MUSIC
 art form that combines either vocal or
instrumental sounds, sometimes both,
using form, harmony, and expression of
emotion to convey an idea.
 represents many different forms that
play key factors in cultures around the
world
Significance of music:
 It has the capacity to affect one's mood,
perceptions, and motivation for change.
 Music is an essential aspect of all
human civilizations and has the power
to emotionally, morally, and culturally
affect society.
 Music, as a cultural right, may aid in the
promotion and protection of other
human rights. It can help in the healing
process, dismantling walls and
boundaries, reconciliation, and
education.
 Around the world, music is being used
as a vehicle for social change and
bringing communities together.
 music are fundamentally about using it
to unwind, express ourselves, process
our feelings, and generally enhance our
well-being.
 It has developed into a means of self-
expression and healing, frequently
determining what actions we as
individuals choose to affect society.
History of Music
PREHISTORIC PERIOD
 a term in the history of music for all
music produced in preliterate cultures
(prehistory), beginning somewhere in
very late geological history.
 more common to refer to the
"prehistoric" music which still survives
as folk, indigenous or traditional music.
ANCIENT MUSIC
 developed in literate cultures,
replacing prehistoric music
 refers to the various musical
systems that were developed across
various geographical regions such
as Mesopotamia, India, Persia,
Egypt, China, Greece and Rome.
 designated by the characterization
of the basic notes and scales.
EGYPT
 The ancient Egyptians credited one of
the powerful gods
 Hathor with the invention of music,
which Osiris in turn used as part of his
effort to civilize the world.
 Musical instruments
o harps, end-blown flutes (held
diagonally), and single and
double pipes of the clarinet
type (with single reeds)
o Percussion instruments,and
lutes were added to orchestras
by the Middle Kingdom.
MESOPOTAMIA
 Anne Draffkorn Kilmer - In 1986,
published her decipherment of a
cuneiform tablet from Nippur dated to
about 2000 BCE
 She demonstrated that they represent
fragmentary instructions for performing
music, that the music was composed in
harmonies of thirds, and that it was also
written using a diatonic scale.
THE HARPS OF UR
 Leonard Woolley- in 1929, discovered
pieces of four harps while excavating in
the ruins of the ancient city of Ur
 Ancient Mesopotamia - contemporary
Iraq.
  most famous - bull-headed harp, held
in Baghdad.
 second Iraqi War -led to the
destruction of the bull-head lyre
ANCIENT INDIA
 seven-holed flute and various types of
ANCIENT ROME
stringed instruments - recovered from
the Indus valley civilization
archaeological sites.
 Samaveda- consists of a collection
(samhita) of hymns, portions of hymns,
and detached verses,
 Rigveda- 75 taken, to be sung, using
specifically indicated melodies called
Samagana, by Udgatar priests at
sacrifices in which the juice of the Soma
plant, clarified and mixed with milk and
other ingredients, is offered in libation
to various deities.
ANCIENT CHINA
 Qin
o the most revered of all Chinese
musical instruments
o has a history of about 5,000
years.
o states that the legendary
figures of China's pre-history —
Fuxi, Shennong and Huang Di,
the "Yellow Emperor" — were
involved in its creation.
ANCIENT GREECE
 Ancient Greek musicians developed
their own robust system of musical
notation.
 The epics of Homer were originally sung
with instrumental accompaniment, but
no notated melodies from Homer are
known.
 Three complete hymns by Mesomedes
of Crete (2nd century CE) exist in
manuscript.
 many fragments of Greek music are
extant, including fragments from
tragedy, among them a choral song by
Euripides for his Orestes and an
instrumental intermezzo from
Sophocles' Ajax.
 The music of ancient Rome
borrowed heavily from the music of
the cultures that were conquered
by the empire, including music of
Greece, Egypt, and Persia.
 Music was incorporated into many
areas of Roman life including the
military, entertainment in the
Roman theater, religious
ceremonies and practices, and
"almost all public/civic occasions."
 Boethius
o philosopher-theorist
o one of the best known
musicians of the time,
although he wasn't a
musician at all
o His work The Principles of
Music (better-known under
the title De institutione
musica) divided music into
three types:
 Musica mundana
(music of the
universe)
 musica humana
(music of human
beings)
 musica
instrumentalis
(instrumental
music)
BIBLICAL PERIOD
 Jubal
o was named by the Bible as the
inventor of musical instruments
(Gen. 4:21)
 The Hebrews were much given to the
cultivation of music.
 After the Deluge, the first mention of
music is in the account of Laban's
interview with Jacob (Gen. 31:27).
 After their triumphal passage of the Red
Sea, Moses and the children of Israel
sang their song of deliverance (Ex. 15).
 But the period of Samuel, David, and
Solomon was the golden age of Hebrew
music, as it was of Hebrew poetry.
 Solomon's Temple- was the great
school of music.
 The common area of performance is
found in a "social phenomenon called
litany," a form of prayer consisting of a
series of invocations or supplications."
CHRISTIAN PERIOD
 According to music historian Ida
Whitcomb - the New Testament was
not written until centuries later than
the old and the music had attained
much higher development
 As it related to Christ, it is called
Christian music.
 However, there are but few allusions to
it in three of the Gospels: in the Gospel
of Luke, there are the "Angels' Song,"
Mary's "Magnificat," and Zacharias's
"Song."
 antiphonal chants between cantor or
priest and the congregation was
originated by the Hebrews' worship
methods.
 At its peak around the beginning of the
Christian era, the elaborate music of the
Temple was performed by a large choir
of highly trained men singers, with boys
sometimes added, and during this
period many instruments also were
used by the Temple orchestra.
