PMWNF Vufpgj PMWNF Vufpgj

pmwnf;vufpJG pmwnf;vufpJG jyef M um;a&;0ef B uD ; Xme
jyef M um;a&;ES i h f j ynf o l U quf q H a &;OD ; pD ; Xme
pmwnf;vufpGJ
pmwnf;vufpJG pmwnf;vufpJG
yxrtBud r f
2011 ck E S p f ? Zl v d k i f v pmwnf;vufpJG
tkyfa& - 1000
pmwnf;vufpJG pmwnf;vufpJG
rmwdum
pOf taMumif;t&m pmrsufESm
1/ trSmpm 3
2/ jrefrmpmay\ rSwfausmufoHk;ck 5
(u) *kPf 10 yg; 5
(c ) tvuFm ig;rsKd; 6
( * ) &o udk;yg; 8
3/ pma&;olrsm; xm;tyfonfh ]] pH }} rsm; 10
4/ pmaytjypf &Spfyg; 11
5/ pmwnf;vkyfief; 12
(u) pmwnf; 16
( c ) pmayvufaxmuf(1) (vufaxmufpmwnf;) 17
( * ) pmayvufaxmuf(2) (pmjyK) 17
(C) yHkESdyfuRrf;usif(3) (pmjyif) 18
6/ pmrltrsdK;rsdK; 19
7/ pmrlppfaq;jcif;ESihf wnf;jzwfjcif; 21
8/ azmifuikd w
f m0efc\
H vkyif ef;rsm; 24
9/ pmtkyfwpftkyf\ wdkufydkif[ef(House Style) 28
10/ pmtkyfwpftkyfzGJUpnf;jcif; 30
(u) a&SUydkif; 30
( c ) pmudk,f 32
(*) aemufyikd ;f 32
pmwnf;vufpJG pmwnf;vufpJG 3
rmwdum
pOf taMumif;t&m pmrsufESm
11/ rmwduma&;qGrJ yI pkH H 34

12/ usr;f ud;k pm&if; 36
13/ tu©&m0vdpOfenf; 40 trSmpm
14/ tu©&mpOftñTef; 51 pmwnf;qdo k nfh a0g[m&onf t*Fvyd b f momjzifh Editor
14/ *Pef;rsm;oH;k pGyJ kH 52
[kac:onf/ xdaYk Mumifh pmwnf;udyk if t*Fvyd pf m Editor udk toH
15/ pmvHk;aygif;owfyHkESifh 0guszGJUpnf;yHk 54
vS,fí t,f'Dwm[lívnf; arG;pm;toHk;jyK ac:qdkMuygonf/
16/ jrefrmpmta&;tom; 55
odyyHÜ nm&yfqikd &f m a0g[m&wpfcu k kd wdwud sus t"dymÜ ,fziG q
hf ckd suf
17/ yk'fjzwfyk'f&yftoHk;rsm; 72
xkwfEdkifaomfvnf; tEkynmydkif;ESifhqdkifaom pmwnf;[lonfh
18/ pmjyifvkyfief;ESifh pmjyifoauFwrsm; 81
a0g[m&udk wdwdusus t"dyÜm,fzGifhqdkxm;jcif; rawGUEkdifao;yg/
19/ pmjyifjcif;tqifhqifhaqmif&Gufcsufrsm; 89
pmaywdu k rf sm;wGif pmwnf;wm0efukd xkwaf 0olu vkyo f nfuakd wGU
20/ pmayESpfrsdK; 91
EkdifouJhodkY pmwnf;u xkwfa0a&;vkyfief; vkyfaeonfudkvnf;
21/ uAsma&;enf; 93
awGUEkid yf gonf/
22/ aqmif;yg;a&;enf; 106
t,f'w D m (0g) pmwnf;[k qd&k mwGiv f nf; t,f'wD mtrsK;d rsK;d
23/ 0w¦Kwdkwpfyk'fzefwD;jcif; 114
&So
d nf/ owif;pmt,f'w D m? r*¾Zif;t,f'w D m? *sme,ft,f'w D m
24/ bmomjyefpmay 127
ponfw&Ykd o dS uJo h ?Ykd vkyif ef;obm0t& uGjJ ym;jcm;em;aom t,f'w D m
25/ tajccHyHkESdyfvkyfief;rsm; 134
rsm;vnf; awGUEdik yf gonf/ þpmtkyo f nf ]]pmwnf;vufp}JG } [k qdo k nfh
26/ tajccHpmtkyfcsKyfvkyfief;rsm; 143
twGuf pmwnf; (0g) t,f'DwmwdkY\ t"duwm0efrSm ukefMurf;
27/ pmwnf;wpfOD; avhvmxm;oifhaom pmtkyfrsm; 152
jzpfaom pmrluk d ukeaf csmjzpfaom pmtky?f pmapmifrsm; jzpfay:vmonf
28/ usr;f ud;k pm&if; 155
txd tqifq h ifwh m0ef,l OD;pD;aqmif&u G Mf uolrsm;\ vkyif ef;rsm;
twGuf jzpfonf/
4 pmwnf;vufpJG pmwnf;vufpJG 5
xdt Yk jyif þpmtkyo f nf jyefMum;a&;ESihf jynfoq Yl ufqaH &;

OD;pD;Xme\ pmwnf;tzGUJ 0ifrsm;u pmwnf;vkyif ef;rsm; aqmif&u G f jrefrmpmay\ rSwfausmufoHk;ck
&eftwGuf taxmuftuljyK&ef jzpfygonf/ odaYk omf pmwnf;vkyif ef; jrefrmpmbmom&yfonf vG,o f nf[k xif&aomfvnf; pifppf
udk vufawGUvkyu f ikd &f if; tawGUtBuKH rsm;ESihf avhvmrSwo f m;csuf rSm vG,rf a,mifEiS hf cuf? wdrrf a,mifEiS fh eufaom bmom&yfwpfck
rsm;rS vdt k yfaomtcsut f vufrsm; awGUygu jznfph u G pf pk nf;Mu& jzpfonf/ jrefrmpm\ twdrt f eufukd ajcajcjrpfjrpf od&edS m;vnf
OD;rnf jzpfygonf/ þvufppJG mtkyw f iG f OD;pD;Xme\ vkyif ef;obm0 &ef jrefrmpmayqdkif&mpmtkyfpmwrf;rsm;udk avhvmzwf½IMu&ef
t& pmtkyf? pmapmif xkwfa0aom pmwnf;vkyfief;rsm;twGuf vdtk yfygonf/
a&Smif&ef? aqmif&efrsm;udk azmfjyxm;jcif;jzpfonf/ yk*v ¾ u d *sme,f^ jrefrmpmayudk tuJjzwfMu&mwGif *kP?f tvuFm? &o[laom
r*¾Zif;rsm;\ pmwnf;vkyif ef;wdik ;f twGuf jynf0h pGm taxmuftul rSwfausmufoHk;ckonf roHk;rjzpf toHk;jyK&onfh rSwfausmufrsm;
jyKEikd rf nf r[kwyf g/ pmtkyx f w k af 0a&;vkyif ef;rsm;\ wduk yf ikd [
f efrsm;rSm jzpfonf/ jrefrmpmayjyKpka&;om;? xkwfa0a&;vkyfief;rsm;wGif
wpfO;D ESiw hf pfO;D rwlnMD uonft h wGuf pmtky?f pmapmif xkwaf 0aom aqmif&u G af eMuolrsm;onf *kP?f tvuFm? &o\ oabmobm0
yHpk rH sm;? zGUJ pnf;rIrsm; uGJjym;jcm;em;Murnf jzpfygonf/ udk ajcajcjrpfjrpf odMu&rnf jzpfygonf/
jyefMum;a&;ESihf jynfoq Yl ufqaH &;OD;pD;Xme&Sd pmwnf;tzGJ0Y if *kPf 10 yg;
rsm;tm;vH;k onf OD;pD;Xmeudk wm0efcí H pmtkypf mapmifrsm; xkwaf 0 jrefrmpmaywGif tjypfa'gouif;aom ta&;tzGUJ onf *kPf
onfh pmwnf;vkyif ef;udk aqmif&u G &f mwGif þvufpGJpmapmifudk ajrmufonf jzpfygonf/ *kPu f kd o'´gvuFm&[kvnf; ac:ygonf/
tajccHí aqmif&GufoGm;&efjzpfaMumif; azmfjytyfygonf/ o'´gvuFm&udk pum;wefqm[k jrefrmvdk t"dymÜ ,f&ygonf/ pmay
jyef M um;a&;ES i h f j ynf o l U quf q H a &;OD ; pD ; Xme a&;zGJU&mwGif pum;udk ESpfoufzG,fjzpfatmif wefqmqifjcif;yif
jzpfonf/ *kPf 10 yg;rSm atmufygtwdkif;jzpfygonf -
(u) yom'*k P f = pum;&Sif; teufvG,f*kPf/
(c MoZ*kPf = pum;csKHU*kPf? pum;csJU*kPf/
( * ) r"k & wm*k P f = eabxyf*P k ?f tu©&mxyf*P k /f
(C) orwm*k P f = jrefrmESihf rqDavsmí f y,fonf/
(4yg'vH;k Xmewljcif;? tcst
D cswjl cif;)
( i ) ok c k r mvwm = tw¬ock rk mvwm*kPu f k d pum;,Of*P k f 4if ; wd k Y u d k tvuF m usrf ; rsm;wG i f awG U Ek d i f y gonf / jrnf o H p G J
*k P f [k trnfay;onf/ tvuFmrSmrl 0uF0kwådtvuFm 35 rsKd;wGif ryg0ifyg/ ygVdbmom
( p ) od a vo*k P f = jrefrmESihf rqDavsmí f y,fonf/ ]tEku&xm} o'´g[lí ac:ygonf/ jrnfoHrsm; xnfhoGif;zGJUqdk
(Murf;wrf;aom? ½dkif;pdkif;aompum; xm;aomtzGJUrsm; jzpfygonf/ toHk;rsm;aom tvuFmwpfrsKd;
rsm;udk rMurf;wrf; r½dik ;f pdik ;f apjcif;iSm jzpfygonf/
y&d,m,fwpfyg;jzifh BuHqdkjcif;) OyrmtvuF m
(q) O'g&wm*k P f= *kPx f ;l jy*kP/f OyrmtvuFm\ oabmrSm qdkvdkcsufxif&Sm;vmatmif
( Z ) uEÅ d * k P f = ESpo
f ufz, G *f P
k /f oabmcsif;wlaom taMumif;t&mwpfckESifh cdkif;EIdif;jyjcif;
(ps) twåAswåd*kPf = teufjynf*h P k /f jzpfonf/ tEIdif;cHESifh tEIdif; wlaomoabmESifh cdkif;EdIif;jcif;
(n) orm"d * k P f = wifpm;*kP/f jzpfonf/ uJhodkY? odkY? ozG,f? ES,f? vdk? yrm? [ef? oP²mef
tvuF m ig;rsKd ; ponfwo Ykd nf OyrmtvuFm jzpfaMumif;jyonfh tEIid ;f jy pum;rsm;
tvuFm[laom toHk;tEIef;\t"dyÜm,fonf us,f0ef;yg jzpfonf/ (Oyrm - uRJcwfonfh[ef)
onf/ tvuFm&[lonf ygVdpum;jzpfonf/ jrefrmrIjyKxm;aom ½l y utvuF m
tvuFm[lonfh pum;onf tqifwefqm[k t"dymÜ ,f&ygonf/ ½lyutvuFmonf OyrmtvuFmESihf oabmcsi;f qifqif
tvuFmusr;f rsm;wGif 0uF0w k t
då vuFm 35 rsK;d &Syd gonf/ odaYk omf wlygonf/ OyrmtvuFmuJhodkY cdkif;EIdif;jyjcif; r[kwfbJ *kP&f nf
trsm;odonfrSm tvuFmig;rsKd; jzpfygonf/ 4if;wdkYrSm Oyrm? wlcsi;f tEIid ;f xyfwl jyKxm;jcif;om uGmjcm;ygonf/ ½lyutvuFm
½l y u? 0uF 0 k w å d ? twd o ,0k w å d ? jrnf o H p G J wdkY jzpfMuonf/ onf tEIdif;cH? tEdIif;wlaom*kPfESifh xyfwljyKjcif;jzpfygonf/
oG,f0dkufzGJUqdkaom 0uF0kwådtvuFm 35 rsKd;wGif tvGeftusL; (Oyrm - avmbrD;)
zGUJ qdak om twdo,0kwt då vuFm? cdik ;f EdiI ;f zGUJ qdak om Oyrm tvuFm? twd o ,0k w å d t vuF m
xyfwljyKzGJUqdkaom ½lyutvuFmwdkY yg0ifonf/ twdo,0kwåd? twdo,0kwådtvuFm qdkonfrSm tvGeftusL;a&;zGJU
Oyrm? ½lyuwdkYonf 0uF0kwådtvuFmrsKd;cGJrsm; jzpfMuonf/ wefqmqifxm;aom tvuFmjzpfonf/ twdo,0kwådtvuFm
xdkYaMumifh 0uF0kwåd 35 rsKd;rS twdo,0kwåd? Oyrm? ½lyu ponfh onfvnf; OyrmtvuFm\ oabmESifh qifqifwlonf[k qdEk ikd f
0uF0kwådtvuFmoHk;rsKd;udk z,fvdkufygu 32 rsKd; usefaeygonf/ ygonf/ tEIid ;f cH? tEIid ;f ESihf tvGetf usL; zGJUqdyk t kH csurf sm;ygonf/
tEIid ;f cHEiS hf tEIid ;f udk cGjJ cm;ír&yg/ (Oyrm - ud;k ydómpD;"m;rBu;D ) (u) od * F g &&o = cspfjcif;
jrnf o H p G J t vuF m (c) [ó&o = &,f&Tifjcif;
jrnfoHpGJtvuFmqdkonfrSm jrnfonfhtoHudk xnfhoGif; (*) u½k P m&o = oem;jcif;
a&;zGJUxm;jcif;yifjzpfonf/ jrnfoHpGJtvuFmwGif jrnfonfh (C) ½k ' ´ & o = Murf;MuKwfjcif;
taMumif;ESihf jrnfow H v Ykd nf; ygwwfygonf/ wpfcgwpf&H ]jrnfo}H (i) 0d b pä & o = pufqkyf&GHUrkef;jcif;
udkom azmfjyNyD; jrnfonfhtaMumif; azmfjyrxm;onfh jrnfoHpGJ (p) b,meu&o
b,meu&o= aMumuf&GHUjcif;
tvuFmrsm;vnf; &Sdygonf/ (Oyrm - a'gif;utdk;a0) (q) tAÇ K w&o = tHhMojcif;
0uF 0 k w å d t vuF m (Z) 0D & &o = &J&ifhwuf<ujcif;
0uF0kwådtvuFmonf wdkuf½dkufra&;zGJUbJ oG,f0dkufa&;zGJU (ps) oEÅ & o = Nidrf;at;jcif;
wef q mqif x m;aom tvuF m jzpf o nf / rsm;aomtm;jzif h
0uF0kwådtvuFmrsm;onf emrftjzpfvnf;aumif;? Bud,mtjzpf rS w f c suf / / jrefrmpmygarmu©q&mBu;D OD;{armifa&;pyfred q
Yf akd om
vnf;aumif; awGUEkdifygonf/ (Oyrm - ajrBuD;ua&ToD;) &oud;k yg;uAsmav;rSm ]]cspf&Tifoem;? wnf M um;
&oud k ; yg; Murf;MuKwf? pufqkyfaMumuf&GHU? &J0HhtHhMo? aem
&oonf ygVdjzpfygonf/ jrefrmt"dyÜm,frSm t&omjzpfyg t&om}} jzpfygonf/ (wnfMum; = wnfMunf? aem =
onf/ &oonf pdwfxJrSm cHpm;&aom ESpfoufrIt&omrsm;yif udk;*Pef;)
jzpfonf/ wpfenf;tm;jzifh &oudk ]t&om? ESpfoufrI? ESpfouf Ä Ä Ä Ä Ä
cHpm;rI? cHpm;rIpnf;pdrf} ponfjzifh ynm&Sit f oD;oD;u zGiq hf Mkd u
onf/ pdw\ f cHpm;ae&aom pdwt f ajctaeudk ]bm0}[k ac:onf/
bm0jzpf&onfh taMumif;&if;rsm;udk ]0dbm0}[k ac:onf/ pdwcf pH m;
rIxif&mS ;atmif o½kyaf zmfxm;onfh trlt&mrsm;udk ]tEkbm0} [k
ac:onf/ 4if;wdkYonf tqifhqifh jzpfay:vmaom o&bm0ydik ;f
toHk;tEIef;rsm; jzpfygonf/ &oud k ; yg;1rSm atmufygtwdkif;
jzpfygonf -
1/ armifcifrif("EkjzL)? *kP?f tvuFm? &o oifMum;a&;
m;a&;? 2000 jynfEh pS ?f pm 111
pma&;olrsm; xm;tyfonfh ]pH}rsm;
pmaytjypf&Spfyg;
pma&;olrsm; xm;tyfonfh ]pH} ig;&yf &Syd gonf/ ,if;wdrYk mS -
pmaya&;om;&mwGif tjypf&Spfyg;1 &Sdygonf/ ,if;wdkYrSm -
(1) wwfodtyfonfwdkYudk aocsmydkifEdkifpGm wwfod&rnf/
(1) twdkuftcHqefYusifbuf&Sdaom teuf? toHk;tEIef;
(rwwf? rod? ruRr;f usibf J pmaumif;ayaumif; ra&;Ekid )f
(0d½k'¨w¬EÅ&a'go)
(2) yg0ifrnfhtaMumif;t&mwGif azmfjyrnfh tqdktrdefYrsm;
(2) rxdu k af om*kPyf 'k Bf u;D rsm;ESihf wifpm;,SO[ f yfo;kH EIe;f rI
qDavsmfqufpyfrI &Sd&rnf/ (tpswåa'go)
(3) pdwful;[ef tqifhtwef; jrifhrm;&rnf/ pmayqdkif&m (3) trsm;oH;k pGeJ m;vnfrEI iS hf qefu Y siaf om ac:a0:oH;k pGrJ I
jyóemrsm;udk BudKwifarQmfawG;Edkif&rnf/ (0da&m"da'go)
(4) ,Ofaus;rItqift h wef; jrifrh m;atmif ñTejf yay;yd&Yk rnf/ (4) vd&k if;teufukd od&efcufcaJ om a0g[m&rsm; xnfo h iG ;f
,Ofaus;rI½dkif;ys&mbufodkY vrf;ñTef&mra&mufap&/ oHk;pGJrI (udvd|a'go)
(5) todtjrifus,fapaombufodkY OD;wnf&rnf/ (5) tjcm;yk'fwpfckckjzifh qGJ,ljznfhpGufrS vdk&if;t"dyÜm,f
Ä Ä Ä Ä Ä ay:xGufaprI (ae,sa'go)
(6) iJhp&m0daooeyk'frsm;vdkaerI? rjynfhpHkrI (0daooe
yu©a'go)
(7) BuD;jrwfaom*kPfudk BuD;jrwfjcif;ESifh oifhavsmfaom
wifpm;rIr[kwfbJ ESdrfhcs*kPfjyKrI ([Dew¬ua'go)
(8) teufx;l xl;axGaxGrygbJ Bu;D jrwfjcif;ESihf oifah vsmf
aom wifpm;rIr[kwb f J ESrd chf s*Pk jf yKrI (tewåua'go)
1/ (u) okawoeo½kyfjy tbd"mefusrf;? t&SiMf obmombd0o

H rax&f?
&efukef? pm-35/
( c ) rSwftyf? rSwf&m? rSwfpkya'om? okcrSwfpk? 1997 ckESpf? q|r
tBudrf? pm-163
( c ) vmbfjrifwwfol jzpf&rnf/ acwfEiS t Yf Nrw

J ef; &if
aygifwef;vdu k af eNy;D ? tcsed t
f cgtm;avsmpf Gm ta&mif;pGH
rnhpf mtkyrf sK;d xkwaf 0Edik &f ef BuKd ;pm;&onf/ tjcm;pmtkyf
wdu
k rf sm;rS xkwaf eMuonfh ay:yifpmtkyrf sK;d udk vdu k rf xkwf
bJ rdrd\pdwful;ÓPfpGrf;jzifY pmzwfy&dowf zwfwef
pmwnf;vkyfief; aumif;onf[k ,HMk unfonfh pmtkyrf sK;d udk xkwaf 0&ef
pmwnf;rsm;\ t"duwm0efrSm pmrlrsm;wnf;jzwfjcif; BuKd ;pm;&onf/ Oyrm - wd&pämefarG;jrLa&;pmtkyfrsm;
(Editing) yifjzpfonf[k tMurf;zsO;f qdE k ikd o
f nf/ a0g[m&oabm acwfpm;aecsdefü tvm;wl arG;jrLa&;pmtkyrf sm; vdu k f
t& pmrlwnf;jzwfjcif;udkyif wnf;jzwfonf? okwfoifonf? rxkwfbJ pmzwfy&dowfMum;ü a&yef;pm;vmatmif
jyifqifonf? rGr;f rHonf ponfjzihf ac:wwfMuao;onf/ pmwnf;\ xGi, f o
l nfth aejzifY vltrsm; owdrrlrMd uonfh taMumif;
t"duwm0efrmS ukeMf urf;jzpfaom pmrlukd ukeaf csmjzpfaom pmtky?f &yf pmtkyrf sK;d udk xkwaf 0&J&rnf/ Oyrm - vrf;avQmuf
pmapmifrsm;jzpfvmonftxd OD;pD;aqmif&GufMuolrsm; jzpfonf/ enf;? tpm;taomuf csufjyKwfenf;pmtkyfrsm; tjcm;
pmwnf;wpfO;D onf atmufygt&nftcsi;f rsm;jzifh jynfph &kH ef vdt k yf wduk rf sm; xkwaf eonfh pmtkyrf sm;udk twkc;kd Ny;D tvm;wl
ygonf- pmtkyfrsm;udkom vdkufxkwfaeygu 'kwd,zdk;pdefom
(u) pmayESHYpyfol jzpf&r nf / pmzwfjrefov l nf; jzpf& jzpfrnfudk pmwnf;onf aumif;pGmoabmaygufxm;
onf/ xGuo f rQ owif;pm? r*¾Zif;? *sme,fro S nf pmtkyf &onf/ xkwaf 0&ef a&G;cs,x f m;onfh pmtkyu f kd ½du
k Ef ydS f
a0zefa&;qdik &f m pmapmifrsm;txd rjywfzwf½I&onf/
&müvnf; ,if;pmtkyf twdkt&SnfudkMunfhí wpfBudrf
txl;tm;jzifY owif;pmESifh r*¾Zif;rsm;ü yg&Sw d wfonfh
wnf; vHk;csif;tjzpf ½dkufrnfavm? yxrwJG? 'kwd,wGJ
pmtkyaf 0zefcsurf sm;udk txl;tav;xm;í zwf&onf/
ponfjzifh twJGrsm;cJGí ½dkufrnfavm pOf;pm;&onf/
,if;uJo h Ykd pmudk ESEHY pHYS yfpyfzwfjcif;jzifY rnfuoYJ aYkd om pmtkyf
ta&mif;&oGuv f aS omaMumifY jyef½u kd &f rnfh (Reprint)
rsK;d ta&mif;pHaG eaMumif; od&v dS mrnf/ xdaYk emuf rnfuo YJ Ykd
tvm;tvmrsm; &Sd^r&Sd udkvnf; txl;tav;xm;
aom pmtkyfrsKd;udk xkwfa0oifhonfqdkaom tcsufudk
pOf;pm;&onf/ pOf;pm;&onf/
( * ) pG H r nf h p mrl r sm;ud k o m yH k E S d y f x k w f a 0&ef a&G ; cs,f rsKd; (Oyrm - pmaya[majymyGJ? pmwrf;zwfyrGJ sm;) ü
&rnf / rdrt d BuKd uEf iS hf rawGUonfh pmrlqv kd Qif owd&å &dS dS pmwnf;rsm;onf tNrw J rf; 0ifxuG o
f mG ;vm wufa&muf
y,f&&J onf/ jyifyrSwifvmonfph mrlrsm;udk a&G;cs,&f mü avhvmMu&onf/ odkYaomf pmrlESifYwuG xkwaf 0rnfh
tusK;d taMumif;udk oufqikd &f mpma&;q&mudk wwfEdkif bmomtaMumif;&yfukd a&G;&müjzpfap? rdrda&G;xm;onfh
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pma&;q&monf rdrd\pmrludk tjcm;pmtkyfwdkufrsm;ü a&G;&müjzpfap tjcm;pmayynm&Sifrsm;\ em;csrIudk
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tm; jywfjywfom;om; ajymjy&J&onf/ uRrf;usif&m bmom&yftaMumif;&yfrsm;udk a&;om;
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av;pm;wwf&onf/ txl;tm;jzifh pma&;q&mrsm; emrnf&pma&;q&mrsm; jzpfvmatmif ajrawmif
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r[kwaf y/ pmwnf;vkyif ef;rsm;udk OD;aqmiforl mS pmwnf;rSL; (Chief pmayxkwfa0a&;vkyfief;wpfckwGif pmayvufaxmuf(1)
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ponfjzifY pmwnf;0efxrf;tqifq h ifh &So
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pmwnf ; jcif;vkyfief;rsm;udk tajccHem;vnfxm;&rnf/ uAsm? aqmif;yg;?
pmwnf;qdo k nfrmS pmrlrsm;wnf;jzwfjcif;? okwo f ifjyifqif 0w¬Kwu Ykd kd a&;om;jyKpEk ikd &f rnf/ pmwnf;tzGUJ twGuf vdt k yfaom
jcif;? rGr;f rHjcif;ponfvyk if ef;rsm; aqmif&u G of jl zpfonf/ pmwnf; pmtkyfpmapmifrsm; pkaqmif;Edkifoljzpf&rnf/
qdo k nfukd wdwu d sust"dymÜ ,fziG q Yf í dk rjynfph EkH idk yf g/ vkyif ef;tajc pmayvuf a xmuf ( 2)
tae vkyif ef;obm0t& pmwnf; (odrYk [kw)f t,f'w D mtrsK;d rsK;d pmayvufaxmuf(1)ESiYf wGzJ ufí pmtky?f pmapmif? *sme,f?
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&rnf/ pmrlrsm;tm; Xme\ wdu k yf idk [
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pmapmif? ydkYpuwf? ykdpwmponfhvkyfief;rsm;udk uRrf;usif&rnf/ pmaya&;om;jcif;? uGefysLwmpmpDjcif;? y½kzwfjcif;? pmaypdppfESifh
bmomjyefvyk if ef;rsm;udv k nf; aqmif&u G Ef ikd &f rnf/ uAsm? aqmif;yg;? qufo, G o f nfh vkyif ef;rsm;udk em;vnfuRr;f usi&f rnf/ aeYpOf? tywf
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pkaqmif; xdef;odrf;jyKpkxm;&rnf/
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XmerSxkwfa0aom pmtkyfpmapmifrsm;twGuf pmzwfjcif;?
pmjyifjcif;vkyif ef;udk uRr;f usi&f rnf/ pmjyifvyk if ef;rsm;uRr;f usií f
pmjyifoauFwrsm;? Xme\ wdu k yf ikd [ f ef (ac:) pufwif[efukd em; pmrltrsKd;rsKd;
vnfuRrf;usif&rnf/ pmazmifzJGUpnf;rIudk em;vnf&rnf/ a&;xHk; pmrlqo kd nfrmS pmayxkwaf 0a&;vkyif ef;wGif ukeMf urf;wpfck
owfyu kH kd wm0ef,El ikd &f rnf/ pmrluo kd efpY ifjcif; (cJsUjcif;? a&;xH;k rsm; jzpfygonf/ xdkukefMurf;udk ÓPukefMurf;[kvnf; qdkEdkifygonf/
jyifjcif;? tcef;acgif;pnf;rsm;? 0Juyf,muyfacgif;jyifqifjcif;rsm; ukeMf urf;jzpfaom pmrlro S nf vlrsm;udk okw&oay;aom pmtky?f
jyKvyk Ef ikd &f rnf/ jrefrmpmo'´genf; rSeu f efpmG pmjyifEikd &f rnf) ?pmrl pmapmiftjzpfoYkd pmayxkwaf 0a&;vkyif ef;rS aqmif&u G af y;ygonf/
udk pmpDNyD; yxry½kESifY (Murf;-acsm) wdu k ½f u
kd pf pfaq;í pmusr&Sd xdaYk Mumifh pmrlrsm;wGif tMurf;tm;jzifh av;rsK;d &Syd gonf/ ,if;wdrYk mS -
atmif aqmif&u G Ef ikd &f rnf/ (1) jyifyrS vmwifaompmrl?
Ä Ä Ä Ä Ä (2) a&;cdkif;aompmrl?
( 3) jyKpkaompmrl?
(4) pmayNydKifyGJpmrl/
jyif y rS v mwif a ompmrl
pmayxkwfa0a&;vkyfief;u pmtkyfaumif;rsm;? rifusrife
aumif;í oyf&yfvSyaom pmtkyrf sm;udk pmzwfy&dowfrsm;xHoYkd
pmtkyrf sm;rsm; jzefcY sad y;Edik yf gu 4if;pmayxkwaf 0a&;vkyif ef;odYk pma&;
olrsm;u olw\ Ykd qE´tavsmuf pmrlrsm;a&;om;í vma&mufwif
Muonf/ xdkpmrlrsm;udk jyifyrS vmaompmrl[k ac:onf/
a&;cdkif;aompmrl
pmayxkwaf 0a&;vkyif ef;u rdrpd maywdu k u
f xkwaf 0vdo k nfh
taMumif;t&mwpfckckudk a&G;cs,fNyD;? pdwfBudKufpmaya&;om;ol?

pmjyKpkol? pma&;q&mwpfOD;OD;udk wm0efay;a&;cdkif;onfh pmrlrsKd;
jzpfonf/
jyKpk a ompmrl
pmayxkwaf 0a&;vkyif ef;rsm;wGi&f adS om pmwnf;tzGUJ 0ifrsm;u
rdrdpmayvkyfief;rsm;twGuf pmrlrsm; jyKpkxkwfay;Mu&onf/ pmrlppfaq;jcif;ESihf wnf;jzwfjcif;
(Oyrm- Ekid if aH wmftqifNh yKd iyf rJG sm;? tcrf;tem;rsm;ESiyhf wfoufaom tjypftemtqmuif;Ny;D aumif;rGeaf ompmrljzpf&ef pmrlrsm;
pmrlrsm;? acgif;Bu;D rsm;? aqmif;yg;rsm;ponfh pmrlukd jyKpak ponf/) udk ppfaq;jcif;ESiw hf nf;jzwfjcif;wdu Yk kd rvGrJ aoG aqmif&u G &f ygonf/
pmayNyd K if y G J p mrl pmrl r sm;ppf a q;jcif ;
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wduk rf sm;u pmayNyKd iyf rJG sm; usi;f yMuonf/ 4if;rS qk&pmrlEiS hf yHEk ydS &f ef &onf/ jyifyrS wifvmonfh pmrlujkd zpfap? pma&;q&mwpfO;D OD;udk
a&G;cs,fxm;aompmrlrsm;udk pmayNydKifyGJpmrlrsm;[k ac:onf/ a&;ckid ;f aom pmrlujkd zpfap &onfEiS w fh NyKd ief uf yxrOD;pGm tav;
rS w f c suf / / xkwfa0cJhNyD;aom pmtkyf? pmapmifrsm;u pmrlwdkYudk xm;pOf;pm;&rnft h csurf mS ,if;pmrlonf pma&;q&mud, k wf ik d f a&;om;
'kw,d tBurd x f wk af 0&ef odrYk [kwf oufqikd &f mpmwnf; jyKpkxm;onfh rl&if;pmrl[kwf^r[kwfqdkonfh tcsufyifjzpfonf/
tzGUJ u xdpk mrlrsm;udk pmrlwnf;jzwfjcif;? toH;k tEIe;f tjcm;pma&;q&mrsm; xkwfa0NyD;onfh pmtkyfrsm;xJrS ul;,lxm;
rsm;? a&;xHk;rsm;udk acwftajctaeESifh udkufnD&ef onfph mrlrsKd; (Plagiarism) udk rxkwaf 0rdzY k d txl;owdjyK&rnf/ ,if;pmrl
wnf;jzwfjyifqifaeonfh pmtky?f pmapmifrsm;onf onf EdkifiHawmftpdk;&u csrSwfxm;onfh Oya'rsm;t&vnf;
vnf; yHkESdyf&ef ukefMurf;pmrljzpfonf/ aumif;? rl0g't&vnf;aumif; qefu Y sijf cif; &S^d r&Sd ppfaq;&rnf/
txl;ojzifh 0w¬K? jyZmwf? uAsmuJo h Uk d aom &opmaypmrlrsm;udk ppfaq;
Ä Ä Ä Ä Ä &mü toa&zsujf cif; (Libel) [laomOya'ESiNhf ipd eG ;f jcif; (Libelous)
&S^d r&Spd pfaq;&onf/ &opmayrsKd ;ü pma&;q&mrsm;onf wpfzuf
om;udrk vdv k Qif rvdo k vdk apmif;ajrmif;a&;om;wwfMuaomaMumifh
oufqikd &f myk*Kd¾ vuf rauseyfí w&m;pJq G jkd cif;cH&ygu ud, k 'hf u k u
© ,kd f
0,fovdjk zpfwwf&m xdo k Ykd rjzpf&avatmif txl;owdxm;&onf/
pmrlyg tcsuftvufrsm; rSef ^rrSefudkvnf; tav;xm; xkwfy,f&ef oifh^roifh ppfaq;&onf/ tcsuftvufwifjyyHk

ppfaq;&onf/ ,if;uJo h Ykd ppfaq;&mü rdrÓ d PfrrDvQif oufqikd &f m r&Sif;vif;onfh pmydk'frsm;udkvnf; ppfaq;í rnfodkYrnfyHk jyKjyif
jyifytwwfynm&Sifrsm; (Oyrm - wuúodkvfygarmu©rsm;)ESifh ay;vQif rl&if;pma&;q&m\vuf&monf ydí k ajymifajrmufvmEdik f
aqG;aEG;wdik yf ifMu&onf/ ud;k um;csurf sm;ygvmvQif ,if;ud;k um; onfqakd om tcsuu f vkd nf; ppfaq;ay;&onf/ NcKH í azmfjy&vQif
csurf sm; rSe^f rrSef Zmpfjrpfupkd pfaq;Mu&onft h jyif ud;k um;csurf sm; pmrlppfaq;jcif;qdo
k nfrmS pmrlwpfcu k kd pmtkyt
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udk azmfjy&müpma&;q&monf tud;k tum;jyKonfrh &l if;pmtkyrf S ,if;pmtkyfonf ta&mif; pHG^rpHG pmwnf;u rdrd\½IaxmifhrS
tb,frQavmuftxdxkwf,lNyD; wpfqifhazmfjyxm;onfqdkaom yPmr ppfaq;jcif;yifjzpfonf/
tcsufudkyg odatmifBudK;pm;&onf/ tcsKd Upmrlrsm;ü tjcm;pmtkyf pmrl r sm;wnf ; jzwf j cif ;
rsm;rS ud;k um;csurf sm; rsm;vGe;f vSaomaMumifh tjcm;pmtkyrf sm;rS pmrlwnf;jzwf&onfh pmwnf;Xme0efxrf;udk t*Fvdyf
cd;k csonfo h abm oufa&muf&onfukd pmwnf;rsm;onf csed q f wwf a0g[m&tm;jzifh (Copy Editor)[k ac:onf/ Copy qdo k nfh t"dymÜ ,f
&onf/ ckESpfouú&mZfrsm; ygvmvQifvnf; wdusrSefuefrI &Sd^r&Sd rSm pmrlyifjzpfonf/ pmwnf;Xme0efxrf;rsm;taejzifh trsm;qHk;
ppfaq;&onf/ usr;f ud;k pm&if; ygvmvQiv f nf; rSe^f rrSef ppfaq; vky&f aom wm0efyikd ;f rSm pmrlwnf;jzwfjcif;yif jzpfonf/ xdaYk Mumifh
&onf/ tcsKd Upma&;q&mrsm;onf rdrw d jYkd yKpo k nfph mrlukd txifBu;D pmwnf;Xme&Sd pmwnf;0efxrf;trsm;pkonf aumfyDpmwnf;
ap&eftwGuf rdrdwdkY wu,ftudk;tum;jyKonfh pmtkyfrsm;udk (odkYr[kwf) pmrlwnf;jzwfonfh pmwnf;rsm;om jzpfonf/ yHkESdyf
omru rdrw d uYkd ,
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rsm;udkyg vDq,fxnfhoGif; azmfjywwfMuojzifh pmrlwpfck\ pmrlrSonf ukefacsmjzpfaom pmtkyfrsm;jzpfvmonftxd wm0ef
twdrt f eufoabmudk wD;acgufrEd ikd &f ef pmwnf;onf usr;f ud;k pm&if; ,l&onf/ wpfenf;tm;jzifq h &kd aomf aumfyt D ,f'w D monf pmwnf;
udv k nf; ppfaq;ay;&onf/ tu©&m0vd (index) yg&Sw d wfonfh XmeESifh xkwv f yk af &;Xme (Production Department) (odkYr[kwf)
okwpmay pmrlrsm;üvnf; tu©&m0vdxm;odyk kH [kw^f r[kwf ppfaq; yHEk ydS Xf me (Printing Press) wdt Yk Mum; qufo, G af &;tydik ;f udk wm0ef
ay;&onf/ "mwfy?kH ajryHEk iS hf tjcm;yef;csv D uf&mrsm; ygvmjyefvQif ,l&onf/ pmwnf;onf pmrlrsm;udk yPmrppfaq;MunfhNyD; pmrl
,if;wdu Yk vk d nf; rSe^f rrSef odUk r[kwf vd^k rvdk ppfaq;ay;&onf/ pmrlukd wnf;jzwfay;&ef aumfyt D ,f'w D m (odrYk [kw)f vufaxmufpmwnf;
ppfaq;&mü pmwnf;onf pmrl\ aysmu h u G [ f muGurf sm; yg&Sod nfh udk wm0efay;&onf/ odaYk omf wpfcgwpf&v H tkd yfonft h cg pmwnf;
tyd k i f ; rsm;ud k OD ; pG m rS w f o m;xm;&onf / vd k o nf x uf y d k í udk,fwdkifyif pmrlwnf;jzwfjcif;udkyg vkyfay;&onf/
a&;xm;onfhtydkif;rsm;udkvnf; owdcsyfNyD; ,if;tydkif;rsm;udk Ä Ä Ä Ä Ä
( c ) azmifudkifwm0efcHpmwnf;onf pmzwfy&dowftzdkY
em;vnf&efrvG,fonfh a&;om;yHkr&Sif;aom 0gusESifh
pmyd'k rf sm;udk jyifay;&onf/ wu,fvt kd yfonfah e&mü
jznfhpGufa&;ay;wef a&;ay;&onf/
( * ) azmifudkifwm0efcHpmwnf;onf pmrlü azmfjyonfh
azmifudkifwm0efcH\ vkyfief;rsm; acgif;pOf (Chapter) rsm;cJyG u kH kd ppfaq;ay;&onf/ tcsKd U
pmrlrsm;ü rvdkbJacgif;pOfrsm; xnfhxm;wwfonf/
azmifuikd w f m0efcpH mwnf;qdo k nfrmS pmwnf;tzGUJ 0ifwpfO;D OD;
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D uf&mrsm;udv k nf; rSef ^rrSef ppfaq;
tm; pmtkypf mapmif\ tajctaeay:rlwnfí wm0ef&o dS rl sm;u
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onf pmtkypf mapmifukd yHEk ydS w f u
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aqmif&u G af y;&rnf jzpfonf/ pmrlrsm;ppfjcif;? 'DZikd ;f rsm; pDpOfjcif;? wwfEdkifoavmufjyKjyifay;&onf/
pmpD&ef aqmif&u G jf cif;? pmppfjcif;? pmjyifjcif;? pmrsuEf mS zGUJ jcif; ponf (C) jyifay;p&mvdak om ta&;Bu;D onfh tcsut f vufrsm;
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pmwnf;uaomfvnf;aumif; csay;vdkufonfh pmrl ( i ) wpfcgw&H vdt k yfvmí rl&if;pmrluk d jzwfawmufay;&rnf
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pOfuyif rSwfom;ay;vdkufonf/
( p ) pmvHk;aygif;? a0g[m&toHk;tEIef;? pmrsufESmtxm;

todu k kd wku
d yf idk [
f ef (House Style) ESihf n§ad y;&onf/ pmrlrS pmtkyfpmapmiftxd aqmif&GufrItqifhqihf
(q) azmifudkifwm0efcHpmwnf;wpfOD;taejzifh tNrJwef;
1/ pmrl (pmrla&;om;jcif;? pmrlppfaq;jcif;)
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twGuf tzH;k 'DZikd ;f (Cover Design) udkvnf; pDpOfay;
&onf/ 9/ yvdyfjym; yHkazmfjcif;
(n) azmifudkifwm0efcHpmwnf;onf xGufvmrnfhpmtkyf 10/ yHkESdyfjