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Introduction to Economics 1
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GB BDwb‡U A_©bxwZi msÁv I welqe¯Íz mnR-mij fvlvq eY©bv Kiv n‡q‡Q| wewfbœ cÖL¨vZ A_©bxwZwe` A_©bxwZ‡K
†Kvb `„wó‡KvY †_‡K wePvi K‡ib, Zv we¯ÍvwiZ Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡q‡Q| A_©bxwZ weÁvb wK bv G m¤ú‡K©
A_©bxwZwe`‡`i g‡a¨ h‡_ó gZ‡f` Av‡Q| G BDwb‡U Zv e¨vL¨v Kiv n‡q‡Q| A_©bxwZi cwiwai e¨vcKZv I ¸iæZ¡
Avcwb G BDwbU †_‡K Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb| A_©bxwZ BwZevPK bv bxwZevPK, Zv D`vni‡Yi mvnv‡h¨ GB BDwb‡U
¯úófv‡e eY©bv Kiv n‡q‡Q| A_©bxwZi `yÕ‡Uv cÖavb kvLv e¨wóK I mvgwóK A_©bxwZi aviYv, G‡`i ga¨Kvi
cv_©K¨, G‡`i cvi¯úwiK ¸iæZ¡ KZLvwb, Zv G BDwb‡U e¨vL¨v Kiv n‡q‡Q| Gme QvovI A_©bxwZi wKQz †gŠwjK
mgm¨v Av‡Q| G BDwb‡Ui gva¨‡g Avcwb wKQz †gŠwjK A_©‰bwZK mgm¨vi mv‡_ cwiwPZ n‡Z cvi‡eb|
GB BDwb‡Ui cvV¸‡jv n‡”QÑ

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GB BDwb‡Ui cvVmg~n
cvV 1.1 : A_©bxwZ, A_©bxwZi cwiwa I welqe¯Íz
cvV 1.2 : A_©bxwZ I e¨e¯’vcKxq A_©bxwZ
cvV 1.3 : A_©bxwZi cÖKvi‡f` Ges KwZcq †gŠwjK A_©‰bwZK aviYv|
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cvV 1.1 A_© bxwZi msÁv I welqe¯‘

DEFINITION AND SCOPE OF ECONOMICS

D‡Ïk¨

G cvV †kl K‡i Avcwb

 A_©bxwZi msÁv e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb Ges
 wewfbœ A_©bxwZwe` A_©bxwZ m¤ú‡K© Kx aviYv †cvlY K‡ib, Zv Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb|

g~jcvV-
A_©bxwZi msÁv
Definition of Economics
mxgvnxb Afv‡ei g‡a¨ GKwU gvbewkï Rb¥MÖnY K‡i| R‡b¥i ciciB Zvi Lv`¨, e¯¿, evm¯’vb, IlyacÎ, wk¶v,
Av‡gv`-cÖ‡gv‡`i myweav Ges Av‡iv eû wRwbm cÖ‡qvRb nq| wKš‘ Gm‡ei mieivn A‡bK mgq ch©vß bq|
Ab¨w`‡K, gvby‡li Afve mxgvnxb| ZvB gvbyl cÖK…wZcÖ`Ë mxwgZ m¤ú` w`‡q Zvi mxgvnxb Afve c~i‡Yi Rb¨
wewfbœ Kvh©µg MÖnY K‡i| gvby‡li Gme Kvh©µg‡K A_©‰bwZK Kvh©µg wn‡m‡e wPwýZ Kiv nq| myZivs gvby‡li
†hme A_©‰bwZK Kvh©µg mxwgZ m¤ú` w`‡q Zvi mxgvnxb Afve †gUv‡bvi Rb¨ MÖnY Kiv nq Zvi Av‡jvPbv‡K
A_©bxwZ e‡j|
A_©bxwZi Bs‡iwR ÔEconomicsÕ kãwU wMÖK kã ÔIB‡Kv‡bvwgqvÕ (Oikonomia) n‡Z D™¢‚Z n‡q‡Q; hvi A_© n‡”Q
ÔM„n cwiPvjbvÕ (Household Management)| wMÖK `vk©wbK A¨vwi÷Uj A_©bxwZ‡K ÔM„n cwiPvjbviÕ weÁvb wn‡m‡e
AwfwnZ K‡ib| wKš‘ mg‡qi e¨eav‡b A_©bxwZ k‡ãi A_© Avi M„n cwiPvjbvi g‡a¨ mxgve× _v‡Kwb| weL¨vZ cwÐZ
†KŠwU‡j¨i ÔA_©kv¯¿Õ bvgK MÖ‡š’ cÖvPxbKv‡j A_©bxwZ PP©vi K_v ¯^xKvi Kiv n‡jI e¯ÍzZt A_©bxwZ m¤ú~Y©fv‡e
AvaywbK Kv‡ji kv¯¿|
mf¨Zvi DlvjMœ †_‡K A_©bxwZ‡K wewfbœ A_©bxwZwe` wewfbœfv‡e msÁvwqZ K‡i‡Qb| GB msÁv¸‡jv‡K wZb †kÖYx‡Z
fvM Kiv hvq| †hgb: (i) m¤ú‡`i weÁvb, (ii) Kj¨v‡Yi weÁvb, (ii) AcÖvPz‡h©i weÁvb| Aóv`k kZvãxi †kl w`‡K
A¨vWvg w¯§_, †WwfW wiKv‡W©v, Rb ÷zqvU© wgj cÖgyL K¬vwmK¨vj A_©bxwZwe`iv A_©bxwZ‡K m¤ú‡`i weÁvb (Science
of Wealth) e‡j AwfwnZ K‡ib| A_©bxwZi wØZxq msÁvi cÖavb cÖe³v n‡jb Avj‡d«W gvk©vj, huv‡K AvaywbK
A_©bxwZi RbK ejv nq| GQvovI wdkvi, wc¸, †W‡fb‡cvU©, K¨vbb, A¨v‡iv cÖgyL| wbD K¬vwm‡Kj A_©bxwZwe`iv
A_©bxwZ‡K Kj¨v‡Yi weÁvb (Science of Welfare) e‡j AwfwnZ K‡i‡Qb| c¶všÍ‡i, Gj iweÝ n‡jb Z…Zxq
msÁvi cÖavb cÖe³v| iweÝ cÖ`Ë msÁvwU mePvB‡Z weÁvbm¤§Z| Gi wKQz ÎæwU _vKv m‡Ë¡I Gi MÖnY‡hvM¨Zv
DˇivËi e„w× cv‡”Q| Aa¨vcK Gj iweÝ, †µqvib&µm cÖgyL A_©bxwZwe`MY A_©bxwZ‡K ÔAcÖvPz‡h©i weÁvbÕ
(Science of Scarcity) e‡j AwfwnZ K‡i‡Qb|
A¨vWvg w¯§‡_i msÁv Definition of Adam Smith weªwUk A_©bxwZwe` A¨vWvg w¯§_ Ges Zuvi Abymvix K¬vwmK¨vj
A_©bxwZwe`iv A_©bxwZ‡K m¤ú‡`i weÁvb e‡j AwfwnZ K‡i‡Qb| A¨vWvg w¯§_ Zuvi ÔAn Inquirg into the Nature
and Causes of the Wealth of NationsÕ bvgK MÖ‡š’ e‡j‡Qb, A_©bxwZ n‡”Q Ggb GK weÁvb, hv RvwZmg~‡ni
m¤ú‡`i cÖK…wZ Ges Zvi KviY AbymÜvb K‡i| m¤ú` Kxfv‡e Drcvw`Z nq Ges Zv Kxfv‡e gvby‡li DcKv‡i jv‡M
ZvB wQj Zvi Av‡jvP¨ welq| A¨vWvg w¯§‡_i msÁvwU m¤ú~Y©fv‡e fzj bq| A_©‰bwZK Av‡jvPbvq m¤ú` Lye
¸iæZ¡c~Y© welq| wKš‘ A_©bxwZ gvby‡li AvPiY wb‡qI Av‡jvPbv K‡i|

