P

amerikuli puritanizmis filosofia

am Temis farglebSi SevexebiT adreuli amerikuli filosofiis pirvel etaps-puritanul filosofias.

amerikuli filosofiuri cnobierebis safuZvlebis Ziebas puritanuli Teologiisa da religiuri
filosofiis saTaveebTan mivyavarT. amerikuli filosofiis gariJraJi mWidro kavSirSia axal inglisSi
gadmosaxlebul emigrant-puritanTa saxelTan da kolonizaciis periodis kulturasTan. am etapis
aRsaniSnad Tanamedrove samecniero literaturaSi farTod gamoiyeneba terminebi: ”adreuli
amerikuli kultura,” ”adreuli amerikuli istoria”, am analogiiT mkviddrdeba termini ”adreuli
amerikuli filosofia”. am epoqas amerikuli filosofiis mkvlevarebi ganisazRvraven terminiT
”brinjaos xana”. kvlevis interesTa prioritetulobis mixedviT, igi Tavis mxriv sam qve-etapad
iyofa, romelTagan pirveli-saxeldebulia puritanul filosofiad.
semuel hantingtoni kvlevaSi: ”vina varT: amerikuli erovnuli identobis gamowvevebi”
aRniSnavs: “ qveyanaTa umravlesobaSi arsebobs birTvi an dominanturi kultura, romelic
garkveuli variaciebiT , gaziarebulia sazogadoebis udidesi nawilis mier. am erovnul kulturasTan
erTad, rogorc wesi, Tanaarsebobs religiiT, rasiT, eTnikurobiT, klasiTa da im sxva kategoriebiT
gansazRvruli sub-an transnacionaluri jgufebi, romlebic xalxs erTianobis gancdas sZens.
amerikaSi yovelTvis Warbad iyo subkulturebi. amave dros, yovelTvis arsebobda doninaturi
anglo-protestantuli kultura, romelsac nebismieri subkulturis warmomadgeneli iziarebda. TiTqmis
oTxi saukunis manZilze pirveli axalmosaxleebis mier motanili es kulturuli Rirebulebebi
(patterns) amerikuli identobis fundamentur komponents warmoadgenda. SeiZleba gaCndes
kiTxva-iqneboda Tu ara amerika iseTi, rogoric is dRes aris XVII da XVIII saukuneebis
pirvelmosaxleebi rom yofiliyvnen ara ingliseli protestantebi, aramed frangi, espaneli an
portugalieli kaTolikebi? pasuxi, cxadia, aris-ara, is ar iqneboda amerika; is iqneboda kvebeki,
meqsika an brazilia”(Huntington: 2004. 59).

gadmosaxlebis mokle istoria da mizezebi.

1620 wlis 6 seqtemberis oranZiani ialqniani xomaldi `meifalueri~, evropuli civilizaciis

noes kidobani, svlageziT: „plimutis yure - aRTqmuli qveyana~, miadga CrdiloeT amerikis
sanapiros qeif-kodis yures. es gaxldaT axali kontinentis aqtiuri da mizanmimarTuli aTvisebis
istoriis pirveli furceli.
pirvel evropel emigrantTa talRas, romelic “meifalueris” xomalds Camoyva amerikaSi,
sxvadasxva socialuri fenisa da interesebis mqone adamianebTan erTad, wamoyva religiuri
Tavisuflebis maZiebelTa sakmaod ricxvmravali jgufi: puritanizmis ukiduresad radikaluri frTis –
kongregacionalistebis (laT. sityvidan: congregation-Temi) inteleqtualuri elita. gadmosaxlebas
xelmZRvanelobdnen cnobili sasuliero pirebi da Teologiis profesorebi: uiliam briusteri da uiliam
bredfordi, es ukanaskneli iyo Teologi da literatori, poligloti. Ee.w. `meiflaueris bilis”
(meiflauereis qartiis) avtori. igi CamosvlisTanave airCies axal-mosaxleTa pirvel gubernatorad.
evropidan axal inglisSi emigrirebuli morwmuneebi idevnebodnen maTi mrwamsis gamo. maT
surdaT puritanizmSi gamoxatuli ideebis cxovrebaSi gatareba: eklesiis gawmenda romis
kaTolicizmisgan (amis gamo daerqvaT maT saxeli ingl. purify-gawmenda), arsebuli
ierarqiulobis moSla, episkoposis wodebis gauqmeba, TiToeul Tems saxelmwifo religiisagan
damoukideblad unda emarTa Tavi, saeklesio dasis absoluturi Riaoba, personuli rwmenis (sola
fine), rogorc religiuri Temis sayrdenis, prioriteuloba. amerikis kontinentze Camosaxlebis
mTavari mizezi gaxldaT „aRTqmuli .qveynis“ Seqmna dedamiwaze. es unda yofiliyo sruliad axli
msoflxedvisa da Rirebulebebis matarebeli saxelmwifoebrivoba, politikis filosofiisaTvis cnobili
mmarTvelobis formiT- Teokratuli tipis saxelmwifoebriobiT. inglisuri puritanuli swavlebis
safuZvlebiT ganswavlulma amerikelma piligrimebma SesZines mas mesianisturi datvirTva. maT
wina planze gamoitanes swavleba bedisweris Sesaxeb, adamianis momavalis
winaswargansazRvrulobisa da RmerTis gangebulebis Sesaxeb. amis gaTvaliswinebiT
puritanebisaTvis adamianis mTavari maxasiaTeblebi iyo: Sromismoyvareoba, simamace da
religiisadmi erTguleba. amerikul kulturul realiaSi “puritanuli erTguleba”, “puritanuli
patiosneba” dResac gavrcelebuli moraluri Rirebulebebia.
mama piligrimTa mier “meiflaueris” gembanze Seiqmna da xeli moewera dokuments,
romelic amerikuli sazogadoebriv-politikuri azris pirveli dokumentad iqca. mkvlevarebi
samarTlianad Tvlian, rom es ”bili” principuli mniSvnelobisaa momavali aSS demokratuli
institutebisaTvis. masSi xedaven “amerikuli TviTmmarTvelobis Canasaxebs”, “demokratiisa” da
“Tavisufali erTobis suls”. komajeri miiCnevs rom aSS konstitucia mTlianad am bilzea
daSenebuli (Commager:1975. gv. 15-16).
amerikel puritanTa cnobierebaSi am periodidan Rrmad inergeba miTologizebuli formula-
“qalaqi gorakze“/“qalaqi mTaze“ (A City upon a

