REVIEWER IN SCIENCE 8 – 3RD QUARTER

LESSON 1: STATES OF MATTER

PROPERTY SOLID LIQUID GAS

MOLECULAR
ARRANGEMENT

CLOSELY PACKED ENOUGH SPACE TO SLIDE FAR AWAY FROM EACH

PASS ONE ANOTHER OTHER, FREELY MOVING
FORCE OF ATTRACTION STRONG MODERATE / WEAK / NEGLIGIBLE
INTERMEDIATE
SHAPE HAS ITS OWN SHAPE CAN TAKE THE SHAPE OF ITS CAN TAKE THE SHAPE OF
CONTAINER ITS CONTAINER
VOLUME FIXED VOLUME FIXED VOLUME VARYING VOLUME
COMPRESSIBILITY CANNOT BE EASILY CAN BE SLIGHTLY CAN BE COMPRESSED
COMPRESSED (CAN’T BE COMPRESSED EASILY
COMPRESSED MOST OF THE
TIME)
APPLICATION Solids have definite shape and Liquids have definite volume but Gases have indefinite shape and
volume. That’s why even if you place takes the shape of its container. volume. That’s why, even if you
circular pizza in square box, it doesn’t Particles are in motion so when you spray perfume in a corner, the
change shape or volume. drop water, it spills. particles disperse and can be inhaled
across the room.

Solids have fixed volume and shape. They cannot be compressed or hard to compress most of the time.
Liquids have fixed volume but indefinite shape. They can be slightly compressed with small spaces between
them. Particles are in random motion.
Gases have indefinite volume and indefinite shape. They are highly compressible because of the large spaces
between the particles.
Solids and liquids have definite/fixed volume.
Liquids and gases take the shape of their container.

LESSON 2: PHASE CHANGE

6 PHASE CHANGE PROCESSES

 CHANGE IN TEMPERATURE AND ITS EFFECT TO PHASE CHANGE

Increasing the temperature would trigger

o SOLID  LIQUID  GAS

o Melting, evaporation and sublimation all require an increase in temperature.

Decreasing the temperature would trigger

o GAS  LIQUID  SOLID

o Freezing, condensation and deposition all require a decrease in temperature.

LESSON 3: CHANGES IN MATTER

EVIDENCES OF PHYSICAL CHANGE EXAMPLE OF PHYSICAL CHANGE:

Change in phase of matter - melting of ice - boiling of water

Change in size - formation of water droplets outside a glass container
- cutting/folding/creasing paper
Change in mass
- adding / subtracting kilos of rice in a sack
Change in shape - painting a wall - breaking a glass

EVIDENCES OF CHEMICAL CHANGE EXAMPLE OF CHEMICAL CHANGE:

Change in color, odor, taste - Formation of bubbles when food is spoiled

Change in chemical composition
New substance is formed
Formation of gas (bubbles)
Formation of heat and light
- Formation of rust in iron (the reddish brown substance)
- Lighting a matchstick
- Lighting a fire cracker
- Metabolism and other body processes
- Ripening of fruits

LESSON 4: WATER CYCLE

LESSON 5: ATOMS VS MOLECULES VS COMPOUNDS

There are 118 elements in the Periodic Table as of today.

Each element in composed of a unique atom. For example, the Helium
element is composed of Helium atom.
When atoms of the same element combine, they form molecules. Like
the two hydrogens of a hydrogen gas.
When atoms of different elements combine, they form a type of
molecule called compounds. Like when two hydrogens and one oxygen
combine, they form water.
 All compounds are molecules but not all molecules are compounds.
To form compounds, you should have AT LEAST TWO DIFFERENT ELEMENTS forming bonds.

LESSON 6: SUBATOMIC PARTICLES

Proton is positive, neutron is neutral, and electron is negative.

For an atom to remain neutral, it should have equal number of protons and electrons.
Isotopes are atoms that have the same number of protons but have different numbers of neutrons.
The electronic configuration shows the number and arrangement of electrons in an atom.
 The Periodic Table can be divided into blocks – s, p, d and f blocks, depending on the ending configuration of an
element.

For example, the electronic configuration of Chlorine (look at the Periodic Table) is 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p5 . To locate
the element using only its electronic configuration, look at the last entry – 3p5 – and follow the sample below.

LESSON 7: ATOMIC DEVELOPMENT THEORY AND MODELS

LESSON 8: THE ELEMENTS IN THE PERIODIC TABLE AND THEIR PROPERTIES

PROPERTIES OF ELEMENTS AND THEIR TRENDS

Electronegativity is the ability of an element to attract electrons. Therefore, halogens like F and Cl with high
electronegativity attract electrons of other elements towards them.
Group 1 and 2 elements are metals but they have high reactivity with water. Therefore, for water pipes, we
usually use copper (Cu).
Noble gases (Group 18 or 8A) are elements that are colorless and odorless. Normally, they don’t react with
oxygen.
Group 1 (Alkali Metals) and Group 2 (Alkaline Earth Metals) reacts with oxygen to form metal oxides and Group
7 (Halogens) react with oxygen too to form acidic oxides.
The ionization energy and electronegativity of elements as you move up the group and across left to right of
the period BOTH INCREASE.
For example, comparing the ionization energy of elements – Boron, Neon, Nitrogen, Lithium, Oxygen and
Carbon – all in Period 2 – the smallest ionization energy would be LITHIUM.
For example, comparing the electronegativity of elements – Sodium, Magnesium, Aluminum, Phosphorous and
Chlorine – all in Period 3 – the lowest electronegativity is SODIUM.

GOOD LUCK AND GOD BLESS YOU! ^_^

- MA’AM SIPALAY AND SIR NICKO