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A¨vWvg w¯§‡_i c`v¼ AbymiY K‡i Rb ÷zqvU© wgj, †R we †m, IqvKvi cÖgyL A_©bxwZwe`ivI A_©bxwZ‡K Ôm¤ú‡`i
weÁvbÕ bv‡g AwfwnZ K‡ib|

mgv‡jvPbv
Criticisms
A¨vWvg w¯§‡_i g~j mgv‡jvPbv ¸‡jv wb‡P D‡jL Kiv n‡jv:
(1) A¨vWvg w¯§_ Zuvi msÁvq m¤ú‡`i mwVK e¨vL¨v w`‡Z e¨_© n‡q‡Qb| m¤ú‡`i wbR¯^ †Kv‡bv g~j¨ †bB| gvby‡li
Afve †gUv‡bvi ¶gZvi Ici m¤ú‡`i g~j¨ wbf©i K‡i| m¤ú‡`i e¨venvwiK g~j¨ I wewbgq g~j¨ Av‡Q| myZivs
†hme e¯ÍzMZ I Ae¯ÍzMZ `ª‡e¨i e¨venvwiK I wewbgq g~j¨ Av‡Q Zv‡`i‡K m¤ú` e‡j| Gme m¤ú` gvby‡li Afve
†gUv‡Z cv‡i| wKš‘ A¨vWvg w¯§_ ïaygvÎ e¯ÍzMZ `ªe¨‡KB m¤ú` wn‡m‡e wPwýZ K‡i‡Qb|
(2) gvbyl mxwgZ m¤ú‡`i mvnv‡h¨ Zvi mxgvnxb Afve Kxfv‡e †gvPb Ki‡Z cv‡i, Zvi Av‡jvPbvB A_©bxwZi g~j
welqe¯Íz| wKš‘ A¨vWvg w¯§_ Zuvi msÁvq Afve †gvP‡bi c_ I c×wZi †Kv‡bv w`K-wb‡`©kbv †`bwb|

gvk©v‡ji msÁv
Definition of Marshall
A¨vWvg w¯§‡_i msÁvq m¤ú‡`i Ici †ewk ¸iæZ¡ Av‡ivc Kiv n‡qwQj| wKš‘ gvk©v‡ji msÁvi g~j Av‡jvP¨ welq
n‡jv Afve †gvPbmsµvšÍ gvby‡li ˆ`bw›`b Kvh©vewj| 1892 wLª÷v‡ã cÖKvwkZ ÔEconomics of Industry’ bvgK
MÖ‡š’ gvk©vj e‡j‡Qb, ÔA_©bxwZ gvby‡li Rxe‡bi ˆ`bw›`b mvaviY Kvh©vewj Av‡jvPbv K‡iÕ| gvby‡li mvaviY Kvh©vewj
ej‡Z †evSvq †h, gvbyl Kxfv‡e A_© DcvR©b K‡i I wKfv‡e †mB DcvwR©Z A_© Zvi wewfbœ Afve †gUv‡bvi Rb¨ e¨q
K‡i| gvk©v‡ji G e³‡e¨i mv‡_ K¨vbb, A¨v‡iv, wc¸ Ges Ab¨ A_©bxwZwe`iv GKgZ cÖKvk K‡ib|

mgv‡jvPbv
Criticisms
Aa¨vcK gvk©vj cÖ`Ë msÁvwU Aa¨vcK iweÝ KZ©…K wb‡gœv³fv‡e mgv‡jvwPZ nq :
(1) gvk©v‡ji msÁvbyhvqx gvby‡li †hme Kvh©vewj gvbe Kj¨v‡Yi mv‡_ m¤úK©hy³ †Kej †m¸‡jvB A_©bxwZi
Av‡jvPbvi e¯Íz| Zuvi g‡Z, A_©bxwZ ïaygvÎ gvbe Kj¨v‡Yi KviYmg~n Av‡jvPbv K‡i| gvk©v‡ji msÁv †g‡b wb‡j
ej‡Z nq †h, A_©bxwZ n‡jv g~j¨‡eva wbi‡c¶nxb weÁvb| wKš‘ ev¯Í‡e Avgiv †`wL †h, A_©bxwZ gvby‡li Ggb
A‡bK Kvh©vewj Av‡jvPbv K‡i, hvi mv‡_ gvbe Kj¨v‡Yi †Kvb m¤úK© †bB| e¯ÍzZt A_©bxwZ, bxwZwelqK gZvgZ
cÖKvk K‡i bv| †hgb- g`, MvuRv, Avwdg, ¶wZKviK ILya cÖf…wZi Drcv`b, e›Ub I †fv‡Mi mv‡_ gvbe Kj¨v‡Yi
†Kvb m¤úK© †bB| AZGe gvk©v‡ji msÁv Am¤ú~Y©|
(2) Aa¨vcK gvk©v‡ji msÁv Abymv‡i gvbe Kj¨vY ïaygvÎ e¯ÍzRvZ `ª‡e¨i Dci wbf©ikxj| wKš‘, cÖK…Z c‡¶ gvbe
Kj¨vY e¯ÍzRvZ I AeRvZ Dfq cÖKvi `ª‡e¨i Dci wbf©i K‡i| †hgb- GKRb Wv³v‡ii †mev e¯ÍzRvZ `ªe¨ bv
n‡jI Zv gvbe Kj¨vY e„w× K‡i|
(3) gvk©v‡ji g‡Z, gvbe Kj¨vY A‡_©i gva¨‡g cwigvc‡hvM¨| wKš‘, gvbe Kj¨vY †h‡nZz G‡KB e¯ÍzMZ gvbwmK
Abyf‚wZ, ZvB GwU A‡_©i gva¨‡g cwigvc Kiv hvq bv|
Gj. iwe‡Ýi msÁv
Definition of L. Robins
Gj. Gm.B wek¦we`¨vj‡qi Aa¨vcK Gj, iweÝ Zuvi 'Nature and Significance of Economic Science' bvgK MÖ‡š’
e‡j‡Qb, ÒA_©bxwZ gvby‡li Amxg Afve Ges weKí e¨envi‡hvM¨ mmxg m¤ú‡`i m¤úK© welqK gvbe AvPiY m¤^‡Ü
Av‡jvPbv K‡i| Aa¨vcK iwe‡Ýi msÁv‡K we‡klY Ki‡j wZbwU ˆewkó¨ cvIqv hvqt

