
We, DINESH C (1GV19EE003), G YASHWANTH KUMAR (1GV19EE005),

HARITHA S (1GV19EE006), SHIVA KUMAR K (1GV19EE011), VYSHNAVI K
(1GV19EE011) hereby declare that the report entitled “Study of 220/66/11KV Substation”
has been carried out by us for the Internship completed under KPTCL, T. Gollahalli,
KGF for the duration of 1 month (29-08-2022 to 29-09-2022), under the guidance of Mrs.
Subhashini.S Assistant Professor, Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering,
Dr.T. Thimmaiah Institute of Technology, Kgf, in partial fulfillment of the requirement for
the degree of BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING in ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS
ENGINEERING, of Visveswaraya Technological University, Belgaum during the academic
year 2021-2022. The work done in this report is original and it has not been submitted
for any other degree in any university.
Place: KGF
Date:
DINESH C 1GV19EE003
“Study of 220/66/11KV Substation’’ 2021-22
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We would like to express our respect and gratitude to the Karnataka Power
Transmission Cooperation Limited, T. Gollahalli, KGF Taluk, Kolar Dist., it was very easy
for us to learn a lot through practical knowledge.
We are greatly thankful to Mrs. Rajeshwari (AEE) Nodal Officer, KPTCL,
and KGF for her kind support and guidance to successfully complete our training. We have
highly benefited by this training and gained a lot of practical experience about the various
process andtechniques employed in assembly.
We are expressing a whole hearted thanks to our President Dr.T. Venkat
Vardhan and our principal Dr. Syed Ariff, for providing opportunity to do our internship
in KPTCL.We express my sincere thanks to Dr. N. Lakshmipathy, HOD of Department of
Electrical and Electronics Engineering for the continued encouragement and management and
carrying out this internship.
We propound gratitude to Mrs. Subhashini.S, Asst Professor, our guide,
Department of EEE for her keen interest and boundless encouragement which we received
during the entire period of our internship.
We would also like to thank our Internship Co-ordinator Mrs. Sridevi. A, Asst
Professor, of EEE For his timely support in the completion of our internship.
This acknowledgement would be incomplete without thanking our parents for

their cooperation. We wish to express our profound gratitude to everyone who provided their
valuable time and assistance in helping us bring out the best.
DINESH C 1GV19EE003
7th SEM, Dept. of EEE, Dr TTIT, Page i

KGF.
ABSTRACT
The Karnataka Power Transmission Corporation Limited, also known as KPTCL,

is the sole Electricity Transmission and Distribution Company in state of Karnataka. Its origin
was in Karnataka Electricity Board. Until 2002, The Karnataka Electricity Board (KEB)
handled Electricity Transmission and Distribution across the state. It was then divided, with
Karnataka Power Transmission Corporation Limited (KPTCL) established to manage the
transmission business. This Electricity Transmission and Distribution entity was corporatized
to provide efficient and reliable electric power supply to the people of Karnataka state.
Karnataka Power Transmission Corporation Limited (KPTCL) buys power from
power generating companies like Karnataka Power Corporation Limited (KPCL) and other
independent power producers and sells them to their respective ESCOMs.
Their main functions are to receive energy transmitted at high voltage from the
generating stations, reduce the voltage to a value appropriate for local distribution and provide
facilities for switching some substations as simply switching station, others are converting
substations which either convert AC into DC or vice versa.
Basically, substations consist of Power Transformer, Circuit Breakers, Relays,
Isolators, Earthing Switch, Current Transformer, Voltage Transformer, Synchronous
Condensers or Capacitor Banks etc.
It is a degree of danger to life and property due to defects in the electrical
apparatus or their usage. Taking into account the number of lives or property lost or damaged,
due to electrical shocks and fire accidents caused by electricity, it is necessary and inevitable to
think of measures of safety.
This report covers the important equipment and their functions in a substation.
As a part of case study, we had visited 220/66/11KV Substation in T. Gollahalli, KGF.
7th SEM, Dept. of EEE, Dr TTIT, Page ii

KGF.
ACRONYM:
Alternating Current (AC)

Air Natural (AN)
Bangalore Electricity Supply Corporation Limited (BESCOM)
Bharath Heavy Electricals Limited (BHEL)
Chamundeshwari Electricity Supply Corporation Limited (CESC)
Circuit Breaker (CB)
Current Transformer (CT)
Current Voltage Transformer (CVT)
Direct Current (DC)
Earthing Of HV Substation (EHV)
Electricity Supply Corporation of Malawi Limited (ESCOM)
Gang Operated Disconnector (GOD)
Gang Operated Switch (GOS)
Generating Station
Gulbarga Electricity Supply Company Limited (GESCOM)
High Voltage Direct Current (HVDC)
High Voltage Side (HV)
Hubali Electricity Supply Company Limited (HESCOM)
Independent Power Producers (IPP’S)
Inverse Definite Minimum Time Relay (IDMT)
Karnataka Electricity Board (KEB)
Karnataka Electricity Regulation Commission (KERC)
Karnataka Power Corporation Limited (KPTCL)
Low Voltage Side (LV)
Mangalore Electricity Supply Company Limited (MESCOM)
New Government Electrical Factory (NGEF)
On-Load Tap Changer (OLTC)
Oil Forced Air Forced (OFAF)
Oil Forced Water Forced (OFWF)
Oil Natural Air Forced (ONAF)
Oil Natural Air Natural (ONAN)
Potential Transformer (PT)
7th SEM, Dept. of EEE, Dr TTIT, Page iii

KGF.
Power Grid Corporation of India Limited (PGCIL)

Power Line Carrier Communication (PLCC)
Reactive Power (P)
Restricted Earth Fault Protection Relay (REFPR)
Single Line Diagram (SLD)
Sulphur Hexa Flouride (SF6)
Supervisory Control & Data Acquisition (SCADA)
Transmission Lines (TL)
Uninterruptible Power Supply (UPS)
System Automation Substation (SAS)
7th SEM, Dept. of EEE, Dr TTIT, Page iv

KGF.
CONTENTS
Details Page no
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT i
ABSTRACT ii
ACRONYM iii
TABLE OF CONTENTS v
LIST OF FIGURES xi
LIST OF TABLES xv
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 Formation of company 1
1.2 History of the company 2
1.3 KPTCL Unbundled 3
1.4 Objective of the Company 4
1.5 Vision and Mission of the Company 4
1.6 Divisions of the company 5
1.7 Background for Construction Stations and Lines 6
1.8 Major Milestones of the Company 8
CHAPTER 2 9
ORGANIZATION STRUCTURE
2.1 Services Offered in the Company 10
2.2 Number of People Working in the Company and their 10
Responsibilities
2.3 Structure of Different Departments and their Responsibilities 14
2.4 On-going Projects of the Company 16
7th SEM, Dept. of EEE, Dr TTIT, Page v

KGF.
CHAPTER 3
THE EQUIPMENTS DESIGN CRITERIA
3.1 About 220KV receiving substation, KPTCL, T. Gollahalli. 17
3.2 Achievements made by the company 18
3.3 Scope of work 19
3.4 Facilities provided in company to undergo Internship 20
CHAPTER 4 21
SCHEME PROPOSAL AND SYSTEM DESIGN CRITERIA
4.1 Scheme Proposals 21
4.2 System Design criteria 21
4.3 Case Study 22
4.4 Details of the scheme 23
CHAPTER 5 25
THE EQUPMENTS DESIGN CRITERIA
5.1 Components with Deign Rating 25
5.2 Abstract of the Estimate 26
5.4 Benefits to Cost Ratio 28

5.5 Implementation 28
5.6 Justification 28
CHAPTER 6 29
TOWERS
6.1 Main Problems of Multi Circuit Tower Type Design 29
6.1.1 Meteorological Conditions 29
6.1.2 Safe Factor of Conductor, Earth Wire and Fittings 30
6.1.3 Insulation Coordination 30
6.1.4 Lightning Protection 30
6.1.5 Electromagnetic Environment Impact 31
6.1.6 Tower Design 31
7th SEM, Dept. of EEE, Dr TTIT, Page vi

KGF.
6.2 220KV four Circuit Tower Types Design 32

6.2.1 Design Conditions 32
6.2.2 The Determination of Practical Height 32
6.2.3 Tower Head Clearance 32
6.2.4 Conductor Arrangement 33
6.2.5 Tower Types Design Results 33
CHAPTER 7 34
CONSTRUCTION OF HIGH TRANSMISSION(HT) SIDE OF
SUBSTATION
7.1 Lightning Arrester 35
7.2 Capacitor Voltage Transformer 37
7.3 Current Transformer 38
7.4 Gang Operating Switch (GOS) 40
7.5 Circuit Breaker 41
7.5.1 Types of Circuit Breakers 43
7.5.1(a) Air Break Circuit Breakers 44
7.5.1(b) Air Blast Circuit Breakers 45
7.5.1(c) Oil Circuit Breakers 45
7.5.1(d) SF6 Circuit Breakers 46
7.5.1(e) Vacuum Circuit Breakers 47
7.6 Bus Bars 48
7.7 Earthing in Substation 50
7.8 Potential Transformer 51
7.9 Parts of Transformer 53
7.9.1 Core 53
7.9.2 Windings 53
7.9.3 Terminals and Bushing 54
7.9.4 Transformer Oil 54
7.9.5 Oil Conservator 55
7.9.6 Breather 55
7.9.7 Radiators and Fans 56
7.9.8 Remote Tap Changer Control Panel 57
7th SEM, Dept. of EEE, Dr TTIT, Page vii

KGF.
7.9.9 Transformer Fire Protection System and Types of Fire 58

Protection System of Transformer
CHAPTER 8 60
CONSTRUCTION OF LOW TRANSMISSION(LT) SIDE OF
SUBSTATION
8.1 Construction of Low Transmission Side of the Substation and 60
Equipment’s that are used in L.T side of Substation
8.2 Bus Bars in the L.T side 63
8.3 Auxiliary Transformer 64
8.4 Capacitor Bank 64
CHAPTER 9 67
CONSTRUCTION OF CONTROL ROOM GENERAL
9.1 Requirement of Control Room 67
9.2 Battery Room 69
9.3 Battery Charger 71
CHAPTER 10 72
SYSTEM AUTOMATION SUBSTATION
10.1 Substation Automation System (SAS) 72
10.2 Key Benefits of Automation 73
10.3 Digitalizing of Substation 73
10.3.1 Station Level 74
10.3.2 Bay Level 74
10.3.3 Process Level 75
10.3.4 Control Mode Selection 75
10.3.4(a) Remote Mode 75
10.3.4(b) Emergency Mode 75
10.4 Substation Technologies 76
10.4.1 Redundancy 76
10.4.2 Time Synchronization 77
10.4.3 System Logs, Event Files 77
10.5 Substation Automation Elements 78
7th SEM, Dept. of EEE, Dr TTIT, Page viii

KGF.
10.5.1 Data Concentration 78

10.5.2 Protocol Translation 79
10.5.3 Logic Processing 79
10.5.4 Data Distribution Inputs/Outputs 80
10.5.5 IED’s (Protection Relay, Smart Meters) 80
10.6 SCADA System 81
10.6.1 Remote Terminal Unit (RTU) 83
10.6.2 Telemetry System 84
10.6.3 Data Acquisition Server 85
10.6.4 Human Machine Interface 85
10.6.5 Single Line Diagram 87
10.6.6 Real-Time Trending 88
10.6.7 Historian 88
10.6.8 Event and Alarm Management 89
10.6.9 User Notification 89
10.6.10 Non-Operational Data 89
10.6.11 Asset Management 90
10.6.12 Secure remote access 90
10.6.13 Asset Monitoring 90
10.6.14 Condition-Based Maintance 91
10.6.15 Substation Cyber Security 91
10.7 Relays and Their Types 92
10.7.1 Distance Protection Relay 93
10.7.1(a) Definite Distance Relay 94
10.7.1(b) Time Distance Relay 95
10.7.1(c) Admittance Relay 95
10.7.1(d) Reactance Relay 95
10.7.2 Differential Protection Relay 95
10.7.2(a) Current Differential Relay 96
10.7.2(b) Voltage Balance Differential Relay 97
10.7.2(c) Biased or Percentage Differential Relay 97
10.7.2(d) Voltage Balance Differential Relay 97
10.7.3 Overcurrent and Earth Fault Relay 98
10.7.4 Master Trip Relay 99
7th SEM, Dept. of EEE, Dr TTIT, Page ix

KGF.
10.7.5 Trip Circuit Supervision Relay 100

10.7.6 Auxiliary Relay 101
10.7.7 Bay Control Unit 101
10.7.8 Bay Controller Operation 102
10.7.9 Buchholz Relay 103
10.7.10 Restricted Earth Fault Protection Relay 104
10.8 Relay Testing 105
10.9 Testing of Substation Equipment’s 106
10.10 Testing of Power Transformers 107
10.10.1 Routine Testing of Transformer 108
CHAPTER 11 109
SINGLE LINE DIAGRAM
11.1 Single Line Diagram of 220/66/11KV Substation 109
11.2 Earth Mat Lied Underneath the Substation 110
OUTCOMES 112
CONCLUSION 113
REFERENCE 114
7th SEM, Dept. of EEE, Dr TTIT, Page x

KGF.
LIST OF FIGURES
Figures Details Page no

1.1 Chart showing power flow from generation to distribution 7
2.1 Organization chart 9
2.2 Gas Insulated Substation (GIS) 16
3.1 220KV Receiving Station, Kolar 18
5.1 Estimated material list 26
5.2 Single Line diagram of 220KV substation at T. Gollahalli, 27

Bethamangala, KGF.
6.1 Construction of tower base 31
7.1 Constructional view HT side 34
7.2 Lightening arrester 36
7.3 Capacitive voltage transformer 37
7.4 Current transformer 39
7.5 Gang operating switch 40
7.6 Circuit breaker 42
7.7 Air break circuit breaker 44
7.8 Air blast circuit breaker 45
7.9 Oil circuit breaker 46
7.10 SF6 (sulphur hexa fluoride) circuit breaker 46
7.11 Vaccum circuit breaker 47
7.12 Bus bars 49
7.13 Distribution of bus bars 49
7.14 Earthing in substation 50
7th SEM, Dept. of EEE, Dr TTIT, Page xi

KGF.
7.15 Potential transformer 52
7.16 220/66/11KV transformer 52
7.17 Core of the transformer 53
7.18 Windings of the transformer 53
7.19 Bushing 54
7.20 Transformer oil 54
7.21 Oil conservator 55
7.22 Breather 55
7.23 Radiation and fans 56
7.24 Remote tap changer control panel 57
7.25 Transformer fire protection system 58
7.26 Transformer fire protection system 58
7.27 Transformers Fire Protection System Nozzle 59
8.1 Constructional view of LT side 60
8.2 66KV Transformer 62
8.3 Specification of 66KV transformer 63
8.4 Bus bar in LT side 63
8.5 Auxiliary transformer 64
8.6 Capacitor banks 66
9.1 RTCC panel 68
9.2 LTAC panel 69
9.3 Batteries 70
9.4 Battery charger 71
10.1 Architecture diagram of SAS 72
10.2 Digitalization of Substation block diagram 74
10.3 Control mode selection 76
7th SEM, Dept. of EEE, Dr TTIT, Page xii

KGF.
10.4 Redundancy 76
10.5 System logs, event files 78
10.6 Logic processing 79
10.7 Distributed I/O 80
10.8 IEDs (protection relay, smart meters) 80
10.9 SCADA system 81
10.10 SCADA system 82
10.11 Remote terminal unit (RTU) 83
10.12 Telemetry system 84
10.13 Data acquisition server 85
10.14 Human machine interface 86
10.15 Single line diagram of 220/66/11KV transmission lines 87
10.16 Real-time trending 88
10.17 Historian 88
10.18 Event and alarm management 89
10.19 Types of typical faults 93
10.20 Distance protection relay 94
10.21 Differential protection relay 96
10.22 Over current and earth fault relay 98
10.23 Master trip relay 100
10.24 Trip circuit supervision relay 100
10.25 Auxiliary relay 101
10.26 Bay control unit 102
10.27 Bay Control Operation 102
10.28 Buchholz relay 103
10.29 Restricted earth fault protection relay 104
7th SEM, Dept. of EEE, Dr TTIT, Page xiii

KGF.
10.30 Relay testing 105
11.1 Layout diagram-II 109
11.2 Earth Mat lied under Neath the substation 110
11.3 Single line diagram 220/66/11KV substation 111
7th SEM, Dept. of EEE, Dr TTIT, Page xiv

KGF.
LIST OF TABLES
Table Details Page no
6.1 Meteorological condition 32
7.1 Types of circuit breaker and its operating voltage and current 43
range
9.1 Size of individual panel shall be as stated below 67
10.1 Time synchronization 77
8th sem, Dept. of EEE, Dr TTIT, KGF. Page xv

CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Formation of Company:

