any parameter that limits the purpose or channel of

communication between the transmitter and the receiver

is a barrier to communication.
physical barrier
can be expressed in physical / measurable terms
• noise• improper time• physical distance
• information overload• poor lighting
semantic barrier or language barrier
science of sounds/ science of meaning, use of words, pictures, actions etc.
• symbols with different meanings• cultural barrier
• badly expressed message• faulty translation
• unclarified assumption• specialist language
organisational barrier
• organisation policy regarding communication
• organisational rules and regulations• status relationship
• complexity in organisation structure
psychological barrier or emotional or perceptual
• selective listening• premature evaluation• inattention
• poor retention• failure to communicate (every knows
distrust of communicator
personal berrair
i. lack of ability of communication.2. lack of confidence.
3. ignoring communication.4. lack of time.
5. different in talking and speed

steps for making communication effective

• clarity of idea• porpose of communication
• empathy in communication
.two-way communication• appropriate language
supportive words: good listener

group formation stages

forming• members get introduced
• share personal information• start to accept other
• attention towards group task• interaction among group member is cautious
storming• competing for status
• arguing for appopriate stategie;
• may experience varying of tension and anxiety
norming
• group members start settling• members feel part of the team
• group norms emerge• form the basis for cooperative feeling
performing
•• handle complex problems• task are accomplished
• functional roles are performed
adjourning
• group wraps up its work and then dissolves.

the big five model is also sometimes called ocean or canoe

, both acronyms of the five traits.
• o- openness• c- conscientiousness
• e - extroversion• a - agreeableness
• n- neuroticism (emotional stability)

o - openness
refers to person's rigidity and range of interest
• person with high level of openness are
• willing to listen to new ideas and to change their own ideas
, beliefs and attitudes to new information
• have broad interest and are curious, imaginative and creative
• person with low level of openness
• less receptive to new ideas and less willing to change their mind
c - conscientiousness
• able to exercise self-discipline and self-control in order
to pursue and ultimately achieve their goals.
• refers to number of goals on which a person focuses his attention
• person who focuses few goals at a time are
• organised, systematic, careful, thorough and disciplined
• person with less conscientiousness tend to pursue many goals and
• are more disorganised,careless, irresponsible and less self disciplined
e - extroversion
• refers to sociability, reflects comfort level with relationship
• person with low score are quiet, reserved, are more
successful when work in activities like r & d
• whereas person with high score are outgoing, seek adventure,
are more successful working in sales activities, public relations unit.
a - agreeableness
• refers person ability to get along with others
• cooperative, forgiving, understanding,
Good natured in dealings with others
• high score - helpful, trusting, good working relationship
• low score - uncooperative, suspicious, poor working relationship
n - neuroticism (emotional stability)
• intense feeling of love or hatred
• high es - calm, secure, resilient, better in handling job stress, pressure/tension
• low es - insecure, reactive, dependent

a-more compliance to organisational norms, leas conflicts

, lower level of deviant behaviour
• c - better planning and execution, hard working
persistence result achievement
• n - positive thinking, behavioural maturity - rational decision
making, better people interactions
• e - better interpersonal skills - enhanced leadership
• o- enhanced creativity, better learning, flexibility
innovation, more adaptable to change