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1) Amxg Afve : cÖwZwU gvby‡li Afve Amxg| mxgvnxb Afv‡ei GK me©e¨vcx Av‡eóbxi g‡a¨ Zvi emevm| Zvi
GKwU Afve wgU‡j mv‡_ mv‡_ Ab¨ Afve †`Lv †`q| Zvi Lv`¨, evm¯’vb cÖf…wZi gZ wbZ¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq †gŠwjK
Afve¸‡jv wg‡U †M‡j †iwWI, †Uwjwfkb cÖf…wZi gZ wejvmRvZ `ª‡e¨i Afve †`Lv †`q| gvby‡li GB Afve †_‡K
mgm¨vi m„wó nq Ges †m Gme mgm¨vi †gvKv‡ejv Kivi Rb¨ wbišÍi A_©‰bwZK cÖ‡Póv Pvwj‡q hvq| G‡eva †_‡KB
gvby‡li A_©‰bwZK Kg© cÖ‡Póvi D™¢e nq|
(2) mxwgZ m¤ú` : A_©bxwZ‡Z m¤ú‡`i GKwU we‡kl A_© Av‡Q| †hme `ª‡e¨i Dc‡hvM Av‡Q, wewbgq g~j¨ Av‡Q,
A_©vr †hvMvb mxwgZ, n¯ÍvšÍi‡hvM¨ Ges evwn¨KZv Av‡Q, Zv‡K m¤ú` e‡j| mxgvnxb Afv‡ei Zzjbvq gvby‡li m¤ú`
Lye mxwgZ| m¤ú‡`i AcÖZzjZvi Rb¨ gvbyl‡K A_©‰bwZK mgm¨vi m¤§zLxb n‡Z nq| Avevi, m¤ú` mxwgZ e‡j
wewfbœ Afv‡ei g‡a¨ †Kvb&wU AZ¨vek¨Kxq Zv evQvB Ki‡Z nq|
(3) m¤ú‡`i weKí e¨envi : iwe‡Ýi msÁvq `y®úÖvc¨ m¤ú‡`i weKí e¨env‡ii Dci †Rvi †`qv n‡q‡Q| Drcv`‡bi
DcKiY¸‡jv weKí e¨envi‡hvM¨| gvby‡li Afve mxgvnxb; wKš‘ Drcv`‡bi DcKiY ev m¤ú` mxwgZ| ZvB mmxg
m¤ú‡`i mvnv‡h¨ wKfv‡e Amxg Afve c~iY Kiv hvq, ZvB A_©bxwZi Av‡jvPbvi Ab¨Zg g~j welq| GKB
Drcv`‡bi DcKiY ev m¤ú` GKvwaK Afve †gUv‡bvi Rb¨ e¨eüZ n‡Z cv‡i| †hgb- GK UzK‡iv Rwg‡Z avb I
cvU DfqB Pvl Kiv hvq, wKš‘ GKmv‡_ Pvl Kiv hvq bv| avb Pvl Ki‡j cvU Pvl Kiv hvq bv| A_©vr mxwgZ m¤ú`
w`‡q GKB mg‡q GKvwaK Afve †gUv‡bv m¤¢e bq| ZvB m¤ú‡`i weKí e¨envi Riæwi n‡q c‡o| GRb¨ gvbyl‡K
Zvi mxgvnxb Afvemg~‡ni g‡a¨ †KvbwU Avek¨Kxq Zv evQvB Ki‡Z nq Ges evQvBK…Z Afve weKí e¨envi‡hvM¨
m¤ú` Øviv †gUv‡Z nq|

mgv‡jvPbv
Criticisms
Aa¨vcK iwe‡Ýi msÁvwUI cy‡ivcywi ÎæwUgy³ bq| wewfbœ A_©bxwZwe` Zuvi msÁvwUi mgv‡jvPbv K‡i‡Qb| wb‡Pi
Av‡jvPbv †_‡K Zv‡`i mgv‡jvPbv m¤ú‡K© Avcwb aviYv cv‡eb|
(1) iwe‡Ýi msÁvbyhvqx, hvi Dc‡hvM Av‡Q Ges hvi †hvMvb mxwgZ ZvB A_©bxwZi Av‡jvP¨ welq| wKš‘ gvby‡li
Ggb eû Kvh©vewj Av‡Q hvi Dc‡hvM Av‡Q Ges †hvMvbI mxwgZ; wKš‘ Zv‡`i wewbgq g~j¨ †bB| ZvB Gme Kvh©vewj
A_©bxwZi Av‡jvP¨ welq n‡Z cv‡i bv| †KD hw` Zvi mšÍvb‡K †mœn-cÖxwZ cÖ`k©b K‡ib Zv A_©bxwZi AvIZvfz³
n‡e bv| myZivs gvby‡li Rxe‡bi me ai‡bi Kvh©vewj A_©bxwZi AvIZvfz³ bq|
(2) iwe‡Ýi msÁvq mgv‡Ri gvbweK w`K fxlYfv‡e D‡cw¶Z n‡q‡Q| iweÝ A_©bxwZ‡K ïaygvÎ g~j¨ wbiƒcY Z‡Ë¡
cwiYZ K‡i‡Qb| wKš‘ †efvwiR (Beveridge), jvÄ (Lange), wnKm (Hicks), wdkvi (Fisher), K¨vj‡Wvi,
AmKvi‡jÄ cÖgyL A_©bxwZwe`MY A_©bxwZ‡K g~j¨ wbiƒcY ZË¡ wn‡m‡e MÖnY Ki‡Z ivwR bb| Zuv‡`i g‡Z, iwe‡Ýi
msÁv †g‡b wb‡j A_©bxwZi Ab¨ welqmg~n A_©bxwZi Av‡jvPbv †_‡K ev` c‡o hvq| ZvQvov A_©‰bwZK cwiKíbv
cÖYq‡bi mgq mvgvwRK Kj¨vY mevi Av‡M we‡ePbv Ki‡Z nq| myZivs Kj¨vY-AKj¨v‡Yi welqwU GKRb
A_©bxwZwe`‡K Aek¨B wePvi K‡i †`L‡Z n‡e|
(3) A_©‰bwZK Dbœqb A_©bxwZi GKwU cÖavb Av‡jvPbvi welq| wKš‘ iwe‡Ýi msÁvq G w`KwU m¤ú~Y©fv‡e D‡cw¶Z
n‡q‡Q|
A_©bxwZi cwiwa ev welqe¯Íz
Scope or Subject Matters of Economics
A_©bxwZ Kx G welqwU cwi®‹vi nevi ci Avcbvi g‡b cÖkœ Avm‡Z cv‡i †h A_©bxwZi cwiwa KZUv e¨vcK?
A_©bxwZi cwiwa ev welqe¯Íz wb‡q A_©bxwZwe`‡`i g‡a¨ bvbv gZ‡f` Av‡Q| A_©bxwZi welqe¯Íz m¤ú‡K© wb‡gœv³
gšÍe¨ Kiv hvq :

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 e¨e¯’vcKxq A_©bxwZ

(1) A_©bxwZ GKwU mvgvwRK weÁvb : A_©bxwZ mgvRe× gvby‡li AvPiY I Kvh©vewj Av‡jvPbv K‡i| wKš‘ GwU
gvby‡li me ai‡bi Kvh©vewj we‡kølY K‡i bv| †hme Kvh©vewj A_©-Avq I A_©-e¨‡qi mv‡_ RwoZ, †Kej †mme
Kvh©vewj wb‡q A_©bxwZ Av‡jvPbv K‡i| Avevi mgvRewnf©‚Z gvby‡li AvPiY I Kvh©vewj A_©bxwZi Av‡jvP¨ welq
bq|
(2) Ab¨vb¨ weÁv‡bi wKQz welqe¯Íz A_©bxwZ‡Z AšÍf©z³ : A_©bxwZ‡K A‡bK mgq Ab¨vb¨ wel‡qi mvnvh¨ wb‡Z nq|
Ggb A‡bK A_©‰bwZK welqe¯Íz Av‡Q, †h¸‡jvi †¶‡Î †Kv‡bv wm×v‡šÍ †cuŠQvi Rb¨ ivóªweÁvb, gb¯ÍvwË¡K weÁvb,
bxwZweÁvb, mgvRweÁvb cÖf…wZi mvnv‡h¨i cÖ‡qvRb nq| D`vniY¯^iƒc ejv hvq, AvqKi cÖMwZkxj n‡j Ki
`vZv‡`i gvbwmKZv Kxiƒc n‡e Zv gb¯ÍvwË¡K weÁv‡bi mvnv‡h¨ Rvbv hv‡e|
(3) A_©bxwZi g~j j¶¨ Afve †gvPb : gvbyl Kxfv‡e Zvi Afve †gvPb K‡i Zv-B A_©bxwZi Av‡jvP¨ welq|
mgvRe× gvbyl Zvi mvgvwRK Rxe‡b mxgvnxb Afv‡ei m¤§yLxb nq| wKš‘ Amxg Afv‡ei Zzjbvq m¤ú` AZ¨šÍ
mxwgZ| †÷vwbqvi Ges †nM e‡j‡Qb, A_©bxwZ ¯^íZv Ges ¯^íZvRwbZ mgm¨vw` Av‡jvPbvi kv¯¿| gvbyl mxwgZ
m¤ú` w`‡q Kxfv‡e nK m¤ú` Drcbœ K‡i Ges Kxfv‡e G m¤ú‡`i myôz eȇbi gva¨‡g Zvi Afve †gvPb I mvwe©K
Kj¨vY AR©b K‡i Zv-B A_©bxwZi g~j Av‡jvP¨ welq|
Dc‡iv³ Av‡jvPbvi cwi‡cÖw¶‡Z GUv ¯úóB cÖZxqgvb nq †h A_©bxwZi welqe¯Íz ev cwiwa AZ¨šÍ e¨vcK|
A_©bxwZwe`‡`i g‡a¨ †KD †KD e¨vcK A‡_© Ges †KD †KD msKxY© A‡_© Gi cwiwa wba©viY K‡i‡Qb| A¨vWvg
w¯§‡_i g‡Z, RvwZmg~‡ni m¤ú‡`i cÖK…wZ I KviY m¤ú‡K© `vb Kiv A_©bxwZi KvR| Avj‡d«W gvk©vj hyw³ †`b †h
A_©bxwZi welqe¯Íz n‡jv- gvby‡li ˆ`bw›`b Kvh©vewj| Ab¨w`‡K Aa¨vcK iwe‡Ýi g‡Z, AcÖvPzh©RwbZ mgm¨vejxi
Abykxjb A_©bxwZi g~j welqe¯Íz| Avevi Aa¨vcK fvBbvi (Prof. Viner) A_©bxwZi cwiwa‡K AZ¨šÍ e¨vcK K‡i
Zz‡j‡Qb| Zuvi g‡Z, A_©bxwZwe`iv hv wKQz Av‡jvPbv K‡ib Zv-B A_©bxwZi AvIZvfz³| wKš‘ Zuvi G e³e¨
MÖnY‡hvM¨ bq| A_©‰bwZK wewamg~n ev¯Íe‡¶‡Î cÖ‡qvM K‡i A‡bK A_©‰bwZK mgm¨vi mgvavb †ei Kiv hvq|
A_©‰bwZK ZË¡Ávb cÖ‡qvM K‡i Drcv`b, †fvM, eÈb, miKvwi A_©e¨e¯’v, e¨vsK I gy`ªv e¨e¯’v, evRvi e¨e¯’v,
`ªe¨g~j¨ wba©viY, RbmsL¨v, AvšÍR©vwZK evwYR¨ cÖf…wZ msµvšÍ mKj mgvavb †ei Kiv m¤¢e| AZGe A_©bxwZi
cwiwaI e¨vcK|