THE MIDDLE AGE (450-1450)
 Music was mostly devotional, although
there was also a secular current mostly
dealing with tales of love and cavalry.
 The most popular instruments in
medieval music were flutes, lutes, and
dulcimers.
 Middle ages music originally had no
rhythmic structure.
 With this complexity came rhythmic
notation. In the early middle ages,
music was monophonic, meaning a
single voice or melody line.
 Polyphony developed.
INSTRUMENTS
 Lute- Medieval lutes were four- and
five-course instruments, plucked
with a quill as a plectrum.
 Dulcimer-The Dulcimer can be
described as an instrument, having
stretched metallic wires which are
beaten with two light hammers
GREGORAN CHANT
 church music sung as a single vocal line
in free rhythm and a restricted scale
(plainsong), in a style developed for the
medieval Latin liturgy.
Fourteenth-Century Music :
 The "New Art" in Italy and France (Ars
Nova)
 POLOPHONY - to refer to any musical
texture of more than one distinct,
simultaneous melodic lines
  Polyphonic genres, in which multiple herbalist, poet, channeller,
independent melodic lines are visionary and composer.
performed simultaneously, by the later  Elected a magistra by her fellow
13th and early 14th century. nuns in 1136, she founded the
monasteries of Rupertsberg in 1150
-Gregorian chant - the central tradition of
and Eibingen in 1165.
Western plainchant a form of monophonic,
 a composer with an extant
unaccompanied sacred song of the Roman
biography from her own time
Catholic Church.
 One of her works, the Ordo
Virtutum, is an early example of
-Secular music in the Middle Ages
liturgical drama.
 She wrote theological, botanical
-The development of Polyphony: Organum
and medicinal texts, as well as
music with two or more musical parts played
letters, liturgical songs, poems, and
simultaneously
the first surviving morality play,
while supervising brilliant miniature
 COMPOSERS:
Illuminations.
 Guillaume de Machaut
 Moniot d'Arras
 sometimes spelled Machault, , was
 was a French composer and poet of
an important Medieval French poet
the trouvère tradition.
and composer.
 He was a monk of the abbey of
 Messe de Notre Dame
Arras in northern France
 The most famous musical
 His songs were all monophonic
composition of the 14th century is
songs in the traditions of pastoral
Machaut's "Messe de Notre Dame"
romance and courtly love
(Mass of Our Lady), a four-part
 he also wrote religious songs.
setting of the Ordinary of the Mass
 About fifteen of his secular songs,
 Pérotin
and two religious songs, survive
 also called Perotin the Great
 Ce fut en mai.
 was a European composer,who
 Adam de la Halle
lived around the end of the twelfth
 also known as Adam le Bossu
and beginning of the 13th century.
(Adam the Hunchback) (1237?-
 He was the most famous member
1288)
of the Notre Dame school of
 was a French-born trouvère, poet
polyphony.
and musician, who broke with the
 He is known to have composed two
long-established tradition of writing
four-part works, “Viderunt” and
liturgical poetry and music to be an
“Sederunt”
early founder of secular theater in
 Hildegard of Bingen
France.
 also known as Blessed Hildegard
 His compositions include
and Saint Hildegard
monophonic chansons and jeux-
 was a German abbess, author,
partis (a form of dialogue in which
counselor, linguist, naturalist,
one singer answers the question
scientist, philosopher, physician,
 proposed by another), three-part
rondeaux and motets.
RENAISSANCE PERIOD (1400-1600)
 Renaissance-comes from French term
"renaitre" means "rebirth", "revival", or
"rediscovery"
 Age of new discoveries and exploration
from 1400-1600.
 Time of great political and social upheaval
(e.g. Protestant Reformation)
 Artists and composers often drew on
inspiration from Ancient Greece and Rome.
 Development of Johannes Gutenberg's
printing press
Characteristics of Renaissance
 Mostly polyphonic (Golden Age of
Polyphony)
 Imitative
 A capella as the ideal medium in singing
(Golden Age of a capella)
 Music is either religious or secular
 Use of word painting in texts and music
MISA (Mass)
 Characteristics of Mass Music:
 Polyphonic
 Maybe sung acapella or with orchestral
accompaniment
 Text mat be syllabic, neumatic, or
melismatic
 Difference between Syllabic, Melismatic,
and Neumatic Singing
 Syllabic singing means one note per
syllable
 Melismatic singing is radically different
from syllabic singing: you take one
syllable and start moving your voice
around it by singing different notes on
the vowel of the same syllable.
 Neumatic singing refers to a particular
type of melismatic singing, developed in
the Middle ages and based on groups of
notes ranging from 2 to 4, called
neuma.
 5 MAIN SECTIONS OF MASS
1. Kyrie (Lord Have Mercy)
2. Gloria (Glory to God in the Highest)
3. Credo (I Believe in One God)
4. Santus and Benedictus (Holy, holy and
Blessed Is He)
5. Agnus Dei (Lamb of God)
MADRIGAL MUSIC
 Characteristics of Madrigal Music:
 Polyphonic
 Sung acapella or with orchestral
accompaniment
 Vocal composition frequently in 3 to 6
voices
RENAISSANCE INSTRUMENTS
 Sackbut (A Trombone-Like Instrument)
 Lute
 Viola Da Gamba
 Keyboard Instruments (Harpsichord Or
Organ)
FAMOUS RENAISSANCE COMPOSERS
 Josquin des Prez
 Work for Luis XII of France
 His compositions include masses and
secular vocal pieces
 Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina
 An Italian composer who devoted
himself to music for the Catholic church
 His works composed of 104 masses and
450 other sacred songs
 Thomas Morley
 English composer best known for his
Madrigals