XVII saukunis cnobili puritani Teologebi:

Tomas gouji, uiliam briji, Tomas menToni,
jon flaiveli, riCard saibsi,stiven Carnoki,
uiliam beitsi, jon oueni, riCard baqsteri.

Hill) es miTologema pirdapir ukavSirdeba

da amodis Zveli da axali aRqmis teqstebidan
(ix. isaia 2:2-4, maTe 5:14). gadmosaxleba
ixsneba, rogorc sakraluri aqti- axali sionis-
mTeli saqristianos centris, dedamiwaze
RmerTis gamefebis adgilis dafuZneba.
gansacvifrebelia pirvel piligrimTa kulturul-
inteleqtualuri done. isini ganakuTrebiT
afasebdnen praqtikul saqminobaTa codnas,
farTo ganaTlebasa da ganswavlulobas.
“meiflaueriT” Camosuli xuT aTeulamde
warCinebuli profesoris, Teologiis doqtoris
ZalisxmeviT gadmosaxlebisTanave fuZndeba
amerikuli swavlebis sauniversiteto kerebi,
sadac RvTismetyvelebasTan erTad
iswavleboda-
filosofia, maTematika, fizika da sxv.; amerikuli kembriji-puritanuli Teologiis yvelaze mZlavr
kerad- ramizmis centrad yalibdeba. amas
erTvis Zlieri bunebismecnierul-maTematikuri da fizikuri skolebi axalmosaxleTa zogad
kulturologiuri foni iqmneba sasuliero literaturiT, konkretulad, Teologiurad komentirebuli bibliiT.
amavdroulad amerikul puritanizmSi popularulia bekoniseuli mecnieruli msoflmxedveloba da
reformatoruli motivebiT Sezavebuli renesansuli anTropocentrizmi.

amerikel puritanTa msoflxedvis zogadi filosofiuri paradigma

miuxedavad imisa, rom amerikeli puritanebisaTvis filosofia ar iyo prioritetuli inteleqtualuri
saqmianoba da rom am periodSi ar gvxvdeba Camoyalibebuli filosofiuri skola, an specifikuri
niSnebis mqone filosofiuri sistema, puritanizmis msoflmxedvelobis Sinaarsi ar SeiZleba
erTmniSvnelovnad daviyvanoT mxolod providencialur da simbolur motivebze; faqtia, rom
filosofiuri refleqsiebi arsebiT rols TamaSobdnen im periodis erovnuli TviTcnobierebis
CamoyalibebaSi.
Tumca, puritani TeoretikosebisaTvis bibliuri avtoritetebis garda zogadad sxva
avtoritetebi ar arsebobdnen, kerZo Teoriuli sakiTxebis ganxilvisas daSvebuli iyo wina periodebis
moazrovneebze apelireba. amerikis universitetebSi popularul filosofiur moZRvrebaTa Soris
gamoirCeva platoni, neoplatonizmi da aristoteles filosofiis sqolastikuri wakiTxva. am periodis
sauniversiteto puritanuli filosofiis mTavari warmomadgenlebi arian: riCardsoni da eimsi. maTi
kvlevebi koncentrirdeba religiur problematikaze, sadac prevalirebs Semdegi sakiTxebi:
1. ra akavSirebs RmerTs samyarosTan?
2. rogor davasabuToT sulis ukvdavi arseboba?
3. ra SeiZleba vicodeT sulebis Sesaxeb?