mvims‡¶c
 AcÖvPzh©RwbZ mgm¨vewji Abykxjb A_©bxwZi g~j welqe¯‘;
 A_©bxwZi welqe¯Íz n‡jv gvby‡li ˆ`bw›`b Kvh©vewj;
 A¨vWvg w¯§‡_i c`vsK AbymiY K‡i Rb ÷zqvU© wgj, †R we †m, IqvKvi cÖgyL A_©bxwZwe`ivI
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mvaviY A_©bxwZiB GKwU AskgvÎ| cÖK…Zc‡ÿ †ek wKQz †ÿ‡Î mvaviY A_©bxwZi mv‡_ e¨e¯’vcKxq A_©bxwZi wKQz
†gŠwjK cv_©K¨ cwijwÿZ nq| cv_©K¨¸‡jv wb¤œiƒc
1. A_©bxwZ ïaygvÎ A_©‰bwZK bxwZgvjvi KvVv‡gv wb‡qB Av‡jvPbv K‡i, wKš‘ e¨e¯’vcKxq A_©bxwZ D³
bxwZgvjvi ev¯Íe cÖv‡qvwMK iƒc‡iLv Kxiƒc n‡Z cv‡i, Zv wb‡q Av‡jvPbv K‡i|
2. e¨e¯’vcKxq A_©bxwZi ˆewkó¨ GgbB †h Gi welqe¯‘ †Kej e¨wóK A_©bxwZi g‡a¨B mxgve×| Aciw`‡K
A_©bxwZ ej‡Z e¨wóK I mvgwóK Dfq cÖKvi A_©bxwZ‡KB †evSvq|
3. mvaviY e¨wóK A_©bxwZ‡Z wewfbœ Drcv`b I DcKiYvw`i g‡a¨ Av‡qi eÈb wb‡q Av‡jvPbv Kiv nq| A_©vr
f~wgi LvRbv, kÖ‡gi gRywi, g~ja‡bi my`, msMV‡bi Rb¨ gybvdv BZ¨vw` welqvw`B e¨wóK A_©bxwZi Av‡jvP¨
welq| wKš‘ e¨e¯’vcKxq A_©bxwZ †Kej gybvdv eÈbmsµvšÍ ZË¡ wb‡qB cÖavbZ Av‡jvPbv K‡i _v‡K|
4. e¨e¯’vcKxq A_©bxwZi cÖavb jÿ¨ I D‡Ïk¨ gybvdv me©vwaKKi‡Yi mv‡_ mvgÄm¨c~Y©| wKš‘ mvaviY A_©bxwZ
we‡kl †Kvb D‡Ïk¨ AR©‡bi c_ wb‡`©k K‡i bv| GwU †KejgvÎ A_©‰bwZK PjK¸‡jvi ga¨Kvi m¤úK© wb‡q
Av‡jvPbv K‡i|
5. mvaviY A_©bxwZ n‡jv eY©bvg~jK Avi e¨e¯’vcKxq A_©bxwZ n‡jv D‡Ïk¨g~jK|
6. mvaviY A_©bxwZ‡Z AZxZ cwimvswL¨K Z‡_¨i wfwˇZ cÖYxZ ZË¡mg~n Av‡jvwPZ nq| wKš‘ e¨e¯’vcKxq
A_©bxwZ‡Z AZxZ cwimvswL¨K Z‡_¨i wfwˇZ ewY©Z ZË¡mg~n fwel¨‡Zi m¤¢ve¨ cwiw¯’wZ‡Z Kxiƒc aviY Ki‡Z
cv‡i ZvI wba©vi‡Yi cÖ‡Póv Pvjv‡bv nq|
e¨e¯’vcKxq A_©bxwZi ¸iæZ¡ I cÖ‡qvRbxqZv
AvaywbK e„n`vqZb Drcv`b I wecYbKvix cÖwZôvbmg~‡ni wbKU e¨e¯’vcKxq A_©bxwZ GKwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© welq wn‡m‡e
¯^xK…wZ jvf K‡i‡Q| ÿz`ªvqZb cÖwZôvbmg~n mvaviYZ Zv‡`i AZxZ AwfÁZv Ges mivmwi Abygv‡bi Dci wfwË
K‡i †Kv‡bvµ‡g Zv‡`i wewfbœ cÖKvi e¨e¯’vcbvmsµvšÍ wm×všÍ wb‡Z cv‡i| wKš‘ †hme cÖwZôvb Drcv`b Ges
Kvh©µ‡gi w`K †_‡K e„nr AvKv‡ii A_ev †hme cÖwZôvb bZzb ai‡bi `ª‡e¨i Drcv`b Ges weµ‡qi mv‡_ RwoZ
†mme cÖwZôv‡bi Kvh©µg GZUv RwUj Ges AwbwðZ †h Zv‡`i c‡ÿ ïaygvÎ AbygvbcÖm~Z wm×v‡šÍi Ici wbf©i K‡i

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mdjfv‡e Kvh©µg cwiPvjbv Kiv cÖvq Am¤¢e| ZvB G †ÿ‡Î cÖwZôvbmg~n‡K A_©bxwZi mvaviY wewa ev
wbqgvewj‡K wbR¯^ Avw½‡K Kxfv‡e mdjfv‡e cÖ‡qvM K‡i mwVK wm×všÍ †bqv hvq †mB †PóvB Ki‡Z nq| A_©vr G
ai‡bi cÖwZôvb¸‡jvi wbKU e¨e¯’vcKxq A_©bxwZi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv Ab¯^xKvh©|
wgëb GBP †¯úÝvi Ges jyBm wm‡Mjg¨vb-Gi g‡Z, e¨vemvq e¨e¯’vcbvi ‡ÿ‡Î A_©bxwZi cÖ‡qvM ev e¨vemvwqK
†ÿ‡Î A_©‰bwZK ZË¡mg~‡ni mgš^q mva‡bi welqwU wb‡¤œv³ Kvi‡Y ¸iæZ¡c~Y-©
1. mbvZbx ZvwË¡K A_©‰bwZK aviYvmg~n‡K cÖK…Z e¨vemvwqK cwiw¯’wZi mv‡_ mvgÄm¨ K‡i †Zvjvi Rb¨
e¨e¯’vcKxq A_©bxwZi AvkÖq wb‡Z nq| A_©‰bwZK ZË¡mg~‡n mvaviYZ wewfbœ Abygv‡bi Ici wfwË K‡i
wKQz g‡Wj `uvo Kiv‡bv nq Ges cÖwZôvbmgy‡ni Rb¨ m¤¢ve¨ †Kv‡bv wm×všÍ cÖ`vb Kiv nq| wKš‘ Gme
Abygv‡bi Kvi‡Y D³ g‡Wi ev ZË¡mg~n cÖwZôvb¸‡jvi wbKU A_©nxb n‡q c‡o| KviY cÖwZôvbmg~‡ni
cÖK…Z Kvh©µ‡gi e¨vL¨v †mme ZË¡ †_‡K cvIqv hvq bv| myZivs cÖK…Z e¨vemvwqK cwiw¯’wZi Dci wfwË
K‡i wbw`©ó †Kv‡bv cÖwZôv‡bi Rb¨ †Kvb A_©‰bwZK ZË¡‡K A_©en Ges Gi Abygvbmg~n‡K D³ cÖwZôv‡bi
ev¯Íe cwiw¯’wZi mv‡_ mvgÄm¨c~Y© I e¨vL¨v‡hvM¨ K‡i Zzj‡ZB nq| ZvB e¨emvq cÖwZôv‡bi wbKU mvaviY
A_©bxwZi †P‡q e¨e¯’vcKxq A_©bxwZ AwaK ¸iæZ¡c~Y©|
2. wewfbœ ai‡bi A_©‰bwZK m¤úK© Abygvb Z_v Pvwn`vi wewfbœ cÖKvi w¯’wZ¯’vcKZv cwigv‡ci Rb¨
e¨e¯’vcKxq A_©bxwZi AvkÖq wb‡Z cv‡i| †hgb Avq w¯’wZ¯’vcKZv, `vg w¯’wZ¯’vcKZv, AvovAvwo
w¯’wZ¯’vcKZv, weµq cÖmviY w¯’wZ¯’vcKZv, LiP Drcv`b m¤úK© BZ¨vw` welqvw` cwigv‡ci gva¨‡g
e¨e¯’vcKxq A_©bxwZ‡Z cÖwZôv‡bi wewfbœ welq m¤ú‡K© c~e©vbygvb Kiv nq|
3. wewfbœ cÖKvi A_©‰bwZK cwigvY wba©vi‡Yi Rb¨I e¨e¯’vcKxq A_©bxwZi AvkÖq wb‡Z nq| D`vniY¯^iƒc
gybvdv, Pvwn`v, Drcv`b, LiP, `vg, g~jab BZ¨vw`i K_v ejv †h‡Z cv‡i| Gme cwigvY wba©viY Ki‡Z
nq GRb¨B †h, Gme cwigvY wba©vi‡Yi gva¨‡g Awbwðr cwiw¯’wZ‡Z e¨e¯’vcKMY †gvUvgywU mwVK wm×všÍ
wb‡Z cv‡ib Ges AvMvg cwiKíbv cÖYqb Ki‡Z cv‡ib|
4. wewfbœ cÖKvi A_©‰bwZK cwigvY wba©vi‡Yi ci †m¸‡jvi wfwˇZ wewfbœ cÖKvi e¨vemvwqK bxwZ †hgb-
`vgbxwZ, weµqbxwZ, µqbxwZ, Kg©xbxwZ BZ¨vw` cÖYq‡bi †ÿ‡ÎI e¨e¯’vcKxq A_©bxwZi cÖ‡qvM NUv‡bv
nq| A_©‰bwZK cwigvYmg~n wba©vi‡Yi mgq Ggbfv‡e Kvh©µg m¤úvw`Z nq †h †Kv‡bv †KŠkj Aej¤^b
Kiv n‡j Kx ai‡bi djvdj †`Lv w`‡Z cv‡i Ges †mm‡ei m¤¢vebvi cwigvY Kxiƒc ZvI wba©vwiZ nq|
d‡j wewfbœ weKí †KŠk‡ji g‡a¨ me‡P‡q myweavRbK †KŠkjwU †e‡Q †bqv hvq|
5. †Kv‡bv cÖwZôvb †h A_©‰bwZK cwi‡e‡ki g‡a¨ KvR K‡i Ges †hme A_©‰bwZK evwn¨K kw³i mv‡_
cÖwZôv‡bi Kvh©µ‡gi mv‡_ mgš^q mva‡bi cÖ‡qvRb nq; †mme A_©‰bwZK cwi‡ek I cÖfve we¯ÍviKvix
kw³‡K Abyave‡bi Rb¨ e¨e¯’vcKxq A_©bxwZi cÖ‡qvM NUv‡Z nq| †hgb RvZxq Av‡qi cwieZ©b, gy`ªvùxwZ
ev gy`ªvms‡KvPb, miKvwi ivR¯^ I gy`ªvbxwZi cwieZ©b, evwYR¨P‡µi cÖfve BZ¨vw` welq¸‡jv GKw`‡K
mvgwMÖK A_©‰bwZK cwi‡ek‡K cÖfvweZ K‡i _v‡K, Aciw`‡K GKK fv‡e cÖwZwU cÖwZôvbI Gme evwn¨K
cwi‡ek I kw³i Øviv cÖfvweZ nq| ZvB cÖwZôv‡bi DwPZ evwn¨K A_©‰bwZK cwi‡ek I kw³‡K we‡kølY,
Abyaveb Ges h_vm¤¢e †mm‡ei cÖwZK~jZv‡K Kgv‡bvi cÖ‡Póv Pvjv‡bv| Avi GB †cÖwÿ‡Z e¨e¯’vcKxq
A_©bxwZi ¸iæZ¡ Acwimxg|
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I we‡kølY n‡”Q| wKš‘ Gme ZË¡ I bxwZgvjv mg‡qvc‡hvMx nIqv m‡Ë¡I G¸‡jv‡K wbw`©ó †Kv‡bv cÖwZôv‡bi †ÿ‡Î
cÖ‡qvM Kivi Rb¨ e¨e¯’vcKxq A_©bxwZi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv AZ¨vek¨Kxq|

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e¨e¯’vcKxq A_©bxwZ, hv A_©bxwZ, MwYZ Ges cwimsL¨v‡bi hyw³mg~n e¨envi K‡i;
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†`Lv‡bv;
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e¨e¯’vcKxq A_©bxwZi AvkÖq wb‡Z nq;
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 BwZevPK A_©bxwZ I bxwZevPK A_©bxwZ m¤ú‡K© cwi®‹vi aviYv cv‡eb;
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 e¨wóK I mvgwóK A_©bxwZi cvi¯úwiK ¸iæZ¡ my¯úófv‡e Abyaveb Ki‡Z cvi‡eb;
 A_©bxwZi wZbwU †gŠwjK mgm¨v e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

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Branches of Economics
A_©bxwZ‡Z `yÕai‡bi e³e¨ Av‡Q| †hgb
(i) BwZevPK e³e¨ (Positive Statement) Ges
(ii) bxwZevPK e³e¨ (Normative Statement)|
A_©bxwZi †h kvLv BwZevPK e³e¨ ch©v‡jvPbv K‡i, Zv‡K BwZevPK A_©bxwZ Ges †h kvLv bxwZ ev Av`k©g~jK
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Positive Economics
cÖ_‡g †evSv `iKvi BwZevPK e³e¨ wK?
`yÕ‡Uv e³e¨ D‡jøL Kiv n‡jv: (i) MZ eQ‡ii Zzjbvq G eQ‡i gy`ªvùxwZi nvi †ewk| (ii) hy³iv‡R¨i cÖe„w×i nvi
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ev¯Íe Z‡_¨i Ici BwZevPK A_©bxwZ wbf©i K‡i| BwZevPK e³e¨ mij ev RwUj n‡Z cv‡i Ges G m¤ú‡K©
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BwZevPK A_©bxwZi g~j D‡Ïk¨|

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Normative Economics
†KvbwU Kiv DwPZ ev †KvbwU Kiv DwPZ bq G ai‡bi Av`k©g~jK e³e¨‡K bxwZevPK e³e¨ e‡j| †hgb
m¤ú‡`i AcPq †iv‡a Zvi myôz eÈb nIqv DwPZ| GwU GKwU bxwZevPK e³e¨| bxwZevPK e³e¨ mvaviYZ
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hvq bv| d‡j bxwZevPK e³‡e¨ gZ‡f` †`Lv w`‡j AwfÁZvjä Ávb Øviv Zv MÖnY ev eR©b Kiv hvq bv| A‡bK

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mgq BwZevPK e³e¨ †_‡K bxwZevPK e³e¨ †ewi‡q Avm‡Z cv‡i| Abyiƒcfv‡e, bxwZevPK e³e¨ †_‡KI A‡bK
†¶‡Î BwZevPK e³e¨ †ei n‡q Avm‡Z cv‡i| myZivs Avgiv ej‡Z cvwi †h A_©bxwZi †h kvLvq Av`k©MZ
g~j¨vq‡bi wfwˇZ bxwZevPK e³e¨ Dc¯’vcb Kiv nq, Zv‡K bxwZevPK A_©bxwZ (Normative Economics) e‡j|
G‡K A‡bK †¶‡Î Kj¨vY A_©bxwZ (Welfare Economics) wn‡m‡eI AwfwnZ Kiv nq|
ZvwË¡Kfv‡e A_©bxwZ‡K `yBfv‡M fvM Kiv nq e¨wóK A_©bxwZ I mvgwóK A_©bxwZ
e¨wóK A_©bxwZi aviYv
e¨wóK A_©bxwZ ev Micro Economics-Gi Micro kãwUi A_© ¶z`ª| Micro kãwU cÖvPxb wMÖK kã Mikros †_‡K
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Drcv`K, wkí cÖf…wZ n‡jv GK GKwU ¶z`ª GKK| A_©‰bwZK e¨e¯’vi cÖwZwU ¶z`ª GKK‡K c„_Kfv‡e we‡ePbv K‡i
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wkí, GKK cwievi, `ªe¨, DcKiY cÖf…wZi AvPiY Ges Pvwn`v, †hvMvb I g~j¨ m¤^‡Ü c„_K c„_Kfv‡e Av‡jvPbv
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e¨wóK I mgwóMZ A_©bxwZi cv_©K¨

Difference between Micro Economics and Macro Economics
e¨wóK I mgwóMZ A_©bxwZi msÁv †_‡KB †evSv hvq G‡`i g‡a¨ h‡_ó cv_©K¨ i‡q‡Q| 1993 mv‡j Im‡jv (Oslo)
wek¦we`¨vj‡qi Aa¨vcK ivMbvi wd«k (Ragner Frisch) A_©bxwZ‡Z ÕgvB‡µvÕ I Ôg¨v‡µvÕ kã `yÕ‡Uvi cÖPjb K‡ib|
1936 mv‡j †KBb‡mi ÔGeneral Theory of Empoyment, Interest and MoneyÕ ‡Z A_©‰bwZK welq¸‡jv‡K
gvB‡µv I g¨v‡µv G `yÕLv‡Z cÖevwnZ Kiv nq| e¨wóK I mgwóMZ A_©bxwZi cv_©K¨¸‡jv wb‡P D‡jL Kiv n‡jv t
(1) Df‡qi g‡a¨ msÁvMZ cv_©K¨ we`¨gvb| †MvUv A_©‰bwZK e¨e¯’vi UzK‡iv UzK‡iv As‡ki we‡ePbv n‡jv e¨wóK
A_©bxwZ| Aciw`‡K, A_©bxwZi wekvjZv‡K hLb we‡ePbv Kiv nq, Zv mgwóMZ A_©bxwZ| e¨wóK A_©bxwZ mgMÖ
A_©‰bwZK e¨e¯’vi ¶z`ªZg Ask¸‡jvi AvPiY I Zv‡`i Kvh©vewj ¯^Zš¿fv‡e Av‡jvPbv K‡i| mgwóMZ A_©bxwZ mgMÖ
A_©‰bwZK e¨e¯’v‡K GKwU ¯^Zš¿ welqiƒ‡c we‡ePbv K‡i Zvi AvPiY I Kvh©vewj we‡kølY K‡i|
(2) e¨wóK A_©bxwZ‡Z hv w¯’i PjK, mgwóMZ A_©bxwZ‡Z Zv cwieZ©b‡hvM¨| Avevi mgwóMZ A_©bxwZ‡Z hv w¯’i
PjK, Zv e¨wóK A_©bxwZ‡Z cwieZ©b‡hvM¨ welq| D`vniY w`‡j welqwU cwi®‹vi n‡e| e¨wóK A_©bxwZ hLb
Av‡jvPbv Kiv nq ZLb mgwóMZ PjKmg~n †hgb †gvU Avq, Drcv`b cÖf…wZ w¯’i aiv nq| Avevi mgwóMZ
A_©bxwZ Av‡jvPbvi mgq e¨wóK PjK wnmv‡e e¨w³ ev Drcv`‡Ki g‡a¨ Av‡qi eÈb w¯’i aiv nq |
(3) e¨wóK A_©bxwZ‡Z wewfbœ GK‡Ki Kvh©vewj I AvPiY e¨vL¨vi Rb¨ AvswkK fvimvg¨ c×wZ (Method of partial
equilibrium) e¨envi Kiv nq| c¶všÍ‡i mgwóMZ A_©bxwZ‡Z wewfbœ PjKmg~‡ni AvPiY I MwZaviv we‡køl‡Yi Rb¨
mvgwMÖK fvimvg¨ c×wZ (Method of general equilibrium) AbymiY Kiv nq|

e¨wóK I mgwóMZ A_©bxwZi cvi¯úwiK ¸iæZ¡

Relative Importance of Micro economics and Macro economics
A_©‰bwZK we‡køl‡Yi †¶‡Î e¨vwóK I mgwóMZ A_©bxwZ ci¯ú‡ii cÖwZ‡hvMx bq eis ci¯ú‡ii cwic~iK| e¯ÍzZ
c„_Kfv‡e Dfq c×wZ GKwU Am¤ú~Y© A_©‰bwZK we‡kølY| KviY †h‡Kv‡bv GKwU c×wZ e¨envi K‡i KL‡bvB
A_©‰bwZK e¨e¯’vi m¤ú~Y© wPÎ cvIqv m¤¢e bq| D`vniY¯^iƒc ejv hvq, †Kv‡bv †`‡ki RvZxq Avq Av‡jvPbv Ki‡Z
n‡j cÖ_‡gB †m †`‡ki cÖ‡Z¨KwU e¨w³i Avq Av‡jvPbv Ki‡Z n‡e| Avevi g‡b Kiæb, mgv‡Ri †Kvb e¨w³we‡k‡li