Power sector in Karnataka comes under the control of Ministry of Energy department.The
Energy department is headed by the energy minister and it’s under the administrative control
of the Additional Chief Secretary of the Energy department.
In the year 1957 Mysore State Electricity Board was formed and which was then renamed as
Karnataka Electricity Board and in Nov-1999 it was dissolved and, in its place, the Karnataka
Power Transmission Corporation Limited was incorporated. This was followed by the
constitution of Karnataka Electricity Regulatory Commission (KERC). In the next phase of the
reform process, the transmission and distribution managed by KPTCL was unbundled in June
2002. Then the distribution companies were formed.
Karnataka Power Transmission Corporation Limited is a registered company under the
Companies Act, 1956 was incorporated on 28-7-1999 and is a company wholly owned by the
Government of Karnataka with an authorized share capital of Rs. 2182.32 cores. KPTCL was
formed on 1-8-1999 by carving out the Transmission and Distribution functions of the erstwhile
Karnataka Electricity Board.
KPTCL is headed by a Chairman and Managing Director at the corporate office. The
Managing Director is assisted by four functional Directors. The Board of KPTCL consists of a
maximum of twelve directors.
Karnataka Power Transmission Corporation Limited is mainly vested with the functions of
Transmission of power in the entire State of Karnataka and also Construction of Stations &
Transmission Lines and maintenance of 400/220/110/66 KV Sub-Stations. Many new lines and
Sub-Stations were added & existing stations were modified in the Transmission network. It
operates under a license issued by Karnataka Electricity Regulatory Commission.
7th SEM, Dept. of EEE, Dr TTIT, Page 1

KGF.
1.2 History of the Company:

 The erstwhile Mysore State had the enviable and glorious position of establishing the first
major hydro-electric generating station at Shivanasamudram as early as 1902 for
commercial operation. The art at that time was still in its infancy, even in the advanced
countries. The longest transmission line, at the highest voltage in the world, was
constructed to meet the power needs of mining operations at Kolar Gold Fields. The
generating capacity of the Shivanasamudram Power House gradually increased to 42 MW
in stages. To meet the increasing demand for power, the Shimsha Generating Station,
with an installed capacity of 17.2 MW was commissioned in the year 1938.
 The power demand was ever on the increase, for industries and rural electrification, and
additions to generating became imperative. The 1ststage of 48 MW and 2nd stage of
72 MW of the Mahatma Gandhi Hydro-Electric Station were commissioned during 1948
and 1952, respectively. Subsequently, the Bhadra Project, with an installed capacity of
33.2 MW, and the Tungabhadra Left Bank Power House, with an installed capacity of 27
MW at The Munirabad were commissioned during 1964 and 1965, respectively.
 State of Karnataka, with availability of cheap electric power, and other infrastructure
facilities, was conducive for increased tempo of industrial activity. It became necessary
therefore, to augment power generating capacity by harnessing the entire potential of the
Sharavathi Valley. The first unit of 89.1 MW was commissioned in 1964 and completed
in1977.
 The demand for power saw a phenomenal increase in the mid-sixties and onwards with the
setting up of many public sector and private industries in the State. As power generation
in the State was entirely dependent on monsoon and was subject to its vagaries, the State
Government set up a coa1
 The present installed capacity of the power plant at Raichur is 1260 MWs. To augment the
energy resources of the State, the Kalinadi Project with an installed capacity of 810MW at
Nagjhari Power House and 100 MW at Supa Dam Power House, with an energy potential
weresetup.
 The transmission and distribution system in the State was under the control of the
Government of Karnataka (then Mysore) till the year 1957. In the year 1957, Karnataka
Electricity Board was formed and the private distribution companies were amalgamated

KGF.
 Till the year 1986, KEB was a profit-making organization. However, in the subsequent
years, like other State Electricity Boards in the country, KEB also started incurring losses,
mainly due to the increase in agricultural consumption and due to the implementation of
the socio-economic policies of the Government; the performance of the power sector was
affected. To improve the performance of the power sector and in tune with the reforms
initiated by Government of India, the Government of Karnataka came out with a general
policy proposing fundamental and radical reforms in the power sector. Accordingly, a bill,
namely Karnataka Electricity Reforms Act was passed by the Karnataka Legislature.
 The Reform bill has mandated major restructuring of the Karnataka Electricity Board and
its Corporatization. As part of Corporatization, the Karnataka Electricity Board ceased to
exist and the Karnataka Power Transmission Corporation Limited to look after
Transmission and Distribution in the State and VVNL (Visvesvaraya Vidyuth Nigama
Limited) to look after the generating stations under the control of erstwhile Karnataka
Electricity Board were constituted from 01.08.99.
1.3 KPTCL Unbundled:

Government vide order No. 69 BSR 2001 Bangalore, dated 15/02/2002 has unbundled
KPTCL and formed four distribution companies.
Consequent to this the function of distribution of power has been totally separated from
KPTCL. KPTCL is now vested with the responsibility of transmitting power all over the State
and construction and maintenance of Stations and lines of 66KV and above.
The four newly formed independent distribution companies, which were registered on
30/04/2002, are Bangalore Electricity Supply Company, Mangalore Electricity Supply
Company, Hubli Electricity Supply Company and Gulbarga Electricity Supply Company. They
have started functioning we’ve... 01/06/2002. These companies are in charge of distribution of
power within their jurisdiction.
The Fifth Distribution Company Chamundeshwari Electricity Supply Corporation limited is a

company incorporated under the company act 1956 and is a successor entity to Karnataka
Power Transmission Corporation Limited (KPTCL) and MESCOM in respect of
Distribution and

KGF.
Retail supply of Electric power for five districts. Its operation started from 01.04.2005 as per
theGOK order
E.N.08 P.N. R 2005/262. PCKL was incorporated on 20th August, 2007 under the Companies
Act, 1956 and commenced its business operations with effect from 16th October, 2007. PCKL
is responsible for capacity addition and procuring power on behalf of the ESCOMsfrom various
sources including purchase of power through Energy.
Exchange, Banking (SWAP) as well bilateral transactions. PCKL also co-ordinates with other
States and Central Government agencies on power related issues.
1.4 Objectives of the Company:

 To get the practical exposure in the corporate world.
 To have a proper balance between theory and practical knowledge.
 To study origin, growth, vision, mission and status of the organization.
 To study the functional departments, exist in the organization.
 To evaluate the effectiveness of organization.
 To study the problem areas in the organization.
 To provide some valuable suggestion to improve the efficiency in the organization.
1.5 Vision and Mission Statement of Company:

The motto of these processes and transformations by the Energy department were to achieve
the following:
 Expansion of power generation capacity in the State by Karnataka Power Corporation,
Government of India Undertaking and other Private Power Producers.
 Bring down transmission and distribution losses by technical improvements and
prevention of theft of electricity.
 Improving the quality of power supply with system improvements works.
 Expanding the transmission and distribution network to cover every corner of the State.
 Electrifying every hamlet and every house hold in the State in phased manner.
 Improving the efficiency of the electricity companies.
 Encouraging the development of renewable energy.
 Promoting energy conservation measures.

KGF.
1.6 Divisions of the Company:

Energy department has the following departments under their control:
 Karnataka Electricity Regulatory Commission: KERC controls overall functioning of

the Generation, Transmission and Distribution companies and regulates the cost of Units
sale. It has control over power purchase and project implifications.
 Generation of Electricity: Karnataka Power Corporation Limited (KPCL): These
companies are responsible for generation of power in Karnataka. Based on the source for
generation, these are classified as Hydel, Thermal, Biomass, Wind, Nuclear, and Solar.
Today we have government owned Generation companies as well private generation
companies.
 State transmission of electricity: Karnataka Power Transmission Corporation
Limited (KPTCL): Responsible for transmitting power purchasing from Generating
companies and selling to Distributing companies.
 Distribution companies of electricity: Responsible for purchasing power from KPTCL
and selling it to the Consumers all over the state.
1) Bangalore Electricity Supply Company Limited (BESCOM).
2) Mangalore Electricity Supply Company Limited (MESCOM).
3) Gulbarga Electricity Supply Company Limited (GESCOM).
4) Hubli Electricity Supply Company Limited (HESCOM).
5) Chamundeshwari Electricity Supply Company Limited (CESC).
a. Electrical Inspectorate: Department of Electrical Inspectorate: This department gives

the license to draw lines and stations and regulates according to the electricity act of GOI
(Government of India).
b. Renewable energy development agency: This is the agency which is responsible for the
generation of power using renewable energies.
c. Karnataka Renewable Energy Development Limited (KREDL)
d. Karnataka Solar Power Development Corporation Limited (KSPDCL)
The following chart shows as how the power is generated from KPCL and then transmitted
through KPCTL to the Distribution companies ESCOMs. The voltage class of the output of
generating unit will be 11KV and then its stepped up to either 66KV or 220KV and then
transmitted to avoid losses which may occur due to lengthy line. The more the transmission

KGF.
Voltage the lower will be the loss. Again, KPTCL transmits power through various capacities
of receiving station such as 400KV, 220KV, 110KV where it is stepped down to 66KV sub
stations and then it is finally stepped down to 11KV which is distributed to consumers through
distribution companies.
1.7 Background for Constructing Stations and Lines:

To transmit power from generating companies to receiving stations, KPTCL constructs
400KV stations, 220KV stations and 66KV stations and lines. Following are the processes for
construction of stations and lines:
KPTCL has two wings related to the above work, namely transmission lines & substation
maintenance divisions and major works divisions. Major works division constructs stations and
lines, whereas transmission lines and substation division maintain stations and lines.
Major works division receives proposals from TL&SS division as well as ESCOMs. TL&SS
division gives proposals once their sub stations reach the peak load. Their 11kV feeders get
overloaded and trips due to excess load. This excess load is because of addition of consumers
from ESCOM. As and when ESCOM gives service to their consumers either by providing
additional distribution transformers or on the existing system, the feeder gets overloaded. In
this way there will be proposals for new feeders, which in turn requires additional power
transformers at sub stations (KPTCL).
For example, if substation “A” has one 8MVA transformer which has four 11KV feeders, then
if one of the 11KV feeder gets overloaded then one more feeder has to added, but the 8MVA
transformer cannot take up the load, therefore either the transformer has to be upgraded
(Augmented) to 12.5MVA transformer or an additional 8MVA transformer has to be
commissioned. If suppose there is place constraint at 8MVA station or the proposed load is not
located in the load Centre then new station is proposed considering the availability of land and
feasibility of load Centre. Hence a new station is proposed based on the request of TL&SS
division. In similar way in many places BESCOM will face low voltage and high loading factor

KGF.
While providing power supply to its consumers. Then they also propose new stations where
thatface such problems.
Fig 1.1: Chart Showing Power Flow from Generation to Distribution:

KGF.
Hence based on such requests from TL&SS division and BESCOM, major works division send
these proposals to the corporate office for constructing new station and corresponding line. For
this MWD studies the nearby station loading factors and losses, and arrives at a solution as
where the load Centre need to be located, and this proposal is sent to the Technical Coordination
Committee meeting headed by the Managing director, KPTCL and other senior engineers. Once
the proposal is feasible, a letter is communicated to MWD for finding out a suitable land for
the project, preferably a government land. Hence correspondence will be made with respective
Tahsildar, Deputy Commissioner and Regional commissioner. Once the land is allotted by Govt
of Karnataka, the same will be communicated to Chief Engineer (Research & Development)
for feasibility of soil to obtain necessary resistivity to construct station. Further the R&D will
design earthman and other parameters to obtain resistivity. Meanwhile on confirmation of the
allotment of land, Superintendent Engineer (Elect) sends His Survey department Assistant
Executive Engineer/ Assistant Engineer to survey the nearest possible line from the source
station to proposed station and from there the proposed link lines to the downstream stations.
And then bill of materials based on the survey report is sent to the MWD for preparation of
estimate.
1.8 Major Milestones of the Company:

 Journey which started thus on a glorious note saw a major milestone in 1971 when
Karnataka became the first state to commence the process of power reforms by
unbundling power generation from transmission and distribution activities.
 In fact, other states could take up the process of unbundling only two-and-a-half decades
after Karnataka’s experiment.
 Karnataka Power Transmission Corporation Limited (KPTCL), which is the state’s
transmission utility, has been striving not only to provide quality service with technical
excellence but also to carry forward the reforms in tune with the state’s image as a leader in
thePower sector

KGF.
CHAPTER 2
ORGANIZATION STRUCTURE
Figure 2.1 Organization chart
Fig 2.1 is the top-level organization chart which shows the hierarchy of the KPTCL key
people and employees. Company is governed under the purview of Ministry of Energy.
Department is headed by a cabinet grade minister. KPTCL is headed by a chairman and
managing director. The Chairman will only preside over the board meetings and provide
necessary guidance for transacting business of the company and managing director has overall
in charge of functions of KPTCL under the guidance of Board of directors. Managing director
is assisted by four functional directors of various departments of the company those are:
Transmission, Administration & Human Resource, Finance and Company secretary.

KGF.
2.1 Services Offered by the Company

 Transmission of electricity from generating stations to the distribution companies
 Load dispatch, grid maintenance, system operation etc.
 Construction of new transmission lines required to evacuate power
 Maintenance of transmission lines
 Independent handling of material and services procurements required for transmission
function
 Bulk power purchase and bulk power supply through commercial agreements with
generating companies / distribution companies
2.2 Number of People Working in Company and their Responsibilities:

 The KPTCL has various numbers of divisions and the number of employees is usually in
vast number. There are various designations depending on different zone of operation.
Theyare generally classified into Class A, Class B, Class C and Class D employees.
 Class A and Class B employees are approximately 6000 to 7000 in number who are of
higher designations like Chief Engineer Electricity (CEE), Executive Engineer (EE),
AssistantExecutive Engineer (AEE) and other engineers
 Class C, Class D and below employees are approximately 55000 to 65000 in number like
lineman, meter readers etc.
The responsibilities of various employees of KPTCL is as given below
1. Financial adviser (Accounts & Resources)
 Overall control and monitoring of sections of Controller (finance), Controller (accounts,

pension, advance), Controller (APR).
 Periodical compilation of accounts in time and putting up the same to the Board of
approval.
 Replying to audit reports of Statutory Auditors and Accountant General (AG) pertaining to
annual accounts and obtaining audit certificate from the AG
 Discussions with financial institutions / commercial banks to tap resources, negotiateand
put unsuitable proposals to board for approval for availing credit facilities
 Funds management including arranging funds towards Capital Expenditure and
 Revenue Expenditure with reference to budget

KGF.
 Attending to Planning Commission Meeting

 Matters relating to accounts to be filed before Karnataka Electricity Regulatory
Commission.
 Matters relating to Budget and Budgetary control
 Attending high level meetings convened by Energy Department and Finance
Department.
 Opinion / advice relating to finance on matters referred by corporate office
2. Controller (Finance)
 Overall control of resources, loans, securities and statistics, planning and revenue budget
sections.
 Monitoring of preparation of budget estimates ad utilization of funds in respect of
Revenue Expenditure.
 Mobilization of resources to meet budget estimate
 Continuous monitoring of inflow cash estimated resources throughout the year
 Monitoring and follow up of transmission charges collection from ESCOMs on daily
basis.
 To continuously keep in touch with financial institutions/commercial banks to tap
resources, negotiate and put-up suitable proposals to Board for approval, to avail loan
facilities t of Substation Equipment.
 To have regular contact with Finance Department of Government of Karnataka (GOK) for
mobilization of resources required for planned capital works and release of cash support
inthe form of equity.
 Supervision of maintenance of securities, loan accounts of PFC/REC/Commercial Banks
and repayments of loan and interest there on State wide control and jurisdiction regarding
utilization of funds towards Capital Expenditure and Revenue Expenditure Furnishing
replies to audit auditors.
3. Controller (Accounts, Pension & Advances)
a. Accounts
 Obtaining monthly accounts from all accounting units and preparation of annual accounts
Furnishing replies to Statutory Auditors/A. G Auditors related to accounts Furnishing
information pertaining to accounts of various statutory authorities Computerization of
Accounts

KGF.
(COMPACT programmed) in all accounting units Providing Statistical information to various

departments of GOK and Central Government
b. Pension and Advances
 Authorization of Pension/Family pension to retired employees of KPTCL/ESCOMs
 Supervision of maintenance of Service Register and other details of retired employees of
KPTCL/ESCOMs
 Supervision of recovery of house building/motor car/marriage advances sanctioned to
employees providing information sought under RTI regarding Accounts, Pension and
Advances.
4. Financial adviser (Regulatory Affairs)
 Organize and ensure filling of Annual Revenue Requirement (ARR), Transmission Tariff
Application and Annual Performance Review (APR) under Multi Year Tariff principles
before the Hon’ble KERC Vetting of Para wise comments in respect to all petitions
relating to tariff, power purchase and open access matters files before KERC, CERC and
High court of Karnataka and obtain approval of the management before filing Vetting of
Para wise commentsin respect of all appeals filed before Appellate Tribunal for Electricity
(ATE) and Supreme court of India and obtain approval of the management before filing
Organize co-ordination with all advocates dealing with petitions/appeals before KERC,
CERC, ATE, High court and Supreme court Organize collection and compilation of
various technical and financial details like transmission losses, voltage wise losses, capital
expenditure etc. on periodical basis and submit to the KERC.
5. Financial advisor (Internal Audit)
 Assessing whether assets are adequately safeguarded

 Assessing the efficiency and effectiveness of operations
 Apprising the extent to which objectives are accomplished
 Offering investigative services as needed
 Providing analysis to facilitate decision making
 Testing transactions for compliance with accepted business practice
 Auditing for proper management and accounting to financial resources
 Monitoring compliance to Statutory Audit