puritani Teologebis problematika fokusirdeba filosofiuri anTropologiisa da moralis

filosofiis velze. da maTi gadaWrisaTvis platonisa da neolpatonizmis Teoriebi integrirdeba
aristotelesa da ramusis filosofiasTan.
filosofiur anTropologias safuZvlad pirvelSobili ცodvis cneba udevs. kacobriobisaTvis
tragikuli aRmoCnda codviT dacemis Sedegebi, D adamianis bunebam saxe icvala, igi
transformirda mankierebebiT, codviT daRdasmuli adamianis bunebia aiZulebs mas Seeguos
mankierebas da icxovros masSi. puritanuli anTropologiis maxasiaTebelia fatalizmi. yvelaferi-
fizikuri samyaroca da moraluric (adamianuri) absoluturad winaswargansazRvrulia RvTaebrivi
nebiT da adamians ar ZaluZs arafris Secvla.
aseve prioritetulia moralis filosofiis sakiTxebis kvleva. igi TandaTanobiT ikavebs
mniSvnelovan poziciebs. periodis moTxovnebidan gamomdinare, igi upiratesad Teologiuradaa
Seferili da puritanuli Teologiis farglebSi interpretirdeba. moraluri filosofiis kvlevis erTerTi
mTavari samizne “bednierebis“ cnebaa. misi interpretaciisas puritanizmi mimarTavs
sqolastikurad wakiTxul aristoteles eTikas. bednierebis wyarod dasaxulia misi Sesabamisoba
RvTaebriv arqetipebTan. aseve gansakuTrebuli mniSnelobis mqonea nebis cneba. puritanebs
miaCniT, rom adamians SeuZlia codvas nebisyofis ZaliT ebrZolos, nebis ZalisxmeviTa da
sikeTisaken swrafviT mas SeuZlia moixveWos madli da cxovndes. Aაdamiაnis ganobierebul
swrafvas, anu nebis koncefcias puritanuli moralis filosofiasa da anTropologiaSi gadamwyvetad
aris miCneuli. moralis filosofiis interesi aseve koncentrirdeba Tavisuflebis cnebaze. puritanebi
ganarCeven ori tipis Tavisuflebas-bunebiTi da samoqalaqos, anu federalurs. ”pirveli saxe
Tavisuflebisa saerToa adamianebis, cxovelebisa da sxva cocxali arsebebisaTvis. adamiani Sedis
ra sxva adamianTan urTierTobaSi iZens Tavisuflebas akeTos is, rac surs, esaa Tavisufleba
rogorc borotis, ise sikeTis keTebisaTvis, aseTi Tavisufleba SeuTavsebelia ZalauflebasTan. igi
ver uZlebs yvelaze samarTliani xelisuflebis umcires SezRudvebsac ki. am tipis Tavisuflebas
midevnebuli adamiani ufro codviani xdeba, vidre mtacebuli cxoveli: omnes sumus licentia
deteriores (TviTnebobis gamo Cven yvelani vxdebiT uaresni). is WeSmaritebisa da samyaros
yvelaze dauZinebeli mteria.. Tavisuflebis meore saxes me vuwodeb samoqalaqos, anu
federalurs, mas SesaZlebelia aseve ewodos moraluri RmerTsa da adamians Soris arsebuli
kovenantis/xelSekrulebis gamo, moraluri kanonmdebloba, adamianTSorisi urTierTobebis
damaregulirebeli politikuri kovenantebi da wesebi. amgvari Tavisufleba Zalauflebis saTanado
mizani da obieqtia, esaa Tavisufleba imisaTvis rac warmoadgens siqveles, aris samarTliani da
keTilSobili. swored am Tavisuflebis daxmarebiT gagvanTavisufla Cven qristem” (Schneider:
1963, gv. 10).
yvela kovenanti emyareba meore tipis Tavisuflebas. samoqalaqo Tavisufleba mxolod
xelisuflebis institutebiT xorcieldeba da maTdami daumorCilebloba RvTaebrivi nebis
ugulvebelyofas niSnavs. puritanTa mier SemuSavebuli socialuri kovenanti ganapirobebda mkacr
zneobriv dogmebs, moiTxovda moraluri imperativebis uryev aRsrulebas.
puritanuli saeklesio kovenantis Teoria realurad warmoadgens sazogadoebrivi xelSekrulebis
Teorias. misi mTavari mizania kalvinisturi ”rCeulTa” statusis transformireba ”xelSekrulebiT”
statusad. es Teoria Tavisi arsiT demokratiulia. Semdgom periodSi am Tvalsazris amerikuli
politikuri filosofia srulad iRebs.
puritanizma pirvelad dasva sakiTxi rwmenis filosofiuri da fsiqologiuri aspeqtebis Ziebis
Sesaxeb. rwmenis safuZvelad gamocxadda religiuri grZnoba. gacxadda, rom individualuri
rwmenis kvleva konkretuli adamianis doneze unda moxdes.

