Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Essay 2 Draft 2
Essay 2 Draft 2
Jorge Guardiola
Professor Powers
English 1302-219
8 March 2023
Essay 2 Draft 2
Social rights movements have progressed over the last few decades, including the women’s
suffrage movement. Starting with little to no rights women have progressed in social movements
as well as political movements. Starting numerous organizations, fighting thru oppression, and
getting representation in government are some of the achievements the women’s suffrage
movement has gathered over the years. Even though progress has been made, is every country as
progressed as stated, or have some countries kept their traditional ways of looking at women’s
rights? Looking at women’s rights around the world helps analyze the different statuses women
have globally by researching the different norms, rights, and representation women would have
under the government and the influence movements have socially. Furthermore, analyzing the
setbacks of these movements whether it is religious or social is crucial to insight into modern
Rights differ from culture to culture and more with norms considered. Research by Liv
Coleman shows that government officials in Japan had the tendency to promote the idea of “good
housewives”. For example, Shinzo Abe at the time of his first administration reflected on ideas of
how women should stay home and care for their children instead of moving on with jobs, yet he
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later contrasted his ideas with his second administration by trying to promote women’s status
causing confusion among groups of women “women tapped reflected Abe's choice to maintain
continuity with the family values and maternalist priorities of his first administration” (14).
Statements by Shinzo Abe caused arguments between the genders causing women to lean more
into the idea that women should stay with their children until a certain age before going to get a
job causing a disadvantage for the movements being placed in Japan. This also caused an effect
on the promotion of jobs as male corporates gave privileges to other male employees for higher-
ranking positions because of the idea that women can’t handle high-ranking positions “women
continue to report in surveys that they leave the workforce because of "push" factors such as a
stalled” (16).
Moreover, in Mexico and Saudi Arabia, rights are still combated to keep in constant reform
due to social norms being normal in these cultures. Research in Villachuato, Michoacan by Susan
V. Meyers has shown how scarce the education for women is in rural Mexico leading to women
not knowing the basic rights of their own bodies due to the restrictions caused by the “machismo”
in Mexico. Very similar to Japan women in Mexico have been oppressed by the idea of being
housewives and causing women to be tied to their roles even in the absence of men “traditional
social patterns that keep women working at home while men go out to work in the fields” (861).
Analyzing several cases Susan V. Meyers presented how several groups of women have acted in
favor of moving forward with their education and started movements to make safe spaces for
women to go and progress further in their education by increasing awareness in local communities.
On the other hand, Saudi Arabia shows similar signs to Mexico and Japan due to some
rights being restricted on various occasions. At the uprising of the First Gulf War, women had their
rights of handling a vehicle taken away making problems with the servicewomen and locals at the
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time. Research by Kelly J. Shannon shows how absurd the restrictions at the time were with the
interview of several servicewomen and with interactions with hundreds of local women “Many
servicewomen chafed at the restrictions related to dress and transportation imposed on them by
Saudi authorities or by the US military, which aimed to show sensitivity for Saudi culture.” (560).
Foreigners were shocked to see the several restrictions that women had in dress code and when it
came to driving. Norms and mostly religion had taken place in these decisions making reporters
spread awareness of the situation that was taking place as no movements were going on during the
time. Even though these cultures are nowhere near each other they share some similarities when it
comes to restricting rights and the ideas of what women should and not do.
Representation
Representation is very difficult to acquire even with the support of movements and the
community. Research by Amanda Gouws addresses the uprising and downfall of the representation
of women in government. Starting with practices and following their core aspects helped changed
their mind about challenging problems in government “core aspects of a feminist praxis are an
ethic of openness, honesty, and self-awareness” (15). Spreading awareness to get into the
government worked for the feminist groups caused of their practices and core ethics yet the
representation did not last long as the new administration oppressed women in several ways after
the movements ascended into politics and parliament “the link with women’s organisations were
lost, and the focus shifted to institutional politics, law reform and a discourse around gender rather
than feminism” (16). High problems of gender were silenced in South Africa due to the drastic
waves of feminism. In a research made by Mala Htun women in Brazil have high numbers among
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feminist movements and large waves to combat representation among governmental positions to
the point of working closely with officials to make changes to the law “Brazilian feminists have
also worked with state officials to pioneer some of Latin America's most advanced legislation and
innovative mechanisms to advance women's rights” (736). Like the South African movements, the
Brazilian feminist movement went along with government officials to add rights and benefits to
their cause. This progress was later added to the addition of police stations occupied by the women
of Brazil specializing in special cases “Created to facilitate the reporting, investigation, and
prosecution of cases of domestic violence and rape, these stations are largely staffed by women
police” (738). Even after these achievements from the feminist movements, the representation they
get is on the low side and it is clearly visible due to the high participation of women and the low
portrayal when it gets to government “Women are slightly more numerous among senior public
servants in Brazil, but their representation at the top is still massively disproportional to women's
This pattern follows South Korea and Some places in Europe like Denmark where women
have an abundance of participation in one area but progress in gaining representation is almost
impossible due to the restrictions companies or the government make. In an article made by Aie-
Rie Lee, Korea is shown to have advanced women’s legislation yet an absence in decision-making
movements is seen “Korea has been regarded as one of the most advanced Asian nations in terms
bodies” (1206). Korean movements for women’s rights have been successful and are very similar
to Brazil and South African movements where groups of women join up with the government to
democratization not because they operate conventional forms of institutional politics, but because
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they chose to work with the new institutions and parties” (1209). Even though success was made
by the movements of women disproportion is seen just like in Brazil as “women have been elected
to less than 0.9 percent of National Assembly seats from 1948 through 2004” (1209). This also
follows in research made by Torben Iversen where in Denmark in the business industry women
can’t work long hours due to off work duties “working long hours today poses a particular problem
for women, given the time-consuming extra home duties that society assigns by gender” (88). This
affects promotions to higher positions even though it has been shown to improve corporate results
where “European firms with at least three women on their executive committees outperformed
their rivals both in average return on equity and operating profits” (97). Inequalities across multiple
political and corporate industries are seen across multiple countries adding to the problem of why
Religion
Religion is a subject of great conflict between societies and communitarian groups with
every change in religion a change is also made to the reactions of women’s movements towards
religion. In Mexico, the catholic church aligns itself with the government through traditions
affecting the community and, in this case, social movements made by women. Ana Amuchastegui
in her article extends to the conflict of how the church intercepts policies like abortion and sexual
health policies “the Catholic Church, and a number of PAN politicians appealed to the Supreme
Court against it” (993). Aligning politics and the church makes decision seems a lot more
Poland and Egypt are other examples of religion intercepting with movements and rights.
Malgorzata Fuszara insights on the small participation of women as “men are increasingly coming
to share the view that the level of women's participation in the public sphere is too small” (1059)
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and the advancements of the catholic church to implement religious guidance toward the problems
with “educational and informational activities, including religious instruction, preparation for
family life, and guidance in methods of natural family planning” (1072). Meanwhile, in Egypt,
Omnia Salah breaks down the uprising women have against traditions by expressing themselves
through art. Traditions, religion, and family bring down the expression women have toward certain
perspectives; nevertheless, artists escape that cycle with art and how “They also represent an idea
of ‘woman’ and of ‘female’ emotions such as fear, anger, love and jealousy” (68). Mexico, Poland,
and Egypt similarly intercept with religion when movements of women progress in laws and
society.
Conclusion
Overall, movements across the globe tend to change depending on their cultural properties.
In some countries, religion has a bigger opinion than in other countries while the government
emerges with restrictions and low representation for movements. By making alliances with the
government and incorporating jobs in companies’ movements in the cause of women have
progressed in representation and awareness for the public while also avoiding traditions, norms,
and religion the culture can have to focus on facts and the rights of women. Progress is shown
through the usage of skills and awareness that women get socially and politically across the globe
Works cited.
Amuchastegui, Ana, et al. “Politics, Religion and Gender Equality in Contemporary Mexico:
women’s sexuality and reproductive rights in a contested secular state” Third World
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Coleman, Liv. “Will Japan "Lean In" to Gender Equality?” U.S.-Japan Women's Journal, No.
49, University of Hawai'i Press on behalf of International Institute of Gender and Media,
Fuszara, Malgorzata. “Between Feminism and the Catholic Church: The Women's Movement in
Poland” Czech Sociological Review, Vol. 41, No. 6, 2005, pp. 1057-1075. JSTOR,
https://www.jstor.org/stable/41132243
Gouws, Amanda. “Feminism in South Africa today: Have we lost the praxis?” Agenda:
Empowering Women for Gender Equity, No. 83, Feminisms today, 2010, pp. 13-23.
JSTOR, https://www.jstor.org/stable/27917331
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Iversen, Torben, et al. “The Dilemma of Gender Equality: How Labor Market Regulation
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88, No. 5, Special Issue on Women in Global Society, 2007, pp. 1205-1226. JSTOR,
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Mexico” Gender and Education, Vol. 23, No. 7, December 2011, 857–871. EBSCOhost,
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