KGF.
 Periodical inspection, meetings, discussion, review of audit observations of the

transactions of transmission zones in the matter of Finance, Accounts, Establishment,
Works, Purchase and Stores
6.Chief Engineer Electricity (RT and R&D)
 Monitoring periodical calibration of relays and meters in all stations, IPP and EHT
Installations.
 Monitoring and supervising breakdown works carried out in KPTCL stations
 Reviewing pre-commissioning tests of equipment’s of new stations, existing stations, and
IPP and EHT installation Reviewing station earth mat designs and monitoring and
supervising all works carried out by R and D circle
 Monitoring and supervising all works of P&M wing
 Attending protection committee meeting held in SRPC and other meetings Providing
relay Setting for all transmission lines Inspection of stations
 Monitoring and supervising failed power transformer repair work
 Analysis of major grid disturbances
7. Chief Engineer Electricity (Tendering and Procurement)
 Tendering of turnkey/ partial turnkey contracts of the works related to 66 KV, 110 KV,
220 KV and 400 KV stations and connected lines Testing of Substation Equipment’s
 Procurement of major materials like power transformers, switchgears, circuit breakers etc.
For various transmission zones in KPTCL Pre-bid meetings of turnkey tenders’ Tender
scrutiny/technical evaluation of turnkey/partial turnkey tenders and procurement of
materials
 Post awards works of 220 KV and 400 KV turnkey works Communicating general vendor
approvals for turnkey works and project specific approvals communicating approvals for
price variations as per IEEMA and CACMAI Communicating approvals for quantity
variations Issue of dispatch instructions and work slips Monthly updating of schedule of
rates Replies to AG Audit paras and COPU Transport section activities.
8. Chief Engineer Electricity (SLDC)
 Overall supervision of TBC/SLDC/TCD/PTCC/SCADA/Internal Audit

 Supervision and monitoring state grid and regular allotment of power to ESCOMs
 Supervision of KPTCL SCADA network
 Supervision of Transmission Billing Centre, works pertaining to wheeling and

KGF.
Banking, Transmission Losses, Energy balancing, REC and RRF transactions etc.
 Administration of all the section, accounting and passing bills of day-to-day maintenance,
Purchase of stationery materials and regular payments.
Co-ordination with Southern Regional Power Committee, SRLDC, Power Grid Attending
OCC, TCC of SRPC meetings Administration and Technical control of Telecom
divisions, Bangalore and Hubli Supervision of Open access and issuing NOC/Consent to
Generators/Trader Supervision of PTCC wing, co=-ordination with South-
West/Eastern/Southern and Central Railways, BSNL authorities and attending central and
state PTCC meetings and CEA, New Delhi Attending KERC/CERC hearings at State and
Central levels.
1) Chief Engineer Electricity (TA & QC)
2) Inspection, Review, Analysis and Reporting on stores
3) Inspection, Review, Analysis and Reporting on on-going works
4) Auditing of completed electrical and civil works
5) Inspection, Review, Analysis and Reporting on materials/equipment at site and stores
6) Inspection, Review, Analysis and reporting on existing stations and lines
7) Inspection, Review, Analysis and Reporting on materials/equipment’s at
factoriesthroughout India required for KPTCL/self-execution/IPP works
8) Shall carryout any work entrusted by the MD, Functional directors and the Corporation.
2.3 Structure of Different Departments and their Responsibilities

 Karnataka Electricity Regulatory Commission: KERC controls overall functioning of
the Generation, Transmission and Distribution companies and regulates the cost of Units
sale. It has control over power purchase and project implifications.
 Generation of Electricity: Karnataka Power Corporation Limited (KPCL): These
companies are responsible for generation of power in Karnataka. Based on the source for
generation, these are classified as Hydel, Thermal, Biomass, Wind, Nuclear, and Solar.
Today we have government owned Generation companies as well private generation
companies.
 State transmission of electricity: Karnataka Power Transmission Corporation Limited
(KPTCL): Responsible for transmitting power purchasing from Generating companies and
selling to Distributing companies.

KGF.
 Distribution companies of electricity: Responsible for purchasing power from KPTCLand

selling it to the Consumers all over the state.
 Bangalore Electricity Supply Company Limited (BESCOM)
 Mangalore Electricity Supply Company Limited (MESCOM.
 Gulbarga Electricity Supply Company Limited (MESCOM
 Hubli Electricity Supply Company Limited (HESCOM)
 Chamundeshwari Electricity Supply Company Limited (CESC).
 Electrical Inspectorate: Department of Electrical Inspectorate: This department gives the
license to draw lines and stations and regulates according to the electricity act of GOI
(Government of India).
 Renewable energy development agency: This is the agency which is responsible for the
generation of power using renewable energies.
 Karnataka Renewable Energy Development Limited (KREDL)
Karnataka Solar Power Development Corporation Limited
(KSPDCL).
 The following chart shows as how the power is generated from KPCL and then
transmitted through KPCTL to the Distribution companies ESCOMs. The voltage class of
the output of generating unit will be 11KV and then it’s stepped up to either 66KV or
220KV and then transmitted to avoid losses which may occur due to lengthy line. The
more the transmission voltage the lower will be the loss. Again, KPTCL transmits power
through various capacities of receiving station such as 400KV, 220KV, 110KV where it is
stepped down to 66KV sub stations and then it is finally stepped down to 11KV which is
distributed to consumers throughDistribution companies.

KGF.
2.4 Ongoing Projects of the Company:

 As it is becoming increasingly difficult to get land for setting up substations in urban areas
due to the high demand as well as sky-rocketing prices, the corporation has switched over
to compact substations titled Gas Insulated Substations (GIS) whose land requirement is
up to 25percent of that required for conventional substations shown in Fig 2.2.
 While two such innovative substations have been set up, the work on another five is going
on in Bangalore.
Fig 2.2: Gas Insulated Substation (GIS)

KGF.
CHAPTER 3
THE EQUIPMENT’S DESIGN CRITERIA

A substation is a part of an electrical generation, transmission and distribution system.
Substations transform voltage from high to low, or the reverse, or perform any of several other
important functions. Between the generating station and consumers, electric power may flow
through several substations at different voltage levels.
A substation includes transformers to change voltage levels between high transmission

voltages and lower distribution voltages, or at the interconnection of two different transmission
voltages. The word substation comes from days before the distribution system became grid. as
central generation stations become larger, smaller generating plants were converted to
distribution stations, receiving their energy supply from a larger plant instead of using their own
generators. The first substations were connected to only one power station, where the generators
were housed and were subsidiaries of those power stations.
3.1 About 220KV Receiving Substation, KPTCL, and T. Gollahalli.

 Incoming lines and 8 Karnataka Power Transmission Corporation Limited is governed
under the purview of Ministry of Energy Department.
 Karnataka Power Transmission and Corporation Limited are headed by the Chairman and
the Managing Director at the Corporate Office. He is assisted by four functional directors.
KPTCL has a maximum of twelve directors.
 This receiving station has 2 PGCL outgoing lines and one line forfuture use.

KGF.
Figure 3.1: 220KV Receiving Station, T. Gollahalli
3.2 Achievements made by the Company:

 It has the lowest transmission loss in the country. Karnataka has carved a special place for
itself in the country’s power sector as it is not only pioneered in power generation,
transmission and supply but also in power reforms.
 The erstwhile Mysore caught the attention of the world in 1902 when it became the first
state in Asia to generate hydro-electric power by commissioning a Hydel project at
Shivanasamudram of Malavalli taluk. The world’s then longest power line with a length of
140 km was also built at the same time by Mysore State to link this power project with
Kolar GoldFields.
 The journey which started thus on a glorious note saw a major milestone in 1971 when
Karnataka became the first State to commence the process of power reforms by
unbundling power generation from transmission and distribution activities. In fact, other
States could take up the process of unbundling only two-and-a-half decades after
Karnataka’s experiment.
 Karnataka Power Transmission Corporation Limited (KPTCL), which is the State’s
transmission utility, has been striving not only to provide quality service with technical
excellence but also to carry forward the reforms in tune with the State’s image as a leader
in Testing of Substation Equipment’s the power sector. It has got an unenviable task of
providing transmission infrastructure in tune with the increase in power consumption as
well as the addition to power generation capacity.

KGF.
With a vast transmission network covering of transmission lines, KPTCL is one of the
leading transmission utilities in the power sector.
 In a bid to increase its efficiency and to reduce outages, KPTCL has been adopting the
latest technologies, especially those in the Information and Communication fields. It has
been a pioneer in setting up a “Supervision Control and Data Acquisition for Load and
Energy Management” (SCADA) system that provides for automated monitoring of power
receiving substations. It has the largest SCADA network in the country.
 KPTCL has made a name for itself at the national level as it has managed to reduce the
transmission losses in the State to a level of just 3.907 per cent which is said to be the
lowest in the country. KPTCL is also known for innovations in its approach to the power
sector.
 As it is becoming increasingly difficult to get land for setting up substations in urban areas
due to the high demand as well as sky-rocketing prices, the corporation has switchedover to
compact substations titled Gas Insulated Substations (GIS) whose land requirement is
up to 25 per cent of that required for conventional substations. The maintenance of GIS is
easy and they could be set up faster than the conventional substations. While two such
innovative substations have been set up, the work on another five is going on in
Bangalore.
 KPTCL’s recently commissioned 186-km state-of-the-art 400 kV power transmission line

connecting Udupi and Shantigrama in Hassan district is a landmark for the State in terms
of technical parameters. This is the longest transmission line in the State having a double
circuit quad moose conductor that will help in quality transmission of high-volume power
at low loss level. The line indicates the excellence as well as the capacity to handle
challenging situations by KPTCL as it passes through difficult terrain in the Malnad
region. In all, 530 transmission towers with a height of 46 meters have been erected to
support this line.

3.3 Scope of work:
 KPTCL has a monopoly in the power transmission business in Karnataka.
 Ideal participative management.
 Highly motive employees.

KGF.
 Adopting new technology and concept.
 High job security.
 KPTCL has a monopoly in the power transmission business in Karnataka.



3.4 Facilities provided in company to undergo internship:
 Providing safety measurements like:
a. PPE’s
b. Flame retardant/arc-rated/chemical resistant clothing
c. Gloves
d. Safety glasses
e. Shields
f. Face mask
g. Hard hats
h. Steel-toed shoes
 Providing us to experience and learn practically about LC’s.
 Providing the facility to gain knowledge about Hotline practically.
 To learn about Substation Automation System (SAS) and many more

KGF.
CHAPTER 4
SCHEME PROPOSAL AND SYSTEM DESIGN CRITERIA

4.1 Scheme Proposals:
 Establishing 2xlOOMVA 220/66/11KV sub-station at T. Gollahalli, KGF taluk, Kolar
district with Overhead 220KV and 66KV line arrangement.
 Construction of 220KV DC line for a distance of 27.269 kms from 500 KV HVDC Kolar
substations to proposed 220/66/l1KV T. Gollahalli (Thimmasandra) substation in
Bangarpet taluk, Kolar district.
 Construction of 66KV DC line for a distance of 5.828 kms from proposed MC Tower to
66KV KGF-Kyasamballi line near Garudadri village limits in Bangarpet taluk, Kolar
district.
 Construction of 66KV DC line for a distance of 10.93 kms from partly on MC Towers
and partly on DC towers from proposed 220/66/11KV T. Gollahalli substation to
66/11KV KGF substation in Bangarpet taluk, Kolar district.
 Construction of 66KV MC line for a distance of 12.28 kms from proposed 220/66/11 KV
T. Gollahalli station to link existing" 66kV SC line to Avani a, Mulbagal, 66kV SC line to
Taylur &. N.G. Hulkur, 66KV SC line Byrakur&Nangali, 66LV SC line to
 T. Gollahalli & Mudiyanur line in Bangarpet taluk, Kolar district.
4.2 System Design Criteria.

 The Station structure including lightning masts, Bus selection Gaentries, and Mounting
Structures for LA’s, CT’s, P’T’s, CVTs, Isolators and Circuit breakers are of fabricated
steel lattice structures.
 Bus Bar: Double Rigid Bus-bar arrangement is proposed on both 220 KV and 66 KV
sides. Auxiliary Bus is proposed. for 220KV side.
 The Breakers proposed for this sub-station are designed for 40 KA both on 220 and 66 KV
sides to take care of future system, inter connections etc.,
 The 220KV and 66KV lines are of Overhead line arrangement.

KGF.
4.3 Details of the Scheme:

Historical background and load growth of areas in and around T. Gollahalli:
 T. Gollahalli is situated in KGF taluk of Kolar district. It is situated 5 kms form
Bethamangala, KGF
 To reduce the loads and improve voltage profile on these two 220KV stations a 220KV
station is proposed at T. Gollahalli
 The proposed 220KV station is intended to cater power to the sub stations in this vicinity,
so that the transmission losses at 66KV lines get reduced and the power supply reliability
is increased.
 Anticipated load: 66/11kV sub stations which are proposed to be transferred with
recorded peak loads are as follows:
a. 66/11KV Avani – 7.5 MW
b. 66/11KV T.Gollahalli – 6.8 MW
c. 66/11KV Mudiyanur – 6.4 MW
d. 66/11KV NG. Hulkur – 9 MW
e. 66/11KV Byrakur – 3.3 MW
f. 66/11KVNangli – 21 MW
g. 66/11KV KGF – 20.7 MW
h. 66/11KVAndersonpet – 12 MW
i. 66/11KV Kamasamudra – 10 MW
j. 66/11KV Kyasamballi – 26.3 MW
k. 66/11KV Mulbagal MUSS – 19.5 MW
l. Proposed 66/11KV Mallanayakanahalli – 4 MW
m. Proposed 66/11KV Bethamangala MUSS – 7.5 MW
 As per KPRC norms all 220KV sub-stations are to be maintained within 70% of installed
capacity.

KGF.
 The 220KV sub-station is proposed at T. Gollahalli to achieved the following needs: -To
maintain quality and un-interrupted power supply to the reliable consumers of the area.
a. To reduce the length of the 66KV line and line losses.
b. To meet the future load growth of 10% per annum in the area.
c. To reduce the loading factor of Kolar and Malur sub-stations as per KERC norms.

KGF.
CHAPTER 5
THE EQUIPMENT’S DESIGN CRITERIA
5.1 Components with Design rating:
 Power Transformer:
3Phase 100 MVA, 220/66 /11 kV, 50 Hz, Core type 3 winding Star/Star/delta, Vector group
YNynOd11, OLTC, Bushing CT for tertiary of ratio 1000/1A 5P20, 15VA ONAN/
PNAF /OFAF with fan control cubicle, RTCC panel, oil etc., complete with 2 x 50 %
separate radiator banks.
 Circuit Breaker:
220 kV 1250 A, 66 kV 2000A and 66 kV 1250 A, 40 kA, SF-6 circuit Breakers with semi
pneumatic/pneumatic operated/Spring type operating Mechanism, including mounting
structure.
 Isolators:
220KV 1250 A, 220kV 2000A, 66 kV 1250 A and 66 KV, 2000 A, 31.5 KA class double
Break electrically and manually operated isolator with solid core insulators
including marshaling box.
 Current Transformers:
220kV, 31.5 kA CTs, with CTR of 1200-600-300/1-1-1 A with additional 2 core of

1200/1A1A. For 220 kV Line, Power transformer.
66 kV, 31.5 kA CT’s with CTR of 1600-1000/1-1-1A for 100 MVA Transformers (66 KV)
81,Bus Coupler.
66 kV, 31.5 kA CT’s with CTR of 400-200 / 1-1-1A for 66 KV Transformers and 1200-
800/ 1-1-1A for 66kV UG Cable lines.
Regular CTs are to be used as NCTs for 150 MVA Transformers.
 Voltage Transformers:
220 kV and 66 kV class single phase. Oil filled outdoor type voltage transformers as per
technical specification of ratio.

KGF.
220 KV/ √3/110V/√3/110V/√3,
66kV/√3/110V/√3/110V/√3/110v/√3.
 Protection:
Standard protection, with source 1 and source 2 distance relay of different makes and
differential protection bus bar protection, under over voltage, under/over frequency
protectionetc., are proposed.
 Sub Station Automation System:
Sub-station automation system is provided for the substation for the existing equipment’s
and the proposed equipment’s also.

KGF.
5.2 Benefits to Cost Ratio

The Benefits to cost ratio for establishing 2x100 MVA, 200/66/11 KV sub-station at
T. Gollahalli is 2.427.
5.3 Implementation:
The scheme for establishing 2x100MVA 220/66/11 kV substation at T. Gollahalli will be taken
up simultaneously with 220KV and 66KV lines.
5.4 Justification:
a. Bangarpet taluk is a fast-growing rural area in kolar district and with a load growth of over
7%.
b. There is a load growth in and around Bengaluru-Chittoor highway in kolar district and many
industries, educational institutions are coming up in the area.
c. The proposed 220/66/11KV T. Gollahalli substation s being established to reduce the loading
factor of existing 220/66/11KV kolar and 220/66KV malur substation.
d. It provides 66 KV power supply for the existing 66KV substation at Avani-7.5MW,
e. T. Gollahalli-6.8MW, Mudiyanur-6.4MW, N.G. Hulkur-9MW, Byrakur-3.3MW,
Nangli-21 MW, KGF-20.7MW, Andersonpet-12MW, Kamasamudra-10MW,
Kyasamballi-26.3MW, Mulbagal MUSS-19.5MW and proposed 66/11 KV
Mallanayakanahalli-4 MW and
f. Bethamangala MUSS-7.5MW,
g. Establishing the 220KV station in the premises of mittemari is identify suited due to the
following facts:
 KPTCL land is readily available.
 No other alternative land is available and the land cost is also very HIGH.
 It is an ideal load center.
 In the light of the above, T. Gollahalli is an ideal location in the area available to
establish 220KV station.