Semecnebis Teoria

puritanizmis filosofia emyareba puritanuli Teologiis mTavar debulebas, romlis mixedviT

sulieri samyaro dgas fenomenaluri safaris miRma da imyofeba uflis gamgeblobis qveS. meufe da
yovladbrZeni RmerTi cxaddeba mravalferovani samyaros Semoqmedad,. igi usasrulo Zalis
mqonea; da gansazRvravs yvela movlenas. misi bolomde Secnoba SeuZlebelia. es aris
agnosticizmis pozicia, romelic aRiarebs, rom RmerTis Semecneba SeuZlebelia, radganac
adamianis buneba ver itevs misi arsis Secnobas, aseve SeuZlebelia misi racionaluri azrovnebis
farglebSi moqceva. amavdroulad, puritanizmis mixedviT, RmerTis Semoqmedebis, misi arsis
nawilobrivi aRqma mainc SesaZlebelia. RmerTma Tavad misca adamians misi Semecnebis
saSualeba, rodesac Seqmna adamiani; RmerTi Tavis SemoqmedebaSi avlens sakuTar Tavs, da
mTavari wyaro misi Semecnebisa aris-wminda werili. M adamians garkveuli Zalisxmevis
SemTxvevaSi ueWvelad SeuZlia RmerTis nawilobrivi Secnoba. cxadia, Cveni codna SesaZloa
ar iyos realobis adeqvaturi da bolomde ver SevZloT uflis nebis, Zalmosilebis, marTlmsajulebis,
misi mowyalebis axsnas, magram analogiis saSualebiT SesaZlebelia RmerTis saxis
dasuraTxateba. adamianis yvelaze saukeTeso Tvisebebi mxolod mqrqali anareklia gonebis
kategoriebisaTvis miuwvdomeli RvTaebrivi Tvisebebisa, romelnic miwieris analogiuria,
magram ganuzomlad aRemateba maT. puritanebs miaCniaT, rom Semecnebis procesi
mimdinareobs analogiebiT, adamianis saukeTeso Tvisebebis absolutizaciis gziT. amgvarad,
RvTaebrivi nebis gaxsna SesaZlebelia individualuri faqtebis SemecnebiT. faqtebis analizi
saWiroa ukve arsebuli aqsioma-TezisebisaTvis yvelaze Sesaferisi mtkicebulebis mosanaxad.
puritanizmis am xedvaSi ganxorcielebulia idealizmisa da empirizmis unikaluri sinTezi.
kiTxvaze- Tu ratomaa garTulebuli RmerTis substanciis adeqvaturi Semecneba? puritanuli
filosofia miuTiTebs pirvelSobil codvaze. puritanebi Tvlian, rom xatad da msgavsad Seqmnil
adams Tavdapirvelad qonda codna RmerTis Sesaxeb, magram es ar iyo konkretuli racionaluri
codna. adams SeeZlo intuiturad samyaros mSvenierebis arsis adeqvaturi gageba, rac samyarouli
mowyobis RvTaebrivi harmoniulobis wvdomis saSualebas aZlevda. codviT dacemam
absoluturad Secvala da daamaxinja RmerTis intuituri Semecneba. adamianis ”gnoseologiuri”
tanjvis Semyure RmerTma misca adamianebs rwmenisa da gonebis harmoniis kvlav mopovebis
Sansi. –wminda werilis saxiT. puritanebi am argumentebiT xsnian bibliuri sibrZnis saWiroebas
adamianTaTvis. puritanebi pativs scemen biblias ara marto im WeSmaritebis gamo, romelic
masSia gadmocemuli, aramed imis gamo, rom igi aris uflis sityva. isini aRiarebdnen, rom
saRmrTo werili RmerTis piradi sibrZnis saunjea. mis mier Seqmnil samyaroSi bevri ramaa
auxsneli da mxolod wminda weriliT aris SesaZlebeli misi axsna.
puritanuli filosofiaSi vlindeba platonis gavlena. midgomis platonizmi vlindeba imaSi,
rom aq abstraqtul cnebebs ar aqvT obieqturi arseboba, isini SeiZleba arsebobdnen mxolod
rogorc ideebi. arseboba niSnavs iyo aRqmuli. xolo saganTa arseboba subieqtis aRqmiTaa
ganpirobebuli.
 codnis sistema