BDwbU GK c„ôv-14
 e¨e¯’vcKxq A_©bxwZ

†fvMe¨q evo‡jB †m mgv‡Ri †gvU †fvMe¨q evo‡e Zv ejv m¤¢e bq| myZivs mgwóMZ A_©bxwZ we‡køl‡Yi Rb¨
e¨wóK A_©bxwZi cÖ‡qvRb nq| Df‡qB ci¯ú‡ii cwic~iK|
A_©‰bwZK mgm¨vi cÖK…wZ (Nature of Economic Problems) : gvbyl Kxfv‡e mxwgZ m¤ú` (f‚wg, kÖg Ges g~jab
`ªe¨ †hgb UªvK, †gwkbvwi, wewìs cÖf…wZ) e¨envi K‡i `ªe¨ I †mev Drcv`b, wewbgq I †fvM K‡i, A_©bxwZ ZvB
Av‡jvPbv K‡i| mxwgZ m¤ú‡`i mvnv‡h¨ gvbyl Zvi mxgvnxb Afve c~iY Ki‡Z wM‡q wewfbœ A_©‰bwZK mgm¨vi
m¤§zLxb nq| gvby‡li Rxe‡bi GB A_©‰bwZK mgm¨vi `y‡Uv w`K i‡q‡Q| †hgb (i) ¯^íZv I (ii) wbe©vPb|
(i) ¯^íZv (Scarcity) : gvby‡li Rxe‡bi mKj A_©‰bwZK mgm¨vi g~j n‡jv m¤ú‡`i ¯^íZv| hw` gvbyl m¤ú‡`i
¯^íZvq bv fzMZ Zvn‡j A_©bxwZi Av‡jvPbvI cÖ‡qvRb n‡Zv bv| gvby‡li Amxg Afv‡ei Zzjbvq m¤ú` LyeB
mxwgZ| Zv‡K GB me m¤ú‡`i gva¨‡g Zvi Amxg Afve c~iY Ki‡Z nq| Gi d‡j ¯^íZvi mgm¨vi D™¢e nq| Zvi
A_© GB bq †h, gvbyl Mwie A_ev Zvi †gŠwjK cÖ‡qvRbxqZv Ac~iYxq _vK‡Q| mgv‡R m¤ú‡`i ¯^íZvi Kvi‡Y gvbyl
Zvi mxgvnxb Afve c~i‡Yi D‡Ï‡k¨ wewfbœ A_©‰bwZK K‡R wjß nq|
(ii) wbe©vPb (Choice) : wbe©vPb Ges ¯^íZv cvkvcvwk Ae¯’vb K‡i| m¤ú‡`i ¯^íZv †_‡K wbe©vP‡bi D™¢e nq|
Avgiv Rvwb Drcv`‡bi DcKiYmg~n Lye mxwgZ| GKB DcKiY GKB mv‡_ `y‡Uv Kv‡R e¨envi Kiv hvq bv| †hgb
GKB Rwg‡Z GKB mv‡_ avb I cvU Drcv`b Kiv hvq bv| myZivs DcKiYmg~n e¨envi Kivi Av‡M gvbyl‡K wVK
Ki‡Z nq, †Kvb AfvewU Av‡M †gUv‡bv `iKvi| †m Zvi Afvemg~‡ni g‡a¨ AwaKZi cÖ‡qvRbxq Afve Av‡M
wgUv‡e| GwUB evQvB ev wbe©vPb mgm¨v| GKRb e¨w³, e¨vemvqx A_ev mgvR me mgq Zvi weKímg~‡ni
wbe©vPbKv‡h© wb‡qvwRZ _v‡K| GKRb e¨w³ wVK n‡e, †m PvKwi Ki‡e bv †jLvcov Ki‡e, †fvM Ki‡e bv mÂq
Ki‡e, cÖf…wZ| GKRb e¨vemvqx wVK Ki‡e, †m †Kv_vq Zvi `ªe¨ mieivn Ki‡e, eRv‡i Kx ai‡bi `ªe¨ Qvo‡e,
KZRb kÖwgK wb‡qvM Ki‡e, †Kv_vq Zvi bZzb dvg© cÖwZôv Ki‡e cÖf…wZ| Avevi GKwU †`k wVK Ki‡e, †`‡ki
mvgvwRK Kj¨vY e„w×i Rb¨ †ewk A_© e¨q bv K‡i eis †`‡ki cÖwZi¶v e¨e¯’vi †cQ‡b AwaK A_© e¨q Ki‡e, AwaK
nv‡i Ki Av‡ivc Ki‡e cÖf…wZ|

A_©bxwZi †gŠwjK mgm¨vmg~n

Fundamental Problems of Economics
cÖwZw`b Avgv‡`i‡K wewfbœ A_©‰bwZK mgm¨vi m¤§yLxb n‡Z nq| †hgb `vwi`ª¨, gy`ªvùxwZ, †eKviZ¡ cÖf…wZ| Avgiv
A_©‰bwZK mgm¨v ej‡Z mvaviY m¤ú‡`i ¯^íZvi K_v we‡ePbv Kwi| cÖ‡Z¨K mgvR‡KB GB mgm¨v †gvKv‡ejv
Ki‡Z nq| wKš‘ Gme mgm¨v QvovI A_©bxwZi wZbwU †gŠwjK ev †K›`ªxq mgm¨v i‡q‡Q| mgm¨v¸‡jv wbgœiƒc :
(i) Kx Drcv`b Kiv n‡e?
(ii) Kxfv‡e Drcv`b Kiv n‡e?
(iii) Kvi Rb¨ Drcv`b Kiv n‡e?
mgm¨v¸‡jv wb‡P we¯ÍvwiZfv‡e Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jv :
(i) Kx Drcv`b Kiv n‡e? (What to produce?): m¤ú‡`i ¯^íZvi Rb¨ Drcv`K‡K wVK Ki‡Z nq Kx Kx `ªe¨
KZUzKz cwigv‡Y Drcbœ Ki‡e| A_©vr Drcv`K‡K GKB mv‡_ ¯^íZv I wbe©vPb mgm¨vi gy‡LvgywL n‡Z nq| Zv‡K
wewfbœ Afv‡ei Zzjbvg~jK ¸iæZ¡ we‡ePbv K‡i wewfbœ `ª‡e¨i Drcv`b I cwigvY w¯’i Ki‡Z nq| GB welqwU‡K
Drcv`b m¤¢vebv †iLvi (Production Possibility Curve) mvnv‡h¨ we‡kølY Kiv hvq|

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A
C
N .

N1 D

X
0 M M B
wPÎ 1.3.1: Drcv`b m¤¢vebv †iLv
Dc‡ii 1.3.1 wP‡Î AB n‡jv Drcv`b m¤¢vebv †iLv| Ox A‡¶ x `ª‡e¨i cwigvY Ges OY A‡¶ Y `ª‡e¨i cwigvY
wb‡`©k Kiv n‡q‡Q| AB †iLv †Kvb A_©bxwZ‡Z X I Y c‡Y¨i †h me mswgkÖY ˆZwi n‡Z cv‡i Zv cÖKvk K‡i|
GLb Drcv`K hw` X `ªe¨ Drcv`b Kivi Rb¨ †Kv‡bv wbw`©ó DcKi‡Yi meUvB e¨envi K‡i Zvn‡j OB cwigvY
`ªe¨ Drcv`b Kiv hv‡e| A_©vr B we›`y‡Z X-Gi Drcv`b m‡e©v”P Ges Y-Gi Drcv`b k~b¨ n‡e| Avevi Drcv`K
hw` Y `ªe¨ Drcv`‡bi Rb¨ m¤ú~Y© DcKiY e¨envi K‡i Zvn‡j OA cwigvY `ªe¨ Drcv`b Kiv hv‡e| G‡¶‡Î A
we›`y‡Z Y-Gi Drcv`b m‡e©v”P I X-Gi Drcv`b k~b¨ n‡e| myZivs AB Drcv`b m¤¢vebv †iLv m¤ú` cÖ`Ë Ae¯’vq
X Ges Y-Gi mxgv cÖKvk K‡i| A_©vr AB †iLvi †h †Kv‡bv we›`y‡Z X I Y `y‡Uvi †h‡Kv‡bv mswgkÖY Drcv`b
Kiv m¤¢e| †hgb, C I D we›`y `y‡Uv X I Y `ª‡e¨i `y‡Uv mswgkÖY| C we›`y‡Z OM cwigvY X `ªe¨ Ges ON
cwigvY Y `ªe¨ Drcv`b Kiv m¤¢e Ges D we›`y‡Z OM; cwigvY x `ªe¨ I ON; cwigvY Y `ªe¨ Drcv`b Kiv hvq|
wKš‘ m¤ú` mxwgZ nIqvi Kvi‡Y Drcv`b m¤¢vebv †iLv AB-Gi evB‡i †hgb E we›`y‡Z `ªe¨ `y‡Uvi †Kvb mswgkÖY
Drcv`b Kiv m¤¢e bq| Avevi mgvR F we›`y‡Z Drcv`b Ki‡j m¤ú‡`i GKvsk Ae¨eüZ Ae¯’vq _vK‡e|
AZGe Dc‡ii wP‡Îi gva¨‡g Avgiv eyS‡Z cvijvg †h, cÖ‡Z¨KwU mgvR‡K w¯’i Ki‡Z nq mxwgZ DcKiY¸‡jv
†Kvb `ªe¨ Drcv`‡b wb‡qvM Ki‡e Ges Kx cwigvY `ªe¨mvgMÖx Drcv`b Ki‡e| GwU cÖ‡Z¨K mgv‡Ri Ab¨Zg †gŠj ev
†K›`ªxq mgm¨v|
(ii) Kxfv‡e Drcv`b Kiv n‡e? (How to produce?) : cÖ‡Z¨K A_©‰bwZK mgv‡Ri wØZxq †gŠj mgm¨v n‡jv
wKfv‡e Drcv`b n‡e| wewfbœ Drcv`b †KŠk‡ji mvnv‡h¨ GKB cwigvY `ªe¨ Drcv`b Kiv hvq| wbw`©ó cwigvY `ªe¨
Drcv`b Kivi Rb¨ †h Abycv‡Z wewfbœ m¤ú` ev Drcv`‡bi mswgkÖY e¨envi Ki‡Z nq Zv‡K ÔDrcv`b †KŠkjÕ
e‡j| †hgb GK gY avb AwaK Rwg Kg g~jab e¨envi K‡i A_ev Kg Rwg I AwaK kÖ‡gi mvnv‡h¨ Drcv`b Kiv
hvq G‡KB Drcv`b †KŠkj e‡j| GLv‡b j¶Yxq †h, Drcv`b Kivi mgq wewfbœ DcKi‡Yi g‡a¨ (Substitution)
m¤¢vebv _vKvq GKB cwigvY `ªe¨ Drcv`‡bi Rb¨ weKí GK †KŠkj e¨envi Kiv m¤¢e| G‡¶‡Î mgvR‡K wVK
Ki‡Z nq, weKí DcKi‡Yi g‡a¨ †KvbUv e¨envi Ki‡e| G welqwU mgDrcv`b †iLvi mvnv‡h¨ we‡kølY Kiv hvq|
GLv‡b mgvR‡K wVK Ki‡Z n‡e wbw`©ó cwigvY `ªe¨ Drcv`b Kivi Rb¨ †Kvb Drcv`b †KŠkj e¨envi Ki‡e Rwg I
kªcgi †Kvb& mswgkÖY `ªe¨wU Drcv`b Kivi Rb¨ e¨eüZ n‡e| GwU †h‡Kv‡bv A_©‰bwZK mgv‡Ri wØZxq †gŠj
mgm¨v|
(iii) Kvi Rb¨ Drcv`b Kiv n‡e? (For whom to produce?) t GLb cÖkœ n‡”Q, Drcvw`Z `ªe¨ †fvM Ki‡e †K?
Kvi Rb¨ Drcv`b Kiv n‡e? GwU A_©‰bwZK mgv‡Ri Z…Zxq †gŠj mgm¨v| G‡Z cÖavb mgm¨v n‡jv †h, Drcvw`Z
`ªe¨ wewfbœ †kÖwYi gvby‡li g‡a¨ ew›UZ n‡e| †Kej `ªe¨ Drcv`b Ki‡jB gvby‡li Afve †g‡U bv| eis Zv A‡bKvsk
wbf©i K‡i Drcvw`Z `ªe¨mvgMÖx myôzfv‡e eÈb n‡jv wK bv Zvi Ici| Drcvw`Z `ªe¨mvgMÖx eȇbi Ici gvby‡li

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 e¨e¯’vcKxq A_©bxwZ

Kj¨vYI wbf©i K‡i| †hgb `ª‡e¨i eÈb hw` mgv‡Ri gywó‡gq wKQz †jv‡Ki mc‡¶ hvq Zvn‡j mvgvwRK Kj¨vY e„w×
cv‡e bv| ZvB mgv‡Ri wewfbœ †kÖwYi gvby‡li g‡a¨ `ª‡e¨i eÈb Ggbfv‡e nIqv DwPZ, hv‡Z mvgvwRK Kj¨vY
m‡e©v”P nq|

mvims‡¶c
 A_©bxwZi †h kvLv BwZevPK e³e¨ ch©v‡jvPbv K‡i, Zv‡K BwZevPK A_©bxwZ Ges †h kvLv bvweK Av`k©g~jK
e³e¨ ch©v‡jvPbv K‡i Zv‡K bxwZevPK A_©bxwZ e‡j|
 A_©‰bwZK e¨e¯’vi cÖwZwU ¶z`ª GKK‡K c„_Kfv‡e we‡ePbv K‡i G‡`i e¨envi I cvi¯úwiK m¤úK© e¨wóK
A_©bxwZ Av‡jvPbv K‡i|
 mgwóMZ A_©bxwZ e¨w³i Av‡qi cwie‡Z© RvZxq Avq, e¨w³i Drcv`‡bi cwie‡Z© RvZxq Drcv`b, wbw`©ó
`ª‡e¨i cwie‡Z© `ªe¨mgwó, `ªe¨g~‡j¨i cwie‡Z© mvaviY g~j¨¯Íi, e¨w³MZ wewb‡qv‡Mi cwie‡Z© RvZxq
wewb‡qvM, e¨w³MZ †fv‡Mi e`‡j RvZxq †fvM cÖf…wZ wb‡q Av‡jvPbv K‡i|

BDwbU GK c„ôv-17
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BDwbU g~j¨vqb-1

mswÿß cÖkœ
1. A_©bxwZ ej‡Z Avcwb Kx ey‡Sb?
2. A_©bxwZ wK m¤ú‡`i weÁvb? Gi c‡¶ hyw³ cÖ`k©b Kiæb|
3. A_©bxwZ gvby‡li ˆ`bw›`b Kvh©vewj wb‡q Av‡jvPbv K‡i|- e¨vL¨v Kiæb|
4. e¨e¯’vcKxq A_©bxwZ Kv‡K e‡j?
5. mvaviY A_©bxwZ I e¨e¯’vcKxq A_©bxwZi cv_©K¨ wjLyb|
6. e¨wóK I mvgwóK A_©bxwZi msÁv w`b|
7. BwZevPK I bxwZevPK A_©bxwZi msÁv w`b|
8. mvgwóK A_©bxwZi ¸iæZ¡ Av‡jvPbv Kiæb|
9. †gŠwjK A_©‰bwZK mgm¨v ej‡Z Kx †evSvq?

iPbvg~jK cÖkœ
1. A_©bxwZi Dci A¨vWvg w¯§‡_i msÁvwU mgv‡jvPbv mnKv‡i e¨vL¨v Kiæb|
2. ÔA_©bxwZ Ggb GK weÁvbÕ hv Amxg Afve Ges weKí e¨envi‡hvM¨ mxwgZ m¤ú‡`i m¤úK©welqK AvPiY m¤^‡Ü
Av‡jvPbv K‡i|Õ-e¨vL¨v Kiæb|
3. e¨e¯’vcKxq A_©bxwZi AvIZv I cwiwa Av‡jvPbv Kiæb|
4. e¨e¯’vcKxq A_©bxwZi ¸iæZ¡ I cÖ‡qvRbxqZv eY©bv Kiæb|
5. e¨wóK I mvgwóK A_©bxwZi cv_©K¨ Av‡jvPbv Kiæb|
6. A_©bxwZi †gŠwjK mgm¨vmg~n we¯ÍvwiZ Av‡jvPbv Kiæb|

BDwbU GK c„ôv-18