KGF.
CHAPTER 6
TOWERS
A transmission tower is a tall structure, usually a steel lattice tower, used to support an
overhead power line. They are used in high-voltage AC and DC systems.
The towers are made up of GI strips, which are joined by using nuts and bolts. There
arefour different types of Transmission Towers,
1) A – type tower – angle of deviation 0o to 2o
2) B – type tower – angle of deviation 2o to 15o
3) C – type tower – angle of deviation 15o to 30o
4) D – type tower – angle of deviation 30o to 60o
The overhead transmission line corridor selection and planning is more and more difficult, the
construction cost is higher and higher, especially in economically developed areas and densely
populated urban areas, overhead transmission line corridor is increasingly limited and
valuable, some areas have even without the new overhead transmission line corridor may, the
situation in some areas has seriously restricted the power grid planning and construction. In
overhead transmission line, using multi-circuit tower can effectively improve the unit line
corridor transportation capacity, which can both to meet the requirements of power grid
construction and adapt to the needs of the local development planning, thus facilitating the
coordination of social economy and power grid construction, and sustainable development. At
present, multi- circuit transmission line tower in China has applied, but the current design
regulation is for single and double-circuit tower, and does not consider over double-circuit
line requirements. Therefore, this paper on the multi-circuit tower type design is studied.
6.1 Main problems of multi circuit tower type design:
6.1.1 Meteorological conditions:

The current regulation is based on the different line level with different return period to
determine the design meteorological conditions, 110kV ~330kV transmission line and large
crossing line return period should be 30years [2]. For multi-circuit tower type design, first must
according to the highest voltage grade to determine the return period, followed must be based
on the status of multi-circuit transmission line in the system to determine an appropriate

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Increase in the value, if its importance in the system has reached or exceeded a voltage level,
should improve the meteorological condition value standard.
6.1.2 Safe factor of conductor, earth wire and fittings:

The conductor and earth wire safety factor not only affect the safe operation of the line, but
also related to the strain tower load. As a result of multi-circuit transmission lines is more and
more used in city corridor complex region, strain tower, large angle tower used in large
proportion, safety factor is often a great influence on the line tower material consumption. In
the specific project, the safety factor of conductor and earth wire comprehensive technical and
economic, which select should meets the safe operation of the line, and can effectively control
the project investment.
6.1.3 Insulation coordination:

Transmission line insulation coordination is to solve the tower and span all kinds of possible
discharge path, ensure that the line safe and reliable operation of power frequency voltage,
operating over voltage and lightning over voltage. Taking into account the importance of
Advanced Materials Research Online: 2012-11-29 ISSN: 1662-8985, Vols. 594597, pp 900-
903 DOI: 10.4028/www.scientific.net/AMR.594-597.900 © 2012 Trans Tech Publications,
Switzerland All rights reserved. No part of contents of this paper may be reproduced or
transmitted in any form or by any means without the written permission of Trans Tech
Publications, www.ttp.net. (ID: 130.203.136.75, Pennsylvania State University, University
Park, USA-10/05/16,16:47:52) multi-circuit lines and power-off maintenance difficulties, and
to minimize maintenance, and extend the insulator cleaning cycle, the specific leakage distance
may be considered to improve a design.
6.1.4 Lightning protection:
Where, γ is ground lightning strike density, m; h is ground wire average height, m; T is annual
thunderstorm day. The formula 1 shows that the transmission line is subjected to the number
of lightning strikes increased with increasing the height of the ground wire. The same
lightning protection angle, tower height increased, the shielding failure rate increases,
insulation flashover tripping rate caused by back striking also increased. Multi-circuit
transmission lines lightning protection has become the research focus at home and abroad.

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6.1.5 Electromagnetic environmental impact:

In order to grasp the multi-circuit transmission lines electromagnetic environmental impact
characteristics of radio interference, power frequency electric field, power frequency magnetic
field, etc. Need to calculate different arrangement form, and the calculated results with the
regulation for comparative analysis, obtained the degree of electromagnetic environmental
effects, and to be considered in the design.
6.1.6 Tower design:

Compared with the single-circuit tower, multi-circuit tower of the external load and tower
pressure will increase several times, tower weight, the foundation force will increase
substantially too. On the use of large-section conductor multi-circuit tower, in order to reduce
material shape coefficient and the tower wind pressure, can consider to use steel tube structure.
Fig6.1: Construction of Tower Base.

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6.2 220KV Four Circuit Tower Types Design
6.2.1 Design condition:

Design of meteorological conditions is shown in Tab. 1; suspension insulator string selection
23 pieces of XWP-100; Conductor selection of 2×LGJ400/50, horizontal distance is 400mm;
earth wire selection of 1×7-10.5-1270-B.
TABLE 6.1: Meteorological conditions
6.2.2 The Determination of Practical Height:
Tower cross-arm bottom edge line onto the floor of the vertical distance of the ground is called
practical height, it is important to the tower safety.
The practical height calculated by formula
H= Lk + fc+ hx + Δh
Where, Lk is suspension insulator string length, m; fc is maximum conductor sag, m; hx is
conductor from the ground and the across safety distance, m; ⊿h is construction margin, m.
The calculated practical height is 27m.\
6.2.3 Tower Head Clearance:
Live part and tower component clearance. Multi-circuit transmission lines on the same tower
power supply range is wide, and the lines is unlikely to power-off maintenance unless a
mechanical failure occurs, therefore in the planning of tower head size and layout of the tower
material must be considered two live working method. First, the line poweroff that needs an
maintenance, the staff in the power circuit implementation of space operation should take into
account the surrounding the charged body; second, all circuits are not power-off, make live
working. Advanced Materials Research Vols. 594-597 901 In accordance with the relevant
requirements, the calculated desired air clearance value under various operating conditions,
power frequency voltage 2.76m, operating over voltage 2.31m and lightning over voltage

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1.08m. Live working clearance. According to the rules of 220kV transmission line live line
work, meteorological conditions is15℃, wind speed is 10m/s, check clearance is 2.64m, in
addition to consider human activity range 0.5m. Radial clearance. For I type and V type
insulator string radial clearance, consider the tower body width effects, in addition to
comprehensive margin for 10cm.
6.2.4 Conductor Arrangement:
Horizontal distance. Span central horizontal distance depends mainly on the strong windscause
conductor synchronous swing, you need to guarantee that the air clearance is not breakdown
by power frequency voltage. The following 1000m span using I-I insulator string, horizontal
distance calculates by formula
D=0.4Lk+U/100+0.65√fc
\Where, D is conductor horizontal distance, m; U is system nominal voltage, kV. Horizontal

distance between phases is closely related to the conductor not synchronized swing, and
affected by I-I insulator strings length, voltage grade and biggest arc sag. According to the
results and control the results of other studies, 330kV multi-circuit phase horizontal distance
is the same circuit 7.7m, different circuit 8.2m. Vertical distance. 220kV transmission line
suspension tower, the vertical distance between the phase conductors is not less than 7.5m, the
vertical distance between different loops of different phase conductors should be increase
0.5m, both 8.0m. Horizontal migration. Ice-shedding will make the wire to produce vertical
jump, if the upper and lower conductor of the adjacent no design level offset, it is easier to
produce collision, so that Occurrence of power system fault. 220kV transmission line adjacent
the upper and lower conductor horizontal migration to take 1.5m.
6.2.5 Tower types design results:
To the drum type tower and the umbrella type tower as the prototype, through the
transformation, combination, consider the economic, beautiful, compact and other factors,
determine three kinds of 330kV four-circuit tower types, is shown in
Fig 6.1. Tower type 1 transmission line corridor is the narrowest, live working will not affect
the other loop, maximum height, tower body moment is quite large, trip rate due to lightning
strike is high. Tower type 1- and 2-line corridor width, tower height, stress condition, the effect
of lightning protection is similar, better than type 1, but live working is not convenient. In
addition, type 3 each loop has a phase conductor using V insulator string suspension, increases
the tower load, and reduces the wind deviation influence.

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CHAPTER 7
CONSTRUCTION OF HIGH TRANSMISSION (HT) SIDE OF
SUBSTATION
 HT side of substation deals with high voltage and low current.
 Hence the thickness of conductors is get decreased mainly due to low current in the lines
 It receives the power to different grid centers at suitable voltage ratings with the help of
incoming feeders
 It also provides electricity for proper functioning of the substation through an auxiliary
transformer
 The demand of this reactive power is mainly originated from inductive load connected to
the system. These inductive loads are generally electromagnetic circuit of electric motors,
electrical transformers, inductance of transmission and distribution networks, induction
furnaces, fluorescent lighting
Fig7.1: Constructional View of HT Side

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Equipment’s On HT Side:
 Lightning Arrester (LA)
 Capacitor Voltage Transformer (CVT)
 Current Transformer (CT)
 Gang Operating Switch (GOS)
 Circuit Breaker (CB)
 Potential Transformer (PT)
 Bus Bars
 220/66kv Transformer.
7.1 Lightning Arrester:
Fig 7.2 shows lightning arrester (alternative spelling lightning arrestor) (also called lightning
diverter) is a device used on electric power systems and telecommunication systems to protect
the insulation and conductors of the system from the damaging effects of lightning
The typical lightning arrester has a high voltage terminal and a ground terminal. When a
lightning surge (or switching surge, which is very similar) travels along the power line to the
arrester, the current from the surge is diverted through the arrester, in most cases to earth. In
telegraphy and telephony, a lightning arrester is placed where wires enter a structure, preventing
damage to electronic instruments within and ensuring the safety of individuals near them.
Smaller versions of lightning arresters, also called surge protectors, are devices that are
connected between each electrical conductor in power and communications systems and the
Earth. These prevent the flow of the normal power or signal currents to ground, but provide a
path over which high-voltage lightning current flows, bypassing the connected equipment.
Their purpose is to limit the rise in voltage when a communications or power line is struck by
lightning or is near to a lightning strike.
If protection fails or is absent, lightning that strikes the electrical system introduces thousands
of kilovolts that may damage the transmission lines, and can also cause severe damage to
transformers and other electrical or electronic devices. Lightning-produced extreme voltage
spikes in incoming power lines can damage electrical home appliances or even produce death.
Lightning arresters are used to protect electric fences. They consist of a spark gap and
sometimes a series inductor.

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Lightning arresters can form part of large electrical transformers and can fragment during
transformer ruptures. High voltage transformer fire barriers are required to defeat ballistics
from small arms as well as projectiles from transformer bushings and lightning arresters [10].
It is also known as surge arrester, A device designed to protect electrical equipment from high
transient voltage and to limit the duration and frequency the amplitude of follow current It is
used in the protection system to protect from lightning diverts it to the earth.
Fig 7.2: Lightning Arrestor
For 220KV side
Voltage rating = 1.1 × 220 × 0.8 = 193.6KV
Power frequency spark over voltage = 1.5 ×193.6 = 290.4KV
Rated discharge current = 10 kA

For 11KV side
Voltage rating = 1.1 × 110×0.8 = 96.8KV
Power frequency spark over voltage = 1.5 × 96.8 = 145.2KV
Rated discharge current= 10KA

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7.2 Capacitor Voltage Transformer:

Fig 7.3 shows the capacitor voltage transformer (CVT or CCVT), is a transformer used in
power systems to step down extra high voltage signals and provide a low voltage signal, for
metering or operating a protective relay. The CVT is also useful in communication systems.
CVTs in combination with wave traps are used for filtering high-frequency communication
signals from power frequency.
This forms a carrier communication network throughout the transmission network, to
communicate between substations. The CVT is installed at a point after Lightning Arrester and
before Wave trap. CVT converts high transmission voltage to standard low and easily
measurable voltage which is used for metering, protection, control system.
A capacitor voltage transformer (CVT or CCVT), is a transformer used in power systems to
step down extra high voltage signals and provide a low voltage signal, for metering or operating
a protective relay.
The tuning of the divider to the line frequency makes the overall division ratio less sensitive
to changes in the burden of the connected metering or protection devices. The device has at
least four terminals: a terminal for connection to the high voltage signal Capacitor C1 is often
constructed as a stack of smaller capacitors connected in series. This provides a large voltage
drop across C1 and a relatively small voltage drop across C2.
Fig7.3: Capacitive Voltage Transformer

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Specifications of CVT:
Type: TCVT 245
Insulation Level: 460-1050KV
Capacitance: 4400ma (+10% To -5%)
Total Weight: 250kg
Oil Weight: 37kg
Class Of Insulation Is –A
Rated Voltage in Kv-
220/√3
7.3 Current Transformer:

A current transformer (CT) is a type of transformer that is used to measure alternating current
(AC). It produces a current in its secondary which is proportional to the current in its primary.
Fig 7.4 shows the Current transformers, along with voltage or potential transformers, are
instrument transformers. Instrument transformers scale the large values of voltage or current to
small, standardized values that are easy to handle for instruments and protective relays. The
instrument transformers isolate measurement or protection circuits from the high voltage of the
primary system. A current transformer provides a secondary current that is accurately
proportional to the current flowing in its primary. The current transformer presents a negligible
load to the primary circuit.
Current transformers are the current-sensing units of the power system and are used at
generating stations, electrical substations, and in industrial and commercial electric power
distribution.
The alternating current in the primary produces an alternating magnetic field in the core, which
then induces an alternating current in the secondary. The primary circuit is largely unaffected
by the insertion of the CT. Accurate current transformers need close coupling between the
primary and secondary to ensure that the secondary current is proportional to the primary
current over a wide current range. The current in the secondary is the current in the primary
(assuming a single turn primary) divided by the number of turns of the secondary. In the

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Illustration on the right, 'I' is the current in the primary, 'B' is the magnetic field, 'N' is the
number of turns on the secondary, and 'A' is an AC ammeter.
Current transformers typically consist of a silicon steel ring core wound with many turns of
copper wire as shown in the illustration to the right. The conductor carrying the primary
current is passed through the ring. The CT's primary, therefore, consists of a single 'turn'. The
primary 'winding' may be a permanent part of the current transformer, i.e. a heavy copper bar
to carry current through the core. Window-type current transformers are also common, which
can have circuit cables run through the middle of an opening in the core to provide a single-
turn primary winding. To assist accuracy, the primary conductor should be centered in the
aperture.
It is a protective device
Current transformer is an instrument transformer used to protection and metering of high value
of current
A CT is used to step down current for measurement control and protection
Rated system voltage -220 KV
Insulation level -460 kV rms/1050 kV
Weight of CT -900 kg + or – 15%
Rated thermal current 960 A

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Fig7.4: Current Transformer

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7.4 Gang Operating Switch (GOS):

Gang operated switches as they are commonly known are switching devices used in OHpower
lines shown in Fig 7.5.
They are called gang operated as they are operated in a gang, all three switches together using
a single mechanism.
Fig 7.5: Gang Operating Switch

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7.5 Circuit Breaker:

Fig 7.6 shows a circuit breaker is an automatically operated electrical switch designed to
protect an electrical circuit from damage caused by excess current from an overload or short
circuit. Its basic function is to interrupt current flow after a fault is detected. Unlike a fuse,
which operates once and then must be replaced, a circuit breaker can be reset (either manually
or automatically) to resume normal operation.
Circuit breakers are made in varying sizes, from small devices that protect low-current circuits
or individual household appliance, up to large switchgear designed to protect high voltage
circuits feeding an entire city. The generic function of a circuit breaker, RCD or a fuse, as an
automatic means of removing power from a faulty system is often abbreviated as OCPD
(Over Current Protection Device) [18].
An early form of circuit breaker was described by Thomas Edison in an 1879 patent
application, although his commercial power distribution system used fuses. Its purpose was to
protect lighting circuit wiring from accidental short circuits and overloads. A modern miniature
circuit breaker similar to the ones now in use was patented by Brown, Boveri & Cie in 1924.
Hugo Stotz, an engineer who had sold his company to BBC, was credited as the inventor on
DRP (Deutsches Reichspatent). Stotz's invention was the forerunner of the modern thermal-
magnetic breaker commonly used in household load centers to this day.
Interconnection of multiple generator sources into an electrical grid required development of
circuit breakers with increasing voltage ratings and increased ability to safely interrupt the
increasing short-circuit currents produced by networks. Simple air-break manual switches
produced hazardous arcs when interrupting high voltages; these gave way to oil- enclosed
contacts, and various forms using directed flow of pressurized air, or of pressurized oil, to
cool and interrupt the arc. By 1935, the specially constructed circuit breakers used at the
Boulder Dam project use eight series breaks and pressurized oil flow to interrupt faults of up to
2,500 MVA, in three cycles of the AC power frequency.
So due to its high dielectric strength and high cooling effect SF6 gas is approximately 100 times
more effective arc quenching media than air
Due to these unique properties of this gas, SF6 circuit breaker is used in complete range of
medium voltage and high voltage electrical power system

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Type-30AP
Rated vtg-245KV
Rated lightning impulse with standard vtg-1050KVA
Rated frequency 50HZ
SC breaking current-50KVA
Rated out off phase breaking current -12.5KA
Weight of the SF6 filling approximate -18KG
Weight including structure-3000 KG
Fig7.6: Circuit Breaker

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7.5.1 Types of Circuit Breakers:
Before brief looking just understand the types of circuit breaker and it is operating voltage
and current range.
TABLE 7.1: Types of circuit breaker and it is operating voltage and current range.
Types Voltage Level Current Rating
ACB 690 4000A
ABCB 735kV 6300Amps
BVOCB 66kV 6300 Amps
MVOCB 66kV 6300 Amps
SF6 1200 kV 6300 Amps
VCB 66kV 4000 Amps
MCCB 440V 630Amps
MPCB 690 V 120Amps
MCB 440v 100 Amps
ELCB 440V 63A, 300mA
RCCB 440V 63A, 30mA
 Air breaks Circuit Breakers.

 Air Blast Circuit Breakers.
 Oil Circuit Breakers.
 SF6 Circuit Breaker.
 Vacuum Circuit Breaker.

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7.5.1(A) Air Break Circuit Breakers:
ACB is a short form of Air Break Circuit Breaker. They are employed for the voltage up to
690V applications and the current ranging from 100 Amps to 4000 amperes and the braking
capacity of 80-kilo amperes. These types of circuit breaker use open the air as arc quenching
mechanism at normal temperature and pressure (Look at the above image). Note that, an air
blast is different and air break is different and it works at normal pressure and temperature.
Fig 7.7 shows the Air Break Circuit breaker has inbuilt thermal overload release, that means
the release is due to the heating caused by the overload so we do not require any external relay
for the tripping signals. The internal relay will get the power supply from the circuit breaker.
Fig 7.7: Air Break Circuit Breakers

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7.5.1(B) Air Blast Circuit Breakers:
Compressed air/gases are used as arc quenching medium, the gasses may be the carbon dioxide,
nitrogen, Freon or hydrogen. But compressed air has more financial and technical advantages
than the above gases shown in Fig 7.8.
During tripping the circuit breaker, the compressed air pushes the breaker moving contacts,
blows the ionized gas (free electron) from the main contact’s chamber. Based on the contact
position, the Air blast circuit breaker is divided into three types such as,
1) Axial blast Air Circuit Breaker: The air blast is directed to longitudinal along with arc.
2) Cross Blast Air Circuit Breaker – Air blast is directed at right angles to the arc.
3) Radial Blast Air circuit breaker – Air blast is directed radially.
Fig 7.8: Air Blast Circuit Breakers
7.5.1(c) Oil Circuit Breaker:
When a fault occurs, the breaker contacts open in oil, an arc is struck between them. Due to
the heat of arc, the surrounding oil of the contacts evaporates, and hydrogen gas is produced at
high pressure. The oil is pushed away from the arc, and a hydrogen gas bubble surrounds the
arc region and adjacent portion of contacts shown in Fig7.9. Two processes extinguish the arc.
Firstly, the hydrogen gas cools the arc due to its high heat conductivity. Secondly, the gas sets
up a violent movement in oil and forces it into the space between the contacts. Thus arcing
products are eliminated from the arc path, and arc interruption takes place when the arc current
goes to zero, as a result of which arc is extinguished, and circuit current is interrupted.

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Fig 7.9: Oil Circuit Breaker
7.5.1(D) SF6 (Sulphur Hexafluoride) Circuit Breaker:
Circuit breakers are used for protection against fault current in electrical systems. They
abruptly break the circuit and safely quench the arc. The circuit-breaking part is easy as it is
just the separation of contact but the arc that generates afterward which prevents the circuit
from breaking and causes damage needs to be quenched as fast as possible. Sulphur
Hexafluoride or SF6 circuit breaker is a type of circuit breaker that uses pressurized SF6 gas
to extinguish the arc shown in Fig 7.10. It is a dielectric gas having superior insulating and arc
quenching properties far better than air or oil. It is used for arc quenching in high voltage circuit
breakers up to 800 kV in power stations, electrical grids etc.
Fig 7.10: SF6 (Sulphur Hexafluoride) Circuit Breaker

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7.5.1(e) Vacuum Circuit Breakers:
A breaker which used vacuum as an arc extinction medium is called a vacuum circuit breaker
shown in Fig 7.11. In this circuit breaker, the fixed and moving contact is enclosed in a
permanently sealed vacuum interrupter. The arc is extinct as the contacts are separated in high
vacuum. It is mainly used for medium voltage ranging from 11 KV to 33 KV.
The vacuum circuit breaker has mainly two phenomenal properties.
 High insulating strength: In comparison to various other insulating media used in circuit
breaker vacuum is a superior dielectric medium. It is better than all other media except air
andSF6, which are employed at high pressure.
 When an arc is opened by moving apart the contacts in a vacuum, an interruption occurs at
the first current zero. With the arc interruption, their dielectric strength increases up to a
rateof thousands time as compared to other breakers
Fig 7.11: Vacuum Circuit Breakers.

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7.6 Bus Bars:
In electric power distribution, a bus bar (also bus bar) is a metallic strip or bar, typicallyhoused
inside switchgear, panel boards, and bus way enclosures for local high current power
distribution. They are also used to connect high voltage equipment at electrical switchyards,
and low voltage equipment in battery banks. They are generally un insulated, and have
sufficient stiffness to be supported in air by insulated pillars. These features allow sufficient
cooling of the conductors, and the ability to tap in at various points without creating a new joint.
The material composition and cross-sectional size of the bus bar determine the
maximum amount of current that can be safely carried. Bus bars can have a cross-sectional area
of as little as 10 square millimeters (0.016 sq. in), but electrical substations may use metal
tubes50 millimeters (2.0 in) in diameter (20 square millimeters (0.031 sq. in)) or more as bus
bars.
An aluminum smelter will have very large bus bars used to carry tens of thousands of amperes
to the electrochemical cells that produce aluminum from molten salts.
Bus bars are produced in a variety of shapes, such as flat strips, solid bars, or rods, and are
typically composed of copper, brass, or aluminum as solid or hollow tubes. Some of these
shapes allow heat to dissipate more efficiently due to their high surface area to cross-sectional
area ratio.
The skin effect makes 50–60 Hz AC bus bars more than about 8 millimeters (0.31 in) thickness
inefficient, so hollow or flat shapes are prevalent in higher current applications. A hollow
section also has higher stiffness than a solid rod of equivalent current-carrying capacity, which
Allows a greater span between bus bar supports in outdoor electrical switchyards.
A bus bar must be sufficiently rigid to support its own weight, and forces imposed by
mechanical vibration and possibly earthquakes, as well as accumulated precipitation in outdoor
exposures. In addition, thermal expansion from temperature changes induced by ohmic heating
and ambient temperature variations, as well as magnetic forces induced by large currents, must
be considered. In order to address these concerns, flexible bus bars, typically a sandwich of thin
conductor layers, were developed. These require a structural frame or cabinet for their
installation.
Distribution boards split the electrical supply into separate circuits at one location. Bus ways,
or bus ducts, are long bus bars with a protective cover. Rather than branching from the main
supply at one location, they allow new circuits to branch off anywhere along the route of the
bus way.

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Fig 7.12: Bus Bars.

A bus bar may either be supported on insulators, or else insulation may completely surround
it. Bus bars are protected from accidental contact either by a metal earthed enclosure or by
elevation out of normal reach. Power neutral bus bars may also be insulated because it is not
guaranteed that the potential between power neutral and safety grounding is always zero.
Earthling (safety grounding) bus bars are typically bare and bolted directly onto any metal
chassis of their enclosure. Bus bars may be enclosed in a metal housing, in the form of bus duct
or bus way, segregated-phase bus, or isolated-phase bus [13].
Bus bars may be connected to each other and to electrical apparatus by bolted, clamped, or
welded connections. Often, joints between high-current bus sections have precisely-machined
matching surfaces that are silver-plated to reduce the contact resistance shown in Fig 7.12.
Fig 7.13: Distribution of BUS BARS.

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7.7 Earthing in Substation:

The substation grounding system contains of a grid (earth mat) formed by a horizontal buried
conductor. The grounding system in substation is very important. ... also provide the ground
connection for connecting the neutrals of stat connected transformer winding to earth (neutral
earthing)
The substation grounding system comprises of a grid (earth mat) formed by a horizontal buried
conductor shown in Fig 7.14.
Fig 7.14: Earthing in Substation.
The grounding system in substation is very important. The functions of grounding

systems or earth mat in include:
 To ensure safety to personnel in substations against electrical shocks.
 To provide the ground connection for connecting the neutrals of stat connected
transformer winding to earth (neutral earthing).
 To discharge the over voltages from overhead ground wires or the lightning masts to
earth. To provide ground path for surge arresters.

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 To provide a path for discharging the charge between phase and ground by means of
earthing switches.
 To provide earth connections to structures and other non-current carrying metallic
objects in the sub-station (equipment earthing).
In addition to such a grid below ground level, earthing spikes (electrodes) are driven into the
ground and are connected electrically to the earth grid, equipment bodies, structures, neutrals
etc. are connected to the station earthing system by earthing strips.
If the switchyards have a soil of low resistivity, earth resistance of the earthing system would
be low. If the soil resistivity is high, the mesh rods are laid at closer spacing. More electrodes
are inserted in the ground.
7.8 Potential Transformer:

Fig 7.1 shows the Voltage transformers (VT), also called potential transformers (PT), are a
parallel connected type of instrument transformer. They are designed to present negligible load
to the supply being measured and have an accurate voltage ratio and phase relationship to
enable accurate secondary connected metering
Voltage transformers (VT), also called potential transformers (PT), are a parallel connected
type of instrument transformer. They are designed to present negligible load to the supply
being measured and have an accurate voltage ratio and phase relationship to enable accurate
secondary connected metering [15].
Ratio:
The PT is typically described by its voltage ratio from primary to secondary. A 600:120PT will
provide an output voltage of 120 volts when 600 volts are impressed across its primary
winding. Standard secondary voltage ratings are 120 volts and 70 volts, compatible with
standard measuring instruments. Burden and accuracy are usually stated as a combined
parameter due to being dependent on each other.
Metering style PTs are designed with smaller cores and VA capacities than power transformers.
This causes metering PTs to saturate at lower secondary voltage outputs saving sensitive
connected metering devices from damaging large voltage spikes found in grid disturbances.

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Fig7.15: Potential Transformer
220/66kv Transformer:
Fig 7.16:220/66/11kv Transformer.

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7.9 Parts of Transformer:
7.9.1 Core:
Fig 7.17 shows the core provides a low reluctance path for electromagnetic flux and supports
the primary and secondary windings. It is made by stacking thin sheets of high-grade grain-
oriented steel which are separated by thin insulating material. In order to minimize the
hysteresis and eddy currents, the carbon content of the core steel is maintained below 0.1%.
When it is alloyed with silicon, eddy currents can be reduced.
Fig 7.17: Core of the Transformer.

7.9.2 Windings:
Fig 7.18 shows the transformer carries two sets of winding per phase – primary winding and
secondary winding. These winding consists of several turns of copper or aluminum
conductors, insulated from each other and the transformer core. Out of the primary winding
and secondary winding, the one which is rated for higher voltage is known as High voltage
(HV) winding and the other is known as the Low voltage (LV) winding.
Fig 7.18: Windings of the Transformer.

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7.9.3 Terminals and Bushings:
For connecting incoming and outgoing cables, terminals are present in transformers. They are
mounted upon the bushings and are connected to the ends of the windings. Bushings are
insulators that form a barrier between the terminals and the tank shown in Fig 7.19. They are
mounted over the transformer tanks. They serve as a safe passage for the conductors
connecting terminals to the windings. They are made from porcelain or epoxy resins.
Fig 7.19: Bushings.

7.9.4 Transformer Oil:
In all oil-immersed transformers, transformer oil provides added insulation between the
conducting parts, better heat dissipation and fault detection features. Hydro-carbon mineral oil
is used as transformer oil. It is composed of aromatics, paraffin, naphthenic and olefins.
Transformer oil has a flashpoint of 310 degree Celsius, the relative permeability of 2.7 and a
density of 0.96 kg/cm3 shown in Fig 7.20.
Fig 7.20: Transformer oil.

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7.9.5 Oil Conservator:
Fig 7.21: Oil Conservator

Oil conservator is moved on the top of the transformers and is located well above the tank and
bushings. Normally a rubber bladder is present in some oil conservators. The transformer oil
expands and contracts with increase and decrease in temperature. The oil conservator provides
adequate space for oil expansion. It is connected to the main tank through a pipe. A level
indicator is fitted to the conservator to indicate the oil level inside shown in Fig 7.21.
7.9.6 Breather:
Breather is present in all oil-immersed transformers that have a conservator tank. It is
necessary to keep the oil-free from moisture. As the temperature variations cause the
transformer oil to expand and contact, air flows in and out of the conservator tank. This air
should be free from moisture shown in Fig 7.22.
Fig 7.22: Breather.

Fig 7.22: Breather.
.

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7.9.7 Radiators and Fans:

The power lost in the transformer is dissipated in the form of heat. Dry transformers aremostly
natural air cooled. But when it comes to oil immersed transformers, a variety of cooling
methods are followed. Depending on the kVA rating, power losses and level of cooling
requirements, radiators and cooling fans are mounted on the transformer tank. Fig 7.23 shows
the Radiators and Fans of the Power Transformer.
Fig 7.23: Radiators and Fans.

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7.9.8 Remote Tap Changer Control Panel:
Fig 7.24: Remote Tap Changer Control Panel.

Fig 7.24 shows the RTCC is Remote Tap Changer Control which is a Programmable
device to control the output of the transformer through OLTC unit fitted in the
transformer through control cables. The desired voltage will be achieved
accordingly by controlling the OLTC with respect to the tap position through RTCC
system. The output voltage of the transformer is been maintained through an
inbuilt AVR (Automatic Voltage Regulator), which continuously verifies the
output power with the set / programmed reference voltage, which triggers the
OLTC accordingly. Hence, by above said phenomena, the consistency of the
transformer output is been maintained.

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7.9.9 Transformers Fire Protection System:
Fig 7.25: Transformers Fire Protection System.

Excessive overheating, extremely severe short circuits, faults in the oil and lightning strokes
may cause a fire on transformers.
Transformer fires are rare but the impact is great. Even though a transformer involved in a fire
likely will be destroyed almost immediately, the fire’s effect on adjacent equipment and
structures can be mitigated and therefore must be considered shown in Fig 7.25.
An uncontained fire can do a significant amount of damage and result in a prolonged and
unscheduled outage.
Fig 7.26: Transformers Fire Protection System.

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Types of Fire Protection System of a Transformer

Fire protection system of a transformer may be divided into:
 Water Based and Mist Systems: fire pumps; water spray fixed system/nozzles; valves;
valves components; piping.
 Fire Detection System: fire detectors; control panel; cabling.
 Fire suppression requirement may be mitigated when the transformer is located remotely
from the structure and other equipment, or the burning oil can be contained shown in Fig
7.27.
 Protection of the plant structure and adjacent equipment, as well as reducing
hazards topersonnel, warrants fire suppression in most cases.
In some cases, use of less-flammable insulating fluids may mitigate the need for fire
suppression and should be considered as an alternative.
Fig: 7.27 Transformers Fire Protection System Nozzle

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CHAPTER 8
CONSTRUCTION OF LOW TRANSMISSION (LT) SIDE OF

SUBSTATION
8.1 Construction of Low Transmission (LT) Side of Substation and
Equipment’s that are used in LT side of Substation:
LT side of substation deals with low voltage and high current distribution. Hence the
thickness of conductors is get increased mainly due to high current in the lines. LT side of
substation distributes the power to different load centers at suitable voltage ratings with the help
of outgoing feeders. It also provides electricity for proper functioning of the substation through
an auxiliary transformer. Capacitor banks are usually installed on LT side of substation to
compensate the reactive power in the power system. Lines coming from the power transformer
will be connected to the bus bars through instrument transformers, circuit breaker and GOS
(Gang Operating Switches). Bus bar is a solid conductor which is maintained at same potential
i.e. 66KV and it is placed on a bus pedestal insulator.
Fig 8.1: constructional view of LT side.

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The equipment’s that are used in LT side of substation are as follows
1) Current transformer.
2) Potential transformer.
3) Circuit breaker.
4) Isolators.
5) Lightning arrestor.
6) 66kv Transformer.
7) Auxiliary transformer.
8) Capacitor banks.
9) LT Bus bars.
The most of the equipment’s that are installed in LT side are almost similar to equipment’s
that are installed in HT side but their ratings will differ and some the equipment’s that have to
be installed in LT side of substation only, such as Auxiliary transformer, Capacitorbanks.
Auxiliary transformer
The power is used for auxiliary purposes like pumping, AC, ventilation and DC power system
such as protection relays, batteries, and Scada and telecom system purposes within the
substation to ensure its smooth functioning. It also serves as system earthing connection point.
The station auxiliary transformer has a zig zag connection primary winding providing the 66kv
system earthing point. The zig zag connection is mainly provided to limit the earth fault current
into desired level.
The purpose of auxiliary power supply systems is to cater for the necessary energy for the
operation of primary and secondary devices at the substation. The auxiliary power systems are
normally divided in two categories, namely the AC system and the DC system(s).
The AC system normally operates with the country’s standardized utility low voltage level, for
example 400 V 50 HZ.

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These loads would typically include the following:

Substation building(s) climate control and lighting Outdoor
equipment and indoor panels desiccation heatersPower
transformer cooling fans
Driving motor for on load tap changer of a power transformer
1) Station battery (DC system) charger(s)

2) Normal wall socket outlets
Fig8.2: 66kv Transformer.

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SPECIFICATIONS:
Capacity: 12.5MVA
Rated voltage HV winding: 66KV
Short circuit impedance on the rated tap: 5
%Conductor material: Cu.

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8.1 BUS BARS in LT side:
Fig 8.4: Bus Bars in LT side.

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8.2 Auxiliary transformer:
Fig 8.5: Auxiliary Transformer.
Fig 8.5 shows the Auxiliary transformer is used to supply low voltage for AC power system
inside substation such as lighting, air conditioners and other AC supply system and DC
power system such as protection relays, batteries, SCADA & telecom system and other DC
supply system.
8.3 Capacitor banks:

The demand of active power is expressing Kilo Watt (kw) or megawatt (MW). This power
should be supplied from electrical generating station. Although in alternating power system,
reactive power always comes in to picture. This reactive power is expressed in Kilo VAR or
Mega VAR.The demand of this reactive power is mainly originated from inductive load
connected to the system. These inductive loads are generally electromagnetic circuit of
electric motors, electrical transformers, inductance of transmission and distribution networks,
induction furnaces, fluorescent lightings etc. This reactive power should be properly
compensated otherwise, the ratio of actual power consumed by the load, to the total power i.e.,
vector sum of active and reactive power, of the system becomes quite less.
This ratio is alternatively known as electrical power factor, and fewer ratios indicates poor
power factor of the system. If the power factor of the system is poor, the ampere burden of
the transmission, distribution network, transformers, alternators and other equipment’s

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Connected to the system, becomes high for required active power. And hence reactive power
compensation becomes so important. This is commonly done by capacitor bank. Let's explain
in details, we know that active power is expressed = VIcosθ Where, cosθ is the power factor of
the system. Hence, if this power factor has got less valve, the corresponding current (I) increases
for same active power P. As the current of the system increases, the Ohmic loss of the system
increases. Ohmic loss means, generated electrical power is lost as unwanted heat originated in
the system. The cross-section of the conducting parts of the system may also have to be
increased for carrying extra ampere burden, which is also not economical in the commercial
point of view. Another major disadvantage is poor voltage regulation of the system, which
mainly caused due to poor power factor shown in Fig 8.6.
The equipment’s used to compensate reactive power.
There are mainly two equipment’s used for this purpose.
1) Synchronous condensers
2) Static capacitors or Capacitor Bank
Synchronous condensers can produce reactive power and the production of reactive power
can be regulated. Due to this regulating advantage, the synchronous condensers are very
suitable for correcting power factor of the system, but this equipment is quite expensive
compared to static capacitors. That is why synchronous condensers, are justified to use only for
voltage regulation of very high voltage transmission system.
Static Capacitor Bank
Static capacitor can further be subdivided in to two categories
1) Shunt capacitors
2) Series capacitors
These categories are mainly based on the methods of connecting capacitor bank with the
system. Among these two categories, shunt capacitors are more commonly used in the power
system of all voltage levels.
There are some specific advantages of using shunt capacitors such as,
1) It reduces line current of the system.
2) It improves voltage level of the load.
3) It also reduces system Losses.

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4) It improves power factor of the source current.
5) It reduces load of the alternator.
6) It reduces capital investment per megawatt of the Load.
All the above-mentioned benefits come from the fact, that the effect of capacitor reduces
reactive current flowing through the whole system. Shunt capacitor draws almost fixed amount
of leading current which is superimposed on the load current and consequently reduces reactive
components of the load and hence improves the power factor of the system.
Fig 8.6: Capacitor Banks.

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CHAPTER 9
CONSTRUCTION OF CONTROL ROOM GENERAL

9.1 Requirement of Control Room:
 The control and relay board panels for 220KV system shall be duplex/simplex type (as
applicable as per Bus configuration) so as to accommodate all the control equipment,
breaker relays, meters etc. excepting the protective relays and its aux. relays/accessories
as necessary for completeness of the protection/control scheme without overcrowding and
cramping. Separate protection panels of simplex type (minimum 2 no’s) shall be provided
for accommodating the protective relays and its aux. relays/accessories as required to
fulfill the scheme requirement.
 The control and relay board panel for 220KV system and 66KV system shall also be
duplex type for accommodating all relays and aux. relays for protection of respective
circuit along with control equipment, meters etc. as necessary for completeness of the
protection/control scheme without overcrowding and cramping. However, the 33KV C&R
board panels shall be simplex type for accommodating all the control, protection and
meteringequipment properly.
TABLE 9.1: Size of individual panel shall be as stated below:
Type Depth (mm) Width (mm) Height (mm)
Duplex 1982 as necessary as necessary but 2312 including
but limited to 1000 mm limited to 1000 mm channel base.
Simplex 610 do 2250 including
channel base
There shall be a corridor of 762 mm wide and access doors of 1900 mm height with latch at
two ends of duplex panel board for inspection. The door with door frame shall be detachable
type so that the same can be fitted to newly erected panel of similar design if any new C&R
panel is added. The access door for the simplex type panel shall be at the back side and of
1900mm height.

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The front and rear parts of duplex type C&R panel shall be detachable and all inter connection
between front and rear panels shall be through terminal connector and preferably underneath
the top cover. The interconnection between the simplex type control and relay panel and
duplex type respective C&R panels where applicable will be made through cables to be laid in
the cable trenches under those panels as shown in Fig 9.2.
The complete panel shall incorporate all necessary instruments, meters, relays, auxiliary relays,
control switches, indicating lamps, mimic, annunciators, audible alarms, horizontal andvertical
wiring trough, wiring supports, interior lighting system, terminal blocks fuses and linksetc.
Fig 9.1: RTCC panel.

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Fig 9.2: LTAC Panel.
9.2 Battery room:
In Sub Stations there are much equipment and all this equipment we are controlling according
to our need. For this we use control circuits for every equipment which are in Sub Station and
this control circuit runs on DC that have their advantage suppose a block out occur and Sub
Station can’t give power from Power plant then DC source take wide and very important role.
Hence, we design a Control Circuits Basis on DC power supply because if blackout occurs,
we start the sub stations for restoring. Therefore, in Sub stations a special Battery Room is
provided and special maintenance is done shown in Fig 9.3.

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Fig 9.3: Batteries.

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9.3 Battery Charger:

A substation battery charger ensures all the essential electrical systems in a substation
continue to operate in the event of a power outage. An absence of an electrical supply could
result in damage to equipment and personnel. The DC system is the most important component
of a high voltage industrial/utility substation. It supplies the energy needed to manage the
protective devices and high voltage components and allows electrical faults to be safely
isolated.
Most high voltage substations house either a sealed or flooded cell battery bank. In a normal
functioning system, the batteries provide very little current. A continuous load current
maintains a constant charge on the battery. The battery charger provides a current if the charge
exceeds the output capability. A failing substation battery charger or if the charger trips is a
good indication of whether the system is working effectively.
Fig 9.4: Battery Charger.

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CHAPTER 10
SYSTEM AUTOMATION SUBSTATION
10.1 Substation Automation System (SAS):
Substation automation refers to using data from intelligent electronic devices (IEDs) control &
automation capabilities within the substation and control commands from remote users to
control power system devices.
Substation automation is a buzz word off late to build a smarter, more reliable power grid. As
the technology is changing with fast pace and health monitoring of the grid has become
inevitable. Nobody knows that what is going to happen in the next second and therefore, the
dynamic real time measurement has come into effect. The SCADA system is also moving to be
the technology of past and synchro phaser technology is replacing with slow pace by installing
PMUs (Phaser Measurement Units) for monitoring the number of critical substation & line
parameters shown in Fig 10.1.
“Substation automation refers to using data from intelligent electronic devices (IEDs) control
& automation capabilities within the substation and control commands from remote users to
control power system devices.”
Fig 10.1: Architecture Diagram of SAS.

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The principal standard for the substation automation is with invoked of IEC 61850. This deals
with the perquisite parameters of substation automation. A few are mentioned here for the
reference of engineers, consultants and professionals [1].
The resource constrained systems like intelligent electronic devices (IEDs) such as RTUs,
recloses, PLC, V meters, video for security or equipment status assessment, metering,
switching, volt / VAR, wave form, event data, management etc.
10.2 Key Benefits of Automation:

 Automatic supervision of interlocks
 Graphical presentation of safety procedures
 Local and global alarm & warning
 Detect fault location – useful for distribution systems
 Equipment diagnostics and Intelligent interlocking system
 Automation with supervisory & advisory control
 Substation control and monitoring system (SCMS)
 Security control with multiple access levels
 Improves productivity
 Improves asset management
 Automatic retrieval of all data from substation

10.3 Digitizing Substations:
This will provide significant cost saving, performance enhancement & safety improvements
by equipping primary equipment with modern sensors and digitizing conventional copper
based analog communication with secure, seamless, steady and open standard base fiber optic
communication shown in Fig 10.2.
High speed microprocessor based Remote Terminals Units (RTUs)or Intelligent Electronic
Devices (IEDs) are used for substation automation and protection. IEC 61850 has been
introduced in 2003 which defines standard protocols for communication and interoperability
of the devices. SAS is based on a decentralized architecture and on a concept of bay oriented
and distributed intelligence, for safety and availability reasons.

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Fig 10.2: Digitalization Substation block diagram
10.3.1 Station Level:

A redundant PC based HMI enables local station control through the software package Micro
SCADA Pro, which contains an extensive range of SCADA functions. The station level
contains the station-oriented functions, which cannot be realized at bay level, e.g., alarm list or
event list related to the entire substation, gateway for the communication with remote control
centers. A dedicated master clock for the synchronization of the entire system shall be provided.
10.3.2 Bay Level:
A bay comprises of circuit breaker and associated isolators, earth switches and instrument
transformers. At bay level, the IEDs provide all bay level functions such as control (command
outputs), monitoring (status indications, measured values) and protection. The IEDs are directly
connected to the switchgear without any need for additional interposing or transducers. Each
bay control IED is independent of the others and its functioning is not affected by any fault
occurring in any of the other bay control units of the station.

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10.3.3 Process Level:

It consists of all the switchyard devices which are hardwired using copper cables and usefiber
optic cables to connect the bay level IED’s used for control and protection.
The SAS shall contain the following main functional parts:
 Human Machine Interface (HMI) with process database.
 Separate gateway for remote supervisory control via SCADA.
 Master clock (e.g., GPS receiver)
 Collection of the relevant data concerning the substation and distribution of the data
where needed.
 Data exchange between the different system components via serial bus.
 Bay and station level devices for control, monitoring and protection.
 Bay-oriented local control panels with mimic diagram.
10.3.4 Control mode selection:
As soon as the operator receives the operation access at bay level the operation is normally
performed via the local HMI. During normal operation the local HMI is guided and allows the
safe operation of all switching devices via the bay control IED.
Local mode:
On the HMI the object has first to be selected. In case of a blocking or interlocking condition
the selection will not be possible and an appropriate alarm annunciation shall occur. If a
selection is valid the position indication will show the possible direction, and the appropriateON
or OFF button shall be pressed in order to close or open the corresponding object. Control
operation from other places (e.g. REMOTE) shall not be possible in this operating mode.
10.3.4(A) REMOTE mode:

Control authority in this mode is given to a higher level (the station level) and the installation
can be controlled only remotely. Control operation from lower levels shall not be possible in
this operating mode.
10.3.4(B) EMERGENCY mode:

The position indication shall be directly from the primary equipment circuit breaker. On the
mimic board, the selection push button and either the ON or OFF push button has to be
pushed simultaneously in order to close or open the circuit breaker. Control operation from
other places (e.g., from REMOTE) shall not be possible in this operating mode.

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Fig 10.3: Control mode selection.

10.4 Substation Technologies:
As IEDs improve and implement more functions, new applications can be developed to better
leverage these new capabilities. With more accurate and up-to-date information from system
elements, IEDs can provide users with better insight on system operation and general health.
10.4.1 Redundancy:
Although redundancy is not a new concept, new technology makes it easier to implement and
manage redundant devices. In a hot standby configuration, two devices (e.g. a gateway) can be
configured in a group where one acts as ‘’active’’ while the other one stays in ‘’standby." The
standby device constantly monitors the status of the active device while the active device
receives information from other parties, updates both its internal database and the database of
the standby unit and sends information to one or multiple clients. If the standby device detects
that the active unit is no longer communicating, it assumes (after a predefined period of time)
that the active device is no longer functional and takes over the control and continues
sending/receiving information shown in Fig 10.4.
Fig 10.4: Redundancy.

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10.4.2 Time synchronization:

Time synchronization devices and methods such as GPS clocks and IRIG-B signals have been
used in substations for quite a while. The goal is always to keep the internal clock of the
devices in a system synchronized so timestamps from different sources can be precisely
compared in a system analysis. Time synchronization is also critical in a protection system.
In recent years, Precision Time Protocol (IEEE standard 1588) was introduced to leverage
existing network infrastructure to provide sub-microsecond time accuracy for devices in control
and protection systems.
TABLE 10.1: Time synchronization.
Time synchronization methods Typical precision
Communication Protocols < 100 ms
NTP 1 ms – 10 ms
IRIG 1 µs –10 µs
IEEE 1588 20 ms – 100 ms
10.4.3 System logs, event files:

With more processing power and internal storage, IEDs can now produce more information
regarding their internal activities. Logging this information and sending it to a control center
will provide operators more visibility on what happens in the device and, in case of a problem,
gives hints on where to start the troubleshooting. A Syslog server can also be installed in the
system to collect these log files from different IEDs and store them in a central repository for
further analysis shown in Fig 10.5.
Event files can also be generated based on some changes on internal status of a device or data
points. For example, an oscillography file captures the value changes on some system
parameters (e.g., voltage, current, phase angle) during a fault. Analyzing this file provides
system engineers with valuable information on the status of the system right before and after a
fault occurs.

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Fig 10.5: System logs, event files.

10.5 Substation automation elements:
Different components are used in a substation automation control system to collect
information on various parameters of the system, to monitor them and – in a higher level – to
analyze this information and make decisions based on the outcome of the analysis. Although
some devices often cross the line between control and protection systems, they can generally
be categorized into these five groups:
Gateway (automation platform):
1) Data concentration
2) Protocol translation
3) Data distribution
4) Logic processing
Gateways are initially employed to collect information from serial devices and make this
information available for a remote user, but they also include support for more functions that
are required in a substation.
A typical modern gateway has a modular design and can host multiple serials and Ethernet ports
in fiber or copper. Its internal storage has adequate space to collect thousands of files and it
supports sophisticated protocols and time synchronization methods.
10.5.1 Data concentration:
As a data concentrator, a gateway can collect information via several serial or Ethernet ports
from the devices in a substation and make them available to remote users. Although the data
concentration function is not as important as it previously was, it still adds a lot of

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Flexibility to the system. This is especially so in cases where a cellular modem is used as the
link to a remote substation. Concentrating information and sending in a chunk – instead of
individually collecting information from the IEDS – reduces modem usage and lowers
communication costs. A data concentrator can also offer more storage to maintain log and event
files as compared to internal storage of the IEDs.
10.5.2 Protocol translation:
As a protocol translator, a gateway can receive information from different devices via
different protocols, translate the inputs in another protocol and send it to local or remote users.
Although growing use of standard protocols reduces the need for a protocol translator there are
situations where utilities still have installations with legacy devices, but they need to upgrade
the outbound protocol for performance or security reasons. A protocol translator can facilitate
such an upgrade by keeping the legacy devices intact.
Data distribution:
Once data points are concentrated in the gateway, they can be available to various remote and
local users via different protocols. This feature of the gateway is especially useful in cases
where a device has limited outbound communication. Different users with varying interests
may want to access the same device at the same time.
10.5.3 Logic processing:
Since a gateway collects data points from different devices in a substation, it is the ideal place
to implement some logic for control and operation purposes shown in Fig 10.6. By using a
well-known programming language such as IEC 61131, input points can be created, and
output commands can be issued based on some predefined logic. These points can also be sent
to a control and monitoring system in the master station.
Fig 10.6: Logic processing.

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10.5.4 Data Distributed I/O (inputs/outputs):

Although the terms RTU and gateway are used interchangeably these days, first- generation
RTUs were devices with limited communication capabilities that were used to convert
hardwired signals into digital binary or analog data points. These devices generally had high
I/O capacities as most of the system parameters were not yet available in digital format and
they communicated over serial links.
Fig 10.7 shows the distributed I/O device can convert a limited number of Input/Outputs into
digital values and communicate those values via a standard protocol through serial or ethernet
links.
Fig 10.7: Distributed I/O (inputs/outputs).

10.5.5 IEDs (protection relay, smart meters):
An IED (Intelligent Electronic Device) is a microprocessor-based device with some
processing and communication capabilities. The biggest category of IEDs in a substation is
protective relays. This device can receive information from CTs, PTs or other type of sensors,
make control or protection decisions based on some algorithms and issue commands to other
devices such as breaker and switches. Although sensor signals are still mainly in hardwired
form, modern IEC 61850-based substations can communicate digital information between
sensors and relays using sample values or GOOSE protocols. A digital relay can also generate
and save log, event and oscillography files.
Fig 10.8: IEDs (protection relay, smart meters).

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10.6 SCADA system:

Fig 10.9 shows the SCADA (Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition) is a system for
remote monitoring and control that operates with coded signals over communication channels
(using typically one `communication channel per remote station). The control system may be
combined with a data acquisition system by adding the use of coded signals over
communication channels to acquire information about the status of the remote equipment for
display or for recording functions. It is a type of industrial control system (ICS). Industrial
control systems are computer-based systems that monitor and control industrial processes that
exist in the physical world. SCADA systems historically distinguish themselves from other ICS
systems by being large-scale processes that can include multiple substations, and large
distances.
Fig 10.9: SCADA system.

Karnataka Power Transmission Corporation Limited is a registered company under the
Companies Act, 1956 was incorporated on 28-7-1999 and is a company wholly owned by the
Government of Karnataka with an authorized share capital of Rs. 1000 crores. KPTCL was
formed on 01-08- 1999 by carving out the Transmission and Distribution functions of the
erstwhile Karnataka Electricity Board. Present day power systems have large interconnected
networks. The success of the recently evolving electricity market structure will heavily
depend on modern information systems and online decision tools. Maintaining system
security, reliability, quality, stability and ensuring economic operation are the major operating
concerns. Online monitoring, operation and control of the modern-day power systems have

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Become impossible without computer aided monitoring & dispatching systems. The
basicrequirement to fulfill these needs is SCADA.
The ability to perform operations at an unattended location from an attended station or

operating center and to have a definite indication that the operations have been successfully
carried out can provide significant cost saving in the operation of a system. This is exactly what
is achieved through the SCADA system. A formal definition of SCADA system, as
recommended by IEEE, is “A collection of equipment that will provide an operator at a remote
location with sufficient information to determine the status of particular equipment or a process
and cause actions to take place regarding that equipment or process without being physically
present”. SCADA provides open architecture rather than a vendor controlled proprietary
environment. It interfaces hardware and software, and it includes functionality such as trending,
alarm handling, logging archiving, report generation, and facilitation of automation. Thus,
SCADA has been used has powerful tool for power system automation, that refers to automatic
switching, regulating, controlling, logging, protection etc. of electric power flow without
human intervention.
Fig 10.10(a): SCADA system.

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Fig 10.10(b): SCADA system.

Common System Components:
A SCADA system usually consists of the following subsystems:
10.6.1 Remote Terminal Unit (RTU):

If you do a search on the definition of a RTU, you may find many results that state a RTU is
much more powerful than a PLC as the RTU can have several inputs and outputs. Well, as
you know, so can the PLC.
The RTU does have some potential benefits over the PLC, we will discuss in the RTU basics
below shown in Fig 10.11.

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Fig 10.11: Remote Terminal Unit (RTU).

10.6.2 Telemetry system:
Fig 10.12 shows the Telemetry systems are an alternative method of transmitting data from the
rotating assembly to the stationary data acquisition system. Basic telemetry systems consist of
a modulator, a voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO), and a power supply for the strain gage
bridge. The signal from the strain gage bridge is used to pulse modulate a constant-amplitude
square wave. The output pulse width is proportional to the voltage from the bridge. This square
wave serves to vary the frequency of the voltage-controlled oscillator, which has a centre
frequency (fc). The VCO signal is transmitted by an antenna mounted on the rotating shaft and
is received by a stationary loop antenna, which encircles the shaft. After the signal is received,
it is demodulated, filtered, and amplified before recording. Most of the transmitting unit of a
telemetry SYSTEM is completely self-contained. The power supply to the components on the
rotating shaft is obtained by inductively coupling the power supply through the stationary loop
antenna.
Fig 10.12: Telemetry system.

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10.6.3 Data Acquisition Server:

Aulik 810 is an intelligent data acquisition server and gateway designed to collect aggregated
energy, water, gas, or other utility data from multiple meters and field sensors in a facility.
Compatible with all Accuenergy meters and third-party devices, it stores data locally until it is
ready to be distributed to remote servers or controllers via an IP-based network. The built-in
web interface makes it simple to monitor critical energy data from all connected devices,
promoting real-time decision making and management shown in Fig 10.13.
Fig 10.13: Data Acquisition Server.
10.6.4 Human Machine Interface:

 The Human-Machine Interface is the main tool through which line operators and
supervisors coordinate and supervise industrial and manufacturing processes in factories.
 A Human Machine Interface (HMI) is a user interface allowing a person to be connected
to a machine, to a system or to an appliance. In theory, therefore, it is possible to use this
term to define any screen that allows a user to interact with a device. However, it is
generally used in the context of an industrial process.
 A supervisory (computer) system, gathering (acquiring) data on the process and sending
commands (control) to the SCADA system.
 Supervisory program. A supervisory program or supervisor is a computer program,
usually part of an operating system that controls the execution of other routines and
regulates work scheduling, input/output operations, error actions, and similar functions
and regulates the flowof work in a data processing system.

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Fig 10.14: Human Machine Interface.

 Communication infrastructure connecting the supervisory system to the remote terminal
units. Various processes and analytical instrumentation.

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10.6.5 Single-line diagram:

Fig 10.15 shows the single-line diagram is an interactive graphical representation of the grid
system via which an operator can monitor different parameters of the system and issue
commands as necessary. A SCADA single-line diagram generally consists of an overview of
the system plus multiple detailed pages for different components of the system to which an
operator can navigate.
Fig 10.15: Single Line Diagram of 220/66/11kv Transmission Lines.

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10.6.6 Real-time trending:

Unlike single-line diagrams that show the components and connection of the system, the real-
time trending function provides the operator with a real-time chart that monitors the values it
receives from devices in the substation. An operator can add one or several points to the chart
and follow the real-time value changes for better analysis of the system as in the Fig 10.16.
Fig 10.16: Real-time trending.

10.6.7 Historian:
Recording information is another important function in a SCADA system. Except for some
buffering capabilities, most IEDs and gateways have insufficient internal storage to maintain a
record of real-time value changes for an extended period of time. One of the main tasks of a
SCADA system is to record the real-time values it collects from the devices in the field. This
information is saved in a relational database and can be surveyed based on various filters using
the historian function. The recorded information can also be accessed directly from the database
using a third-party application for further analysis.
Fig 10.17: Historian.

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10.6.8 Event and alarm management:

Fig 10.18 shows the Event and alarm management is also part of the standard functions
offered by a SCADA system. An alarm can be raised by the SCADA system in an alarm window
based on predefined criteria. The operator can then acknowledge the alarm and clear it when
the value of the point the alarm was created on goes back to its normal status. Like alarms,
events can also be generated based on the status of the data points collected from the field.
Contrary to an alarm management system, an event management system doesn’t require an
operator’s intervention – as generally events are not considered critical.
Fig 10.18: Event and alarm management.

10.6.9 User notification:
One of the main tasks of a SCADA system is to provide the necessary information to the right
people in a timely manner. In a new SCADA system, the software administrator can assign
notifications for different alarms and events to specific users or a group of users and send them
email or text message notifications based on that list.
10.6.10 Non-operational data:
In the early years of digital communication, substations were either connected through low-
bandwidth links or not connected at all. Only a small set of information was sent to the control
center due to the communication limits and this information was only used in real-timecontrol
systems. Devices in the substation had limited processing and communication capabilities and
only provided the necessary information required by the control system.

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The rapid growth in communication and processing technologies changed digital devices into
intelligent units capable of sending information at a fairly high speed. Communication links
between control centers and substations can now carry a large amount of information with a
lower cost, so control systems have access to a rich set of operational and non-operational data
they can use in many different paradigms.
Unlike early digital control systems, control centers are no longer only interested in
operational data. The non-operational data collected from the substations can now be fed into
many different applications to predict and prevent future errors, provide improved insight into
the fleet of devices, manage devices in a more secure way and limit operator direct access to
the devices – or decrease maintenance on-road time.
10.6.11 Asset management:

Increased device connectivity provides better device visibility. Utilities can leverage this
visibility to do many tasks remotely and save time and money by limiting the number of times
they need to send a crew to a substation. New standards and guidelines such as NERC CIP
increasingly demand higher visibility of devices, so every change can be traceable back to its
originator.
10.6.12 Secure remote access:
These days, most digital devices can be remotely accessed by an operator during a
maintenance or programming session. Utilities also need to track and log these accesses,
especially for security auditing or troubleshooting. Native Vendor Tools (NTV) provided by
IED manufacturers often have limited log capability (if any) – and that doesn’t meet the
requirements for an enterprise-level system.
A central remote access system provides secure remote access to a device while it logs every
exchange between the user and the device and saves this log in its internal database for further
investigation, if necessary. This type of system can also leverage a central authenticationsystem
such as MS Active Directory to authenticate and authorize users before they can access a
device.
10.6.13 Asset monitoring:
The concept of asset monitoring began to sound practical when new technologies made
feeding various non-operational data to the control centres easier and more affordable. Asset
monitoring can cover a wide range of applications, but the general idea is to use the non-
operational data from IEDs in the field and process them using predefined algorithms to produce

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Or predict new information on various aspects of the system – such as health, potential
problemsor upcoming maintenance.
10.6.14 Condition-Based Maintenance:
By analyzing information coming from devices in the field, an application can be used to
predict when and why a particular device or equipment may need maintenance. Condition-
based maintenance can eliminate sudden and unpredictable substation shutdowns that could
happen when a piece of equipment fails abruptly. It can also help utilities to lower maintenance
costs by planning maintenance in advance and combining multiple maintenance sessions into
one based on the information they get from a condition-based maintenance system.
10.6.15 Substation Cyber Security:
During the early years of digital control systems, cyber security was not a concern. Most of
the communication was done using dedicated methods such as telephone lines and modems
that where not visible to outsiders. Security was not even an issue in the initial design of the
internet infrastructure. As the internet became available to the public, more vulnerabilities were
detected. Newer technologies have attempted to address the problems caused by a shared link
accessible to anonymous users.
Security threats can be categorized into two main types:
 Voluntary threats caused by people inside or outside of a company that deliberately try to
initiate a failure or access and steal information.
 Involuntary problems caused by poor system design a good security infrastructure should
make sure the right information will be accessible only to the right people at any time
using proper authentication, authorization and access control.

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10.7 Relays and their Types of Relays:

A relay is an electrically operated switch. It consists of a set of input terminals for a single or
multiple control signals, and a set of operating contact terminals. The switch may have any
number of contacts in multiple contact forms, such as make contacts, break contacts, or
combinations thereof.
Relays are used where it is necessary to control a circuit by an independent low-power signal,
or where several circuits must be controlled by one signal. Relays were first used in long-
distance telegraph circuits as signal repeaters: they refresh the signal coming in from one
circuit by transmitting it on another circuit. Relays were used extensively in telephone
exchanges and early computers to perform logical operations.
The traditional form of a relay uses an electromagnet to close or open the contacts, but other
operating principles have been invented, such as in solid-state relays which use semiconductor
properties for control without relying on moving parts. Relays with calibrated operating
characteristics and sometimes multiple operating coils are used to protect electrical circuits
from overload or faults; in modern electric power systems these functions are performed by
digital instruments still called protective relays.

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Types of Typical Faults:
Fig 10.19: Types of Typical Faults

Different Types of Relays commonly used in substations:
 Line (Distance and Differential).
Transformer (Differential).
 Bus (Differential).
Feeder (Overcurrent).
Master Trip relay.
 Supervision Relay.
Auxiliary Relay.
 Bay Control Unit.
Buchholz relay.
 Restricted Earth Fault Protection Relay.
10.7.1 Distance Protection Relay:

Fig 10.20 shows the Distance relay is also termed as impedance or distance protection relay
where the device operation is based on the distance that is between the impedance of the
defective section to the position where the relay is located. This is considered a voltage-
managed device. The relay is used for the measurement of impedance at the defective location
when the value of impedance is minimal than the impedance value of the relay setting. When
this happens, the device alerts the circuit breaker to close the contacts bypassing the tripping
command.
This distance relay persistently supervises the line current and voltage flow through PT and
CT correspondingly. When the proportional voltage of voltage and current is minimal, then it
indicates the relay is functioning. The distance relay diagram is shown below: As there arise
more complications in power systems and fault current differs as per the variations in generation
and system configuration, direct overcurrent type of relays is somewhat problematic in
resolving these issues..

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Fig 10.20: Distance Protection Relay.

How Distance Relay Works?
The operational principle of this device is not so complicated when compared with other types
of relays. The device consists of a voltage element that is fed from the potential transformer
and a current element that is fed from the current transformer. The deflecting torqueis generated
by the CT’s secondary current, and the restoring torque is generated by the potential
transformer’s voltage.
The distance relay principle can be explained in two conditions:
Normal Condition – Here, the restoring torque is maximum than that of deflecting torque. So,
the relay will not function.
Defective Condition – Here, the current value is more when compared with voltage.
Different types of Distance relays:
A distance protection relay is mainly categorized into the below types which are:
 Definite distance
 Time distance
 Admittance Relay
 Reactance Relay
10.7.1(A) Definitive Distance Relay:
This is a type of balance beam relay where on the end of the beam is located in a horizontal
position and this is backed by a hinge and the other end of the beam is dragged downwards by
the magnetic force that exists in the coil that is fed from PT connected in series to the line. The

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Torque generated by the downward forces allows the beam to be at an equilibrium state. The
torque produced because of voltage coil operates as restraining torque and the torque produced
because of current coil operates as deflecting torque.
10.7.1(B) Time Distance Relay:
This type of relay is included with a current-driven component such as a double winding type
of induction overcurrent relay. The spindle which carries the disc has a connection with it
through a spiral spring where it has coupled with 2nd spindle that carries the bridging
component of the relay contacts. In general, the bridge is in an open position through an
armature that is held in opposition to the pole face which is excited by the circuit’s voltage to
safeguard it.
10.7.1(c) Admittance Relay:

This is the most widely implemented type of distance relay. This is considered as a tripping
relay in the case of pilot patterns and considered as a backup relay in the case of distance
patterns. The feature of this device is that it crosses over origin in the R-X plot and so it is
directional. While in the electromechanical structure, the plot is circular and solid-state
structure, the shape of the plot represents transmission line impedance.
10.7.1(D) Reactance Relay:

This relay is a straight-line featured distance relay that reacts only to the protected line’s
reactance. It is non-directional and utilized as a supplement to admittance relay such as tripping
relay. This makes the entire circuit’s safety to be independent of resistance. This is solely
employed for short lines where the defective arc resistance is of a similar order of line length’s
magnitude.
10.7.2 Differential Protection Relay:

The relay whose operation depends on the phase difference of two or more electrical
quantities is known as the differential protection relay. It works on the principle of comparison
between the phase angle and the magnitude of the same electrical quantities shown in Fig 10.21.
For example: Consider the comparison of the input and output current of the transmission line.
If the magnitude of the input current of the transmission line is more than that of output current
that means the additional current flows through it because of the fault. The difference in the
current can operate the differential protection relay.

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Fig 10.21: Differential Protection Relay.

The following are the essential condition requires for the working of the differential protection
relay.
 The network in which the relay use should have two or more similar electrical quantities.
 The quantities have the phase displacement of approximately 180º.
 Current Differential Relay
 Voltage Differential Relay
 Biased or Percentage Differential Relay
 Voltage Balance Differential Relay
10.7.2(A) Current Differential Relay:

A relay which senses and operates the phase difference between the current entering into the
electrical system and the current leaving the electrical system is called a current differential
relay. An arrangement of overcurrent relay connected to operate as a differential relay is shown
in the figure below.

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10.7.2(B) Voltage Balance Differential Relay:

The current differential relay is not suitable for the protection of the feeders. For the
protection of the feeders, the voltage balance differential relays are used. The voltage
differential relay uses two similar current transformer places across the protective zone with the
help of pilot wire.
The relays are connected in series with the secondary of the current transformer. The relays are
connected in such a way that no current flows through it in the normal operating condition.
10.7.2C Biased or Percentage Differential Coil:

This is the most used form of differential relay. Their arrangement is same as that of the
current differential relay; the only difference is that this system consists an additional
restraining coil connected in the pilot wires as shown in the figure below.
10.7.2(D) Voltage Balance Differential Relay:

The current differential relay is not suitable for the protection of the feeders. For the
protection of the feeders, the voltage balance differential relays are used. The voltage
differential relay uses two similar current transformer places across the protective zone with the
help of pilot wire. The relays are connected in series with the secondary of the current
transformer. The relays are connected in such a way that no current flows through it in the

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Normal operating condition. The voltage balance differential relay uses the air core CTs
inwhich the voltages induce regarding current.
10.7.3 Overcurrent and Earth Fault Relay:

Fig 10.22 shows an entry-level three-phase and earth fault overcurrent relay presented in an
educational format. Supplied with Tec Equipment’s Protection and Relay Test Set (PSL50),the
relay enables investigations into protection and monitoring of transformers, transmission lines
and distribution schemes. The relay is housed in a robust enclosure with carrying handle. The
module mounts on the desk area of the Protection and Relay Test Set, and connects to the test
set using a multi-core cable and safety leads. This relay is also an optional ancillary for
selected products in Tec Equipment’s Power Systems range.
Fig 10.22: Overcurrent and Earth Fault Relay.

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Most tests are performed using single relays. However, there are enough connections on the
Protection and Relay Test Set to test two relay modules at the same time. The main functions of
the Overcurrent and Earth Fault Relay include:
 Three-phase earth and overcurrent: three independent stages. The first stage selectable
from any of 12 IDMT curves; the remaining stages having a direct time characteristic
(ANSI 50/51 and ANSI 50N/51N).
 High impedance restricted earth fault (ANSI 64N)
 Thermal overload protection (ANSI 49)
 Undercurrent (ANSI 37)
 Negative-phase sequence overcurrent: two independent states (ANSI 46)
 Broken conductor detection (ANSI 46BC)
 Selectable blocking
 Trend, fault and disturbance records
 Circuit monitoring.
10.7.4 Master Trip Relay:

Another important auxiliary relay in power system protection is Master trip relay. Master trip
relays are the final command of the breaker tripping circuits. Master trip relays is nothing but
a collection of all tripping circuits. if the fault detected by any of the protection relay means at
the same time the protection relay trips the associated circuit breaker through the mater
tripping relay circuits. The master trip relay’s output is wired to the circuit breaker trip Coil.
Master Trip relay 86 is the main tripping relay in the relay protection scheme. It is actually
tripping the breaker poles. It acts because of the stimuli from any of the protection relays. Its
tripping coils are related with the actuators from different relays shown in Fig 10.23.

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Fig 10.23: Mater Trip Relay.
10.7.5 Trip circuit supervision relay:

In a protection system the trip circuit of the circuit breaker is crucial. If an interruption occurs
in the trip circuit a possible network fault will not be disconnected and would have to becleared
by another protection upstream in the power system. The supervision function is particularly
important when there is only one tripping coil and CB tripping is vital. For instance, for
generator circuit breakers or any other important circuit breaker in distribution networks. The
supervision relay type TCS is intended for a continuous supervision of circuit breaker trip
circuit and to give an alarm for loss of auxiliary supply, faults on the trip-coil or its wires
independent of the breaker position, faults on the breaker auxiliary contacts and faults in the
supervision relay itself shown in Fig 10.24.
Fig 10.24: Trip circuit supervision relay.

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10.7.6 Auxiliary Relay:

Fig 10.25 shows an auxiliary relay is a relay that assists another relay or device in performing
an action. It does this when its operating circuit is opened or closed. These relays are used in
nearly all electronic devices to assist them in functioning correctly. Essentially, it is as simple
as an action done to the relay causing a circuit to be opened completed or closed and not allow
power to travel through it.
The auxiliary relay is the switch on the wall. Once the relay is opened by flipping the switch
to turn the light on, a signal is sent to tell the light to turn on. When the relay is closed, or the
light switch is turned in the opposite direction, a separate signal is sent to kill the power to the
light.
Fig 10.25: Auxiliary Relay.
10.7.7 Bay Control Unit:

The main function of BCU is to monitor the whole system remotely away. The status of
primary equipment or auxiliary devices can be obtained from auxiliary contacts [25]. Therefore,
it is possible to detect and indicate both the OPEN and CLOSED position or a fault or
intermediate circuit-breaker or auxiliary contact position. In addition to the monitoring
functions, BCU also support all control functions that are required for operating medium-
voltage or high-voltage substations. The main application is reliable control of switching and
other processes shown in Fig 10.26.

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Fig 10.26: Bay Control Unit.
10.7.8 Bay Controller Operation:

The bay control unit provides control of up to two circuit breakers and 14 circuit switches
depending on the selected configuration. The switching devices can be operated either remotely
via communication ports, or locally via set point control equations. Remote control
permissions can be restricted by enabling control commands for specific control ports or
clients dependingon the device control mode shown in Fig 10.27.
Fig 10.27: Bay Controller Operation.

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10.7.9 Buchholz relay:

In electric power distribution and transmission, a Buchholz relay is a safety device mounted
on some oil-filled power transformers and reactors, equipped with an external overhead oil
reservoir called a "conservator".
Fig 10.28 is the Buchholz relay is used as a protective device sensitive to the effects of dielectric
failure inside the equipment. A generic designation for this type of device is "gas detector
relay".
Operation:
Depending on the model, the relay has multiple methods to detect a failing transformer. On a
slow accumulation of gas, due perhaps to slight overload, gas produced by decomposition of
insulating oil accumulates in the top of the relay and forces the oil level down. A float switchin
the relay is used to initiate an alarm signal. Depending on design, a second float may also
serve to detect slow oil leaks [24].
If an electrical arc forms, gas accumulation is rapid, and oil flows rapidly into the conservator.
This flow of oil operates a switch attached to a vane located in the path of the moving oil. This
switch normally will operate a circuit breaker to isolate the apparatus before the fault causes
additional damage. Buchholz relays have a test port to allow the accumulated gas to be
withdrawn for testing. Flammable gas found in the relay indicates some internal fault such as
overheating or arcing, whereas air found in the relay may only indicate low oil level or a leak.
Fig 10.28: Buchholz relay.

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10.7.10 Restricted Earth Fault Protection Relay:

An external fault in the star side will result in current flowing in the line current transformer
of the affected phase and at the same time a balancing current flow in the neutral current
transformer, hence the resultant current in the relay is therefore zero in Fig 10.29. So, this
REF relay will not be actuated for external earth fault. But during an internal fault, the neutral
current transformer only carries the unbalance fault current and operation of Restricted Earth
Fault Relay takes place. This scheme of restricted earth fault protection is very sensitive for
internal earth fault of electrical power transformer. The protection scheme is comparatively
cheaper than differential protection scheme [23].
Restricted earth fault protection is provided in electrical power transformer for sensing
internal earth fault of the transformer. In this scheme, the CT secondary of each phase of an
electrical power transformer are connected together as shown in the figure. Then common
terminals are connected to the secondary of a Neutral Current Transformer or NCT.
Fig 10.29: Restricted Earth Fault Protection Relay

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10.8 Relay Testing:
Fig 10.30: Relay Testing.
A relay will usually have a coil, pole terminal and a set of contacts. The set of contacts that
are open when the relay is not energized are called normally open (N/O) contacts and the set
of contacts that are closed when the relay is not energized are called normally closed (N/C)
contacts [22]. The following steps can be used to perform the testing of the relay using a
multimeter as shown in Fig 10.30.
 Keep the multimeter in the continuity check mode.
 Check for continuity between the N/C contacts and pole.
 Check for discontinuity between N/O contacts and the pole.
 Now energize the relay using the rated voltage. For example, use a 9V battery for
energizing a 9V relay. The relay will engage with clicking sound.
 Now check for continuity between N/O contacts and pole.
 Also check for discontinuity between N/C contacts and pole.
 As a final test, measure the resistance of the relay coil using a multimeter and check
whether it is matching to the value stated by the manufacturer.

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10.9 Testing of Substation Equipment’s:
Commissioning is the systematic process by which a piece of equipment, system, or facility is

tested to verify that it functions in accordance with the design intent and owner’s operational
requirements.
In the past, the primary focus of commissioning has been on HVAC systems, but because of
the need for increased electrical system reliability and complexity, owners are now starting to
realize the importance and benefits of commissioning on-site electrical systems.
Testing and commissioning are to be carried out on installations to ensure that they are safe and
meet the design requirements.
The witnessing of tests on and off site shall be defined by:
 Design specifications - Mechanical and Electrical

 Requirements of the validation process
 Safety department policy statements
 Tender documentation
 ICT Network standards
 Estate Facilities requirements
 Building Engineering services, particularly requirements
Test results are to be recorded and included in the Operation and Maintenance manuals to ensure
that a record exists of all tests undertaken and that the necessary information is provided to
enable the installation to be maintained to continue to deliver its designed performance.

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10.10 Testing of Power Transformers:
High-voltage transformers are some of the most important (and expensive) pieces of
equipment required for operating a power system. The purchase, preparation, assembly,
operation and maintenance of transformers represent a large expense to the power system
[16].
When transformers are received from the factory or reallocated from another location it is
necessary to verify that each transformer is dry, no damage has occurred during shipping,
internal connections have not been loosened, the transformer’s ratio, polarity, and impedance
agree with its nameplate, its major insulation structure is intact, wiring insulation has not been
bridged, and the transformer is ready for service. Physical size, voltage class and kVA rating
are the major factors that dictate the amount of preparation required to put transformers in
service. Size and kVA rating also dictate the kind and number of auxiliary devices a transformer
will require. All of these factors affect the amount of testing necessary to certify that a
transformer is ready to be energized and placed in service.
The following test descriptions provide an anchor point from which to ask for help when
needed. The following items are discussed or described:
 Nameplate Data
 Power Meggering
 Auxiliary Components and Wire Checks
 Lightning Arrestors
 Hand Meggering
 Temperature Devices
 CT Tests
 Winding Temperature and Thermal Image
 Bushing Power Factoring
 Remote Temperature Indication
 Transformer Power Factoring
 Auxiliary Power
 Voltage Ratio
 Automatic Transfer Switch
 Polarity
 Cooling System

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 Transformer-Turns Ratio
 Bushing Potential Device
 Tap Changers
 Auxiliary-Equipment Protection and Alarms
 Short-Circuit Impedance
 Overall Loading.
10.10.1 Routine Tests of Transformer:
Routine tests of transformer are mainly for confirming operational performance of individual
unit in a production lot. Routine tests are carried out on every unit manufactured.
Routine tests of transformer include:
 Transformer winding resistance measurement.
 Transformer ratio test.
 Transformer vector group test.
 Measurement of impedance voltage/short circuit impedance (principal tap) and load loss
(Short circuit test).
 Measurement of no-load loss and current (Open circuit test)
 Measurement of insulation resistance.
 Dielectric tests of transformer. 8) Tests on on-load tap-changer.
 Oil pressure test on transformer to check against leakages past joints and gaskets.
That means Routine tests of transformer include all the type tests except temperature rise and
vacuum tests. The oil pressure test on transformer to check against leakages past joints and
gaskets is included.
 Zero Sequence
 Trip Checks
 Winding Resistance

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CHAPTER 11
SINGLE LINE DIAGRAM
11.1 Single line Diagram of 220/66/11KVSubstation:
The single line diagram for establishing 2x100MVA, 200/66KV Station at T. Gollahalli Station
is enclosed in Annexure VII shown in Fig 11.1.
Fig 11.1: Single Line Diagram

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11.2 Earth Mat lied underneath the Substation:
Fig 11.2 shows the earth mat diagram of the proposed 220KV substation at T. Gollahalli is
enclosed as Annexure IX.
Fig 11.2: Earth Mat lied underneath the Substation

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Fig 11.3 shows the Single line diagram is the representation of a power system using the
simple symbol for each component. The single line diagram of a power system is the network
which shows the main connections and arrangement of the system components along with
their data (such as output rating, voltage, resistance and reactance, etc.).
In power engineering, a one-line diagram or single-line diagram (SLD) is a simplified

notation for representing a three-phase power system. The one-line diagram has its largest
application in power flow studies. Electrical elements such as circuit breakers, transformers,
capacitors, bus bars and conductors are shown by standardized schematic symbols. Instead of
representing each of three phases with a separate line or terminal, only one conductor is
represented. It is a form of block diagram graphically detecting the paths for the power flow
between entities of the system.

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OUTCOMES
On the whole, this internship was a useful experience. At the beginning we did not have any
experience of the substation. We are made aware of how the transmission of electricity is
done and the various parts of the substation. We got to know that how much the transformer is
important to substation in same way protection devices is also important. The protection devices
protect the equipment of substation from surges due to lighting, short circuit, over current and
earth fault. The academic knowledge of protection devices in substation which we had studied
as a part of our academic program was found woefully short of practical experiences. We were
able to meet many AEEs and JEs working in different substation. We got a great opportunity
to meet PGCIL (Power Grid Corporation limited). It is 1450 Km long HVDC transmission
line linking Talc her in Orissa with Kolar in Karnataka.

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CONCLUSION
 On the whole, this internship was a useful experience. We have gained new
knowledge, skills and met many new people. We achieved several of our learning
goals.We got insight into professional practices currently advocated in the industry.
 We learned the different surfaces of working within a well-established industry.
Related to our study we learned more about the manufacture, assembly and testing
of three phase distribution transformers.
 Furthermore, we have experienced that it is of importance that education is
objective and that we have to be aware of the industrial aspect of the topics we
study.
 This internship programmed was not one sided, but it was a way of sharing
knowledge, ideas, opinion and can confidently assert that the knowledge we gained
through this internship is sufficient to contribute towards our future endeavors.
 At last, this internship has given us new insights and motivation to pursue a career
in core electrical departments.

KGF.
REFERENCE
1. J.D. McDonald, "Substation automation: IED integration and availability of information,"

IEEE Power& Energy Magazine, March/ April 2003
2. Bollen, M.H.J., Understanding Power Quality Problems, IEEE Press Series on Power
Engineering, 2000.
3. Fuchs, E.F., Lin, D., Martynaitis, J., Measurement of three-phase transformer derating and
reactive power demand under nonlinear loading conditions, IEEE Transactions on Power
Delivery, vol. 21, issue 2, April 2006, pp. 665-672.
4. Olivares J. C., et al, Reducing Losses in Distribution Transformers, IEE Transactions on

Power Delivery, vol. 18, no. 3, July 2003, pp. 821-825.
5. D. Atanackovic, D.T. McGillis, F.D. Galiana, “The application of multi-criteria analysis to

substation design”, IEEE Trans. Power Systems, vol. 13, issue 3, pp: 1172- 1178, 1998.
6. P. Werle, V. Wasserberg, H. Borsi, and E. Gockenbach, “A new protection and monitoring

system for dry type transformers based on innovative sensor technologies,” 2000, pp. 255–
258.
7. M. Kezunovic, et.al. “Automated monitoring and analysis of circuit breakeroperation”, IEEE

Transaction on Power Systems, Vol. 20, No.3, July, 2005.
8. https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Mousa_Abdullah/publication/297584090/figure/fi
g1/AS:614278604259333@1523466840202/Typical-single-line-diagram-for-Wadi- Hoff-
GIS.png
9. ‘Unique’ tester for lightning arrester of counter invented, 2015
10. https://circuitglobe.com/metal-oxide-surge-arrester.html

KGF.
11. Industrial Isolators 11/12KV
12. https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ampere
13. https://circuitglobe.com/electrical-bus-bar-and-its-types.html
14. https://image.slidesharecdn.com/trainigreport-181025110005/95/132-kv-gss-summer-
training-report-from-cpwd-vidhyadar-nagar-jaipur-38-638.jpg?cb=1540465533
15. https://www.google.com/url
16. https://electricaltoolbox.files.wordpress.com/2012/10/power-transformer.jpg
17. https://encrypted-tbn0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcSW7oNjHm-
6Xu1GK1dbOReMCKwm4MXVdwWh88yQ45EA2ix5IOvDLw
18. https://5.imimg.com/data5/AE/DG/MY-4614573/sf6-circuit-breaker-500x500.jpg
19. https://electricalstudy.sarutech.com/images03/puffer-sf6-circuit-breaker-02.gif
20. https://thefinancedeck.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/Global-Parallel-System-
Market.jpg.
21. https://automationforum.co/meters-used-in-the-mcc-panel/.
22. https://www.bing.com/search?q=Relay+Testing
23. https://www.bing.com/search?q=.+Restricted+Earth+Fault+Protection+Relay
24. https://www.bing.com/search?q=buchholz+relay
25. https://www.bing.com/search?q=Bay+Control+Unit.

KGF.

Visvesvaraya Technological University: Bachelor of Engineering Electrical and Electronics Engineering

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VISVESVARAYA TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

“Study of 220/66/11KV Substation’’

Karnataka Power Transmission Cooperation Limited

Internal guide External guide

Dr.T. Thimmaiah Institute of Technology

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING.

Certified that the Internship Work entitled “Study of 220/66/11KV Substation” is a

Signature of Internal Signature of External

We, DINESH C (1GV19EE003), G YASHWANTH KUMAR (1GV19EE005),

This acknowledgement would be incomplete without thanking our parents for

7th SEM, Dept. of EEE, Dr TTIT, Page i

The Karnataka Power Transmission Corporation Limited, also known as KPTCL,

7th SEM, Dept. of EEE, Dr TTIT, Page ii

Alternating Current (AC)

7th SEM, Dept. of EEE, Dr TTIT, Page iii

Power Grid Corporation of India Limited (PGCIL)

7th SEM, Dept. of EEE, Dr TTIT, Page iv

7th SEM, Dept. of EEE, Dr TTIT, Page v

5.4 Benefits to Cost Ratio 28

7th SEM, Dept. of EEE, Dr TTIT, Page vi

6.2 220KV four Circuit Tower Types Design 32

7th SEM, Dept. of EEE, Dr TTIT, Page vii

7.9.9 Transformer Fire Protection System and Types of Fire 58

7th SEM, Dept. of EEE, Dr TTIT, Page viii

10.5.1 Data Concentration 78

7th SEM, Dept. of EEE, Dr TTIT, Page ix

10.7.5 Trip Circuit Supervision Relay 100

7th SEM, Dept. of EEE, Dr TTIT, Page x

Figures Details Page no

2.1 Organization chart 9

2.2 Gas Insulated Substation (GIS) 16

3.1 220KV Receiving Station, Kolar 18

5.1 Estimated material list 26

5.2 Single Line diagram of 220KV substation at T. Gollahalli, 27

6.1 Construction of tower base 31

7.1 Constructional view HT side 34

7.2 Lightening arrester 36

7.3 Capacitive voltage transformer 37

7.4 Current transformer 39

7.5 Gang operating switch 40

7.6 Circuit breaker 42

7.7 Air break circuit breaker 44

7.8 Air blast circuit breaker 45

7.9 Oil circuit breaker 46

7.10 SF6 (sulphur hexa fluoride) circuit breaker 46

7.11 Vaccum circuit breaker 47

7.12 Bus bars 49

7.13 Distribution of bus bars 49

7.14 Earthing in substation 50

7th SEM, Dept. of EEE, Dr TTIT, Page xi

7.15 Potential transformer 52

7.16 220/66/11KV transformer 52

7.17 Core of the transformer 53

7.18 Windings of the transformer 53

7.20 Transformer oil 54

7.21 Oil conservator 55

7.23 Radiation and fans 56

7.24 Remote tap changer control panel 57

7.25 Transformer fire protection system 58

7.26 Transformer fire protection system 58

7.27 Transformers Fire Protection System Nozzle 59

8.1 Constructional view of LT side 60

8.2 66KV Transformer 62