SUMMARY OF LESS COMMANDS

Commands marked with * may be preceded by a number, N.

Notes in parentheses indicate the behavior if N is given.

A key preceded by a caret indicates the Ctrl key; thus ^K is ctrl-K.

h H Display this help.

q :q Q :Q ZZ Exit.

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MOVING

e ^E j ^N CR * Forward one line (or N lines).

y ^Y k ^K ^P * Backward one line (or N lines).

f ^F ^V SPACE * Forward one window (or N lines).

b ^B ESC-v * Backward one window (or N lines).

z * Forward one window (and set window to N).

w * Backward one window (and set window to N).

ESC-SPACE * Forward one window, but don't stop at end-of-file.

d ^D * Forward one half-window (and set half-window to N).

u ^U * Backward one half-window (and set half-window to N).

ESC-) RightArrow * Right one half screen width (or N positions).

ESC-( LeftArrow * Left one half screen width (or N positions).

ESC-} ^RightArrow Right to last column displayed.

ESC-{ ^LeftArrow Left to first column.

F Forward forever; like "tail -f".

ESC-F Like F but stop when search pattern is found.

r ^R ^L Repaint screen.

R Repaint screen, discarding buffered input.

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Default "window" is the screen height.

Default "half-window" is half of the screen height.

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SEARCHING

/pattern * Search forward for (N-th) matching line.

?pattern * Search backward for (N-th) matching line.

n * Repeat previous search (for N-th occurrence).

N * Repeat previous search in reverse direction.

ESC-n * Repeat previous search, spanning files.

ESC-N * Repeat previous search, reverse dir. & spanning files.

ESC-u Undo (toggle) search highlighting.

ESC-U Clear search highlighting.

&pattern * Display only matching lines.

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A search pattern may begin with one or more of:

^N or ! Search for NON-matching lines.

^E or * Search multiple files (pass thru END OF FILE).

^F or @ Start search at FIRST file (for /) or last file (for ?).

 ^K Highlight matches, but don't move (KEEP position).

^R Don't use REGULAR EXPRESSIONS.

^S n Search for match in n-th parenthesized subpattern.

^W WRAP search if no match found.

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...skipping...

R Repaint screen, discarding buffered input.

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Default "window" is the screen height.

Default "half-window" is half of the screen height.

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SEARCHING

/pattern * Search forward for (N-th) matching line.

?pattern * Search backward for (N-th) matching line.

n * Repeat previous search (for N-th occurrence).

N * Repeat previous search in reverse direction.

ESC-n * Repeat previous search, spanning files.

ESC-N * Repeat previous search, reverse dir. & spanning files.

ESC-u Undo (toggle) search highlighting.

ESC-U Clear search highlighting.

&pattern * Display only matching lines.

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 A search pattern may begin with one or more of:

^N or ! Search for NON-matching lines.

^E or * Search multiple files (pass thru END OF FILE).

^F or @ Start search at FIRST file (for /) or last file (for ?).

^K Highlight matches, but don't move (KEEP position).

^R Don't use REGULAR EXPRESSIONS.

^S n Search for match in n-th parenthesized subpattern.

^W WRAP search if no match found.

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JUMPING

g < ESC-< * Go to first line in file (or line N).

G > ESC-> * Go to last line in file (or line N).

p % * Go to beginning of file (or N percent into file).

t * Go to the (N-th) next tag.

T * Go to the (N-th) previous tag.

{ ( [ * Find close bracket } ) ].

} ) ] * Find open bracket { ( [.

ESC-^F <c1> <c2> * Find close bracket <c2>.

ESC-^B <c1> <c2> * Find open bracket <c1>.

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Each "find close bracket" command goes forward to the close bracket

matching the (N-th) open bracket in the top line.

Each "find open bracket" command goes backward to the open bracket
 matching the (N-th) close bracket in the bottom line.

m<letter> Mark the current top line with <letter>.

M<letter> Mark the current bottom line with <letter>.

'<letter> Go to a previously marked position.

'' Go to the previous position.

^X^X Same as '.

ESC-m<letter> Clear a mark.

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A mark is any upper-case or lower-case letter.

Certain marks are predefined:

^ means beginning of the file

$ means end of the file

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CHANGING FILES

:e [file] Examine a new file.

^X^V Same as :e.

:n * Examine the (N-th) next file from the command line.

:p * Examine the (N-th) previous file from the command line.

:x * Examine the first (or N-th) file from the command line.

:d Delete the current file from the command line list.

= ^G :f Print current file name.

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 MISCELLANEOUS COMMANDS

-<flag> Toggle a command line option [see OPTIONS below].

--<name> Toggle a command line option, by name.

_<flag> Display the setting of a command line option.

__<name> Display the setting of an option, by name.

+cmd Execute the less cmd each time a new file is examined.

!command Execute the shell command with $SHELL.

#command Execute the shell command, expanded like a prompt.

|Xcommand Pipe file between current pos & mark X to shell command.

s file Save input to a file.

v Edit the current file with $VISUAL or $EDITOR.

V Print version number of "less".

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OPTIONS

Most options may be changed either on the command line,

or from within less by using the - or -- command.

Options may be given in one of two forms: either a single

character preceded by a -, or a name preceded by --.

-? ........ --help
 Display help (from command line).

-a ........ --search-skip-screen

Search skips current screen.

-A ........ --SEARCH-SKIP-SCREEN

Search starts just after target line.

-b [N] .... --buffers=[N]

Number of buffers.

-B ........ --auto-buffers

Don't automatically allocate buffers for pipes.

-c ........ --clear-screen

Repaint by clearing rather than scrolling.

-d ........ --dumb

Dumb terminal.

-D xcolor . --color=xcolor

Set screen colors.

-e -E .... --quit-at-eof --QUIT-AT-EOF

Quit at end of file.

-f ........ --force

Force open non-regular files.

-F ........ --quit-if-one-screen

Quit if entire file fits on first screen.

-g ........ --hilite-search

Highlight only last match for searches.

-G ........ --HILITE-SEARCH

Don't highlight any matches for searches.

-h [N] .... --max-back-scroll=[N]

Backward scroll limit.

-i ........ --ignore-case

Ignore case in searches that do not contain uppercase.

-I ........ --IGNORE-CASE

Ignore case in all searches.

-j [N] .... --jump-target=[N]

Screen position of target lines.

-J ........ --status-column

Display a status column at left edge of screen.

-k [file] . --lesskey-file=[file]

Use a lesskey file.

-K ........ --quit-on-intr

Exit less in response to ctrl-C.

-L ........ --no-lessopen

Ignore the LESSOPEN environment variable.

-m -M .... --long-prompt --LONG-PROMPT

Set prompt style.

-n ......... --line-numbers

Suppress line numbers in prompts and messages.

-N ......... --LINE-NUMBERS

Display line number at start of each line.

-o [file] . --log-file=[file]

Copy to log file (standard input only).

-O [file] . --LOG-FILE=[file]
 Copy to log file (unconditionally overwrite).

-p [pattern] --pattern=[pattern]

Start at pattern (from command line).

-P [prompt] --prompt=[prompt]

Define new prompt.

-q -Q .... --quiet --QUIET --silent --SILENT

Quiet the terminal bell.

-r -R .... --raw-control-chars --RAW-CONTROL-CHARS

Output "raw" control characters.

-s ........ --squeeze-blank-lines

Squeeze multiple blank lines.

-S ........ --chop-long-lines

Chop (truncate) long lines rather than wrapping.

-t [tag] .. --tag=[tag]

Find a tag.

-T [tagsfile] --tag-file=[tagsfile]

Use an alternate tags file.

-u -U .... --underline-special --UNDERLINE-SPECIAL

Change handling of backspaces, tabs and carriage returns.

-V ........ --version

Display the version number of "less".

-w ........ --hilite-unread

Highlight first new line after forward-screen.

-W ........ --HILITE-UNREAD

Highlight first new line after any forward movement.

-x [N[,...]] --tabs=[N[,...]]

Set tab stops.

-X ........ --no-init

Don't use termcap init/deinit strings.

-y [N] .... --max-forw-scroll=[N]

Forward scroll limit.

-z [N] .... --window=[N]

Set size of window.

-" [c[c]] . --quotes=[c[c]]

Set shell quote characters.

-~ ........ --tilde

Don't display tildes after end of file.

-# [N] .... --shift=[N]

Set horizontal scroll amount (0 = one half screen width).

--exit-follow-on-close

Exit F command on a pipe when writer closes pipe.

--file-size

Automatically determine the size of the input file.

--follow-name

The F command changes files if the input file is renamed.

--header=[N[,M]]

Use N lines and M columns to display file headers.

--incsearch

Search file as each pattern character is typed in.

--intr=C
 Use C instead of ^X to interrupt a read.

--line-num-width=N

Set the width of the -N line number field to N characters.

--modelines=N

Read N lines from the input file and look for vim modelines.

--mouse

Enable mouse input.

--no-keypad

Don't send termcap keypad init/deinit strings.

--no-histdups

Remove duplicates from command history.

--no-number-headers

Don't give line numbers to header lines.

--no-search-headers

Don't search in header lines or columns.

--no-vbell

Disable the terminal's visual bell.

--redraw-on-quit

Redraw final screen when quitting.

--rscroll=C

Set the character used to mark truncated lines.

--save-marks

Retain marks across invocations of less.

--search-options=[EFKNRW-]

Set default options for every search.

--show-preproc-errors

Display a message if preprocessor exits with an error status.

--proc-backspace

Process backspaces for bold/underline.

--SPECIAL-BACKSPACE

Treat backspaces as control characters.

--proc-return

Delete carriage returns before newline.

--SPECIAL-RETURN

Treat carriage returns as control characters.

--proc-tab

Expand tabs to spaces.

--SPECIAL-TAB

Treat tabs as control characters.

--status-col-width=N

Set the width of the -J status column to N characters.

--status-line

Highlight or color the entire line containing a mark.

--use-backslash

Subsequent options use backslash as escape char.

--use-color

Enables colored text.

--wheel-lines=N

Each click of the mouse wheel moves N lines.

--wordwrap
 Wrap lines at spaces.

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LINE EDITING

These keys can be used to edit text being entered

on the "command line" at the bottom of the screen.

RightArrow ..................... ESC-l ... Move cursor right one character.

LeftArrow ...................... ESC-h ... Move cursor left one character.

ctrl-RightArrow ESC-RightArrow ESC-w ... Move cursor right one word.

ctrl-LeftArrow ESC-LeftArrow ESC-b ... Move cursor left one word.

HOME ........................... ESC-0 ... Move cursor to start of line.

END ............................ ESC-$ ... Move cursor to end of line.

BACKSPACE ................................ Delete char to left of cursor.

DELETE ......................... ESC-x ... Delete char under cursor.

ctrl-BACKSPACE ESC-BACKSPACE ........... Delete word to left of cursor.

ctrl-DELETE .... ESC-DELETE .... ESC-X ... Delete word under cursor.

ctrl-U ......... ESC (MS-DOS only) ....... Delete entire line.

UpArrow ........................ ESC-k ... Retrieve previous command line.

DownArrow ...................... ESC-j ... Retrieve next command line.

TAB ...................................... Complete filename & cycle.

SHIFT-TAB ...................... ESC-TAB Complete filename & reverse cycle.

ctrl-L ................................... Complete filename, list all.