amerikuli puritanuli filosofia codnis sistemis modelis agebisas mihyveba ramusis

maqsimad gamoTqmul agnosticizmis formulas- “mxolod zogadi wesebis codna, maTi
gamoyenebis gareSe, niSnavs rom ara gvaqvs absoluturi da aqtualuri codna”.
Tu gavSliT am formulas es niSnavs: 1. RmerTi ensprimum TavisTavad Seumecadia; 2.
misi arsi adamianis aRTqmis farglebs scildeba; 3. igi ens a primo (SemoqmedebSi avlens
sakuTar Tavs); 4. gi aris Semecnebis saganica da codnis Sinaarsic. mecnierebaTa saqmea maTi
kvleva;. 5. samyaros kreacia mudmivad mimdinare aqtia. igi RvTaebrivi “xelovnebis” - art
(laT.), igive “techne”-s (berZn.) Sedegia.
codnaTa ierarqiuloba damokidebulia imaze, Tu ra donezea ganlagebuli esa Tu is
xelovneba. uflis gonSi arsebuli xelovneba umaRlesia. misi gansja ar xdeba, radgan igi
adamianuri gonis gareT mdgomi da miuwvdomelia.. filosofoss logikis daxmarebiT evaleba
bunebasa da socialuri cxovrebaSi, sagnebsa da movlenebSi mimobneul argumentTa moZieba,
Sejereba da RvTaebrivi Tezisebis aRdgena.
ramusis logikam puritanul filosofiur azrs Rrma kvali daamCnia. ramusis mTavari amocana
iyo logikis safuZvliani gardaqmna, misi gawmenda dogmatizirebuli da sqolastizirebuli
aristotelizmisgan. ramizmi iqca im platformad, romlidanac puritanizmSi gadmovida cnebebi:
”teqnologia”, ”teqnometria” da ”enciklopedia”. am monaTesave cnebebma Seadgina puritanebis
mier oficialurad miRebuli filosofiis safuZvli. ”teqnologiuri” filosofia iqca Suasaukuneebis
sqolastikis, kalvinisturi Teologiisa da ramizmis ideebis sinTezuri erToba.
 ramusis mier SerCeuli dialeqtikuri meTodis mizania grZnobadi Semecnebis amaRleba
WeSmaritad arsebuli samyaros Wvretamde. misi logika xelovnebaa/daxelovneba, gawvrTna mas
evaleba adamianis bunebiTi inteleqtis-gonebis disciplinireba. misi swavleba propedevtikul
xasiaTs atarebda da upiratesad gansazRvruli iyo sauniversiteto ganaTlebisaTvis. ramusis
dialeqtikuri meTodi amerikelma puritanebma aqcies sistemad, romelsac uwodes xelovnebaTa
enciklopedia anu swavleba xelovnebaTa Sesaxeb. wminda pedagogikuri disciplinis- didaqtikis
garda, enciklopedia moicavda heqsilogias-swavlebas azrovnebis agebulebisa da Cvevebis
Sesaxeb, teqnologias-xelovnebaTa sistemas, romelic yvela saxis codnas aerTianebs,
arqeologias- platonis eidosTa sistemis msgavsi arqetipTa sistemas. enciklopediuri sistemis
Seswavlis mizani Seadgenda adamianis gonebis disciplinirebul azrovnebad qceva, misi
amaRleba RvTaebrivis wvdomis donemde. am gzaze erTaderTi problemas warmoadgenda
ideaTa klasifikacia, maTi ganlageba sxvadasxva xelovnebaTa da disciplinaTa ”Taroebze”. am
saqmiT unda dakavebuliyo mecnierebaTa mecniereba-logika.
ramusma dialeqtikis meTodi miuyena ganaTlebis reformas. evropisTvis tradiciuli
swavlebis sqema Sedgeboda. triadis: gramatika, ritorika da logikis plus oTx komponentiani
segmentisagan, sadac moiazreboda:: maTematika, geometria, astronomia (fizika) da musikaluri
harmonia, am ukanasknels enacvlebodnen medicina, Teologia, an samarTali. ramusma
princiulad Secvala sagnobrivi swavlebis es struqtura. reformis safuZvlad man aqcia
mecnierebaTa ”Tanamimdevruli ganviTarebis formad” wodebuli principi. ramusis mixedviT es
”formebia”: buneba, xelovneba da cda. sadac buneba aris Wkua-adamianis bunebiTi unarebi;
xelovneba qmnis maTi gamoyenebis winapirobebs, cda- am unarebis gamoyenebis mizani, maTi
Cvevad Camoyalibebis CaTvliT. ganaTlebis sistemis es axali proeqti gulisxmobda swavlebis
saganTa mkacrad damijvnas, arcerT mecnierebas ar unda daerRvia ”sazRvrebi”, logikis, rogorc
universalur meTologiis garda. puritanizmi mTlianad iRebs codnis am sistemas da win
wamoswevs ritorikas, rogorc praqtikulad aucilebel xelovnebas.
. ^ ^^^^ ^
***
Eamerikuli puritanuli filosofia ar gaxlavT erTgvarovani. MmasSi gamoiyofa ramodenime
inteleqtualuri tendencia, romelmac inteleqtualuri moZraobis saxe miiRo:
ganaxlebuli orTodoqsia- ZiriTadi warmomadgenlebi arian rojer uiliamsi, Tomas
hukeri, jonaTan meihiu, jon uaizi. am mimdinareobis mTavari Tezisia –tolerantoba da
pirovnebis Tavisufleba; es Tezisi upirvelesad gulisxmobda religiur Tavisuflebas. moZraobis
ZiriTadi Tematika socialuri da politikis filosofiis problemebiTaa SemosazRvruli. sulieri da
moqalaqeobrivi Tavisuflebis principebis Ziebam am mimarTulebis warmomadgenlebi filosofiur
argumentTa mwyobr sistemamde miiyvana. yvela es argumenti myardeboda bibliuri teqstebis
komentarebiT. am xedvis farglebSi moxda: saxelmwifos RvTaebrivi warmoSobis uaryofa,
konventis Teoriis Canacvleba sazogadoebrivi xelSekrulebiT, saxelmwifos, rogorc politikuri
institutis aRiareba, sazogadoebis demokratuli mowyobis principebisa da meqanizmebis
SemuSaveba.
puritanuli aRorZineba/rivaivelizmi – cdilobs gadaxedos arsebul mdgomareobas
puritanuli eklesiis praqtikul cxovrebaSic da Teoriul-saRvTismetyvelo sarbielzec. TandaTanobiT
warsuls bardeba puritanuli Teologizeba, mwifdeba ganmanaTleblobis epoqa. evropuli
ganmanaTleblobis talRa TandaTanobiT swvdebas amerikis kontinents da adgilobrivi
inteleqtualebi: RvTismetyvelebi da filosofosebi mwvaved grZnoben misi saTanado daxvedris
aucileblobas. axali Teoriuli poziciebis SemuSaveba daivales e.w. rivaivelistebma-amerikuli
ganmanaTleblobis mosamzadebeli safexuris aqtiorebma: edvardsma, tenentma da devisma. maT
scades ganmanaTleblobis ideebisa da puritanuli Teologiis Sejereba. amerikel axalmosaxleTa
mZime cxovrebiseulma problemebma wina planze cxovrebis praqtikulad mowyobis problemebi
wamoswia; socialurma viTarebam gamoiwvia kulturul-religiuri moZraobis_ “didi
gamoRviZeba”-agoreba. igi sazrdoobda rivaivelizmis TeoretikosTa ideebiT. vrclad am sakiTxs
momdevno TavSi gavecnobiT.

***
puritanizmi-adreuli amerikuli filosofiis pirveli etapi- warmoadgens evropuli sulieri
tradiciebisa da wmindad amerikuli kulturul-filosofiuri elementebis sinTezs. Tuki mis
gariJraJze Teologiuri da filosofiuri feni erTmaneTisagan mkveTrad gamijnuli ar aris. bolo
etapze aqtualizirdeba specifikur-filosofiuri Temebi: Tavisufali nebis sakiTxi, WeSmaritebis
kriteriumis sakiTxi, zogadad eTikuri problematika, konkretulad ki sikeTis, bednierebisa da
siqveleTa raobis sakiTxi. maSasadame, saxezea damoukidebeli filosofiuri elementi, misTvis
damaxasiaTebeli specifikuri niSnebiT. amdenad, termini `puritanuli filosofia~ mizanSewonili
da gamarTlebulia. puritanul filosofias dasabamidanve amoZravebda gamokveTilad dasaxuli
mizani-sazogadoebriv cnobierebaSi universalisturi/gamorCeulobis ideebis damkvidreba,
romelTa Tanaxmad amerika iqceva religiuri da samoqalaqo Tavisuflebebis WeSmarit
ganmaxorcieleblad.
is ZiriTadi wyarebi, romelsac emyareba puritanuli filosofia aris
 platonizmi, neoplatonizmi da aristotelizmi
 codnis sqolastikuri modeli-ramizmi .
 avgustineloba
 Teokratizmi
 magram amasTan erTad, puritanuli filosofia ganviTarebis bolo etapze farTod iyenebs
evropuli ganmanaTleblobis ideebs-lokis empirizmsa da niutonis deistur fizikas. Tumca misi
zeamocanaa berklianuri empirizmisa da platonuri idealizmis gaerTianeba.
adreuli amerikuli filosofiis purinatuli etapis Seswavla gvexmareba SevaRwioT amerikul
erovnuli cnobierebis siRmiseul SreebSi, adeqvaturad avxsnaT amerikuli identobis fenomeni.

literatura:

1. Anderson, Virginia Dejohn (1991), New England’s Generation: The Great

Migration and the Formation of Society and Culture in the 17 th Century.
Cambridge Un-ty press.
2. Adair, Douglass (1974), Fame and the Founding Fathers. Indianapolis: Liberty
Fund.
3. Anderson , Paul R. & Fisch, Max H. ( 1989), Philosophy in America. From the
Puritans to James. D. Appleton-Century Company press.
4. Bremmer, Francis J. (2003), John Winthrop: America’s Forgotten Founding
Father.Oxford. N.Y.
5. Graves, Frank Pierrepont. (1912), Peter Ramus and the Educational Reformation
of the Sixteenth Century Macmillan.
6. Hall, David D. (2004), Puritans in the New World: A Critical Anthology.
Princeton University Press.
7. Hawthorne, Nathaniel, (1999) The Scarlet Letter. N.Y.
8. Huntington, Samuel P.( 2004), Who Are We: The Challenges to America's
National Identity. New York, Simon & Schuster.
9. Miller, Perry. (1939).The New England Mind. Harvard University Press,

10. Portfield, Ann (1992), Female Piety in Purutan New England: The Emergence of
Religious Humanism, Oxford Un-ty press.
11. Schneider, H. A. (1963), History of Philosophy, Columbia university Press.

kiTxvebi da davaleba:
 1. daaxasiaTeT puritanuli filosofiis wyaroebi.
2. waikiTxeT “meiflaueris bili” (ix. qvemoT, danarTi 1) da imsjeleT ramdenad
marTebulia komajeris mier gamoTqmuli mosazreba am dokumentTan dakavSirebiT.
3. ra ZiriTadi cnebebi aqtualizda amerikul puritanul filosofiaSi?
4. imsjeleT hartingtonis mier gamoTqmul mosazrebaze.
5. raSi vlindeba Aagnosticizmi amerikul puritanizmSi?
6. rogor iTavisebs ramizmis ZiriTad cnebebs puritanuli filosofia?
7. daaxasiaTeT amerikel puritanTa msoflxedvis zogadi filosofiuri paradigma.
8. daaxasiaTeT puritanuli codnis sistema.
9. naxeT naTaniel hoTornis romanis “mewamuli simbolo“ ekranizacia. imsjeleT
puritanuli msoflmxedvelobis Taviseburebebze, romelic asaxulia nawarmoebSi..

filmi- The Scarlett Letter- SegiZliaT naxoT - https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0114345/

danarTi 1
M

meiflaueris SeTanxmeba

1620 weli

dRes sanam Cven navsadgurSi SevidodiT, gavxdiT ara erTobisa da

Tanxmobis, aramed dapirispirebis mowmeni da gadavwyviteT, rom kargi
iqneboda Segveqmna individTa gaerTianeba da SeTanxmeba, romelsac erT
teqstSi movuyridiT Tavs da gansaxilvelad gavagzavnidiT im mTavrobasa da
gubernatorebTan,romelzec SevTanxmdebodiT da avirCevdiT da xels
movawerdiT imas, rac amas mosdevs.
RmerTis saxeliT amin. Cven qvemore xelismomwerni, Cveni mrisxane
suvereni mbrZaneblis, RvTis madliT didi britaneTis, safrangeTisa da irlandiis
mefis jeimsis rwmenis damcvelis da a.S. erTguli qveSevrdomebi RmerTis,
qristianuli rwmenis da Cveni mefis saxelisa da qveynis sadideblad
CamovediT pirveli koloniis dasaarseblad virjiniis CrdiloeT nawilSi, rasac am
sabuTiT vadasturebT oficialurad da erTmaneTis TanxmobiT RmerTisa da
erTmaneTis winaSe, vficavT da verTiandebiT samoqalaqo politikur
organizaciaSi Cvenive ukeT mowesrigebisa da dacvisaTvis da zemoT
moyvanilis gansaxorcieleblad da aq moxseniebulis ZaliT drodadro viRebT
vadgenT da vqmniT msgavs samarTlian da Tanaswor kanonebs, dekretebs,
aqtebs, konstituciebsa da organoebs,rac zogadad koloniis moTxovnebis
Tanamxad da sakeTildReod imoqmedebs da razec pirobas vdebT, rom
davemorCilebiT da aRvasrulebT. Aamis dasturad Cven xels vawerT am
dokuments qodis koncxze anu qeif qodSi 11 noembers Cveni suvereni
mbrZaneblis, inglisis, safrangeTisa da irlandiis mefe jeims meTvrametis da
Sotlandiis mefe jeims ormocdameTxutmetes mefobis dros.
Cveni welTaRricxviT 1620 weli.

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-----

“meiflaueris” gembanze piligrimebad wodebul 120 separatist puritans moeyara Tavi.

puritanebi inglisidan religiuri devnis gamo gamoiqcnen da maT TavianTi
rwmena miandes sakuTar Tavsa da RmerTs da ara mefes. es zona axali
inglisis plimutis municipalitetis xelmZRvanelobas eqvmdebareboda da igi
londonSi arsebuli virjiniis kompaniis metoqe gaxldaT. piligrimebma virjiniis
kompaniisgan oficialuri ufleba miiRes virjiniaSi plantaciebis gaSenebaze,
magram miuxedavad amisa, aq CrdiloeTSi, isini mainc TviTmarqvia
mflbelebad iTvlebodnen da am zonaSi legalurad dasasaxleblad maT plimutis
kompaniisgan sWirdebodaT oficialuri nebarTva miwis flobaze. statusis
bundovanebis gamo zogierTma individma Tavi privilegirebulad miiCnia da
CaTvala, rom mas ar exeboda virjiniis kompaniis kanonebi, wesebi da
regulaciebi. samTavrobo iurisdiqciis problemis mosagvareblad da mefe jeims pirvelis
dasarwmuneblad, rom puritanebi ar apirebdnen misi avtoritetis winaaRmdeg amboxs - daiwera
xelSekruleba, romelsac xeli “meiflaueris” gembanze myofma ormocdaerTma adamianma
moawera xeli, rogorc iuridiuli Zalis mqone dokuments. zogierTi istorikosi am dokuments
msoflios pirvel konstituciad miiCnevs, Tumca es mxolod SeTanxmebaa da is ver qmnis
samTavrobo funqciis mqone srulyofil sistemas. miuxedavad amisa, is ZalaSi darCa manamde
sanam 1691 wels plimuti masaCuseTsis yuris kolonia ar gaxda. Tavisi unikalobis muxedavad es
dokumenti ver ayalibebs pirvel reprezentaciul anu warmomadgenlobiT mTavrobas CrdiloeT
amerikaSi - es pativi wilad burgesebis virjiniis saxls ergo, romelic pirvelad Semdeg wels iqna
mowveuli. virjiniis normatiuli dokumentebisgan gansxvavebiT xelSekruleba xalxis survilis
Sedegi gaxldaT da ara mefis gubernatoris mier Seqmnili adgilobrivi sakanonmdeblo dokumenti.
TviTmmarTvelobis jini axali inglisis pirvelive dReebidan iqna boTlidan gamoSvebuli. Aamas
garda koloniam calsaxad gamokveTa mTavrobaSi religiis mniSvnelovani adgili.

wyaroebi: meiflaueris xelSekrulebis teqsti Tavisuflad xelmisawvdomia

mxolod mciredi cvlilebebiT. zogierTi wyaros xelSekrulebaSi Setanilia
marTlweraSi, gramatikaSi da droiT punqtuaciaSi Sesworebebi, zogierTi
wyaro ki Tanamedrove inglisur enas iyenebs. miuxedavad amisa, arsebiTi
Sinaarsobrivi gansxvavebebi an sxvaobebi faqtebis gadmocemisas ar aris. Aaq
gamoyenebuli pirveladi wyaro ekuTvnis uiliam brandfords da 2010 wlis 20 aprils
moZiebulia Semdeg misamarTze: http://www. Nationalcenter.org/Mayflower
Comapct.html da Sedarebulia sxva wyaroebs. odnac saxelcvlili versia
Cawerilia edvard uinslous mier Mourt’s Relation – Si da Sedarebulia sxva
wyaroebs. misi moZieba SesaZklebelia Semdeg misamarTze:
http://www.histarch.uiuc.edu/plymouth/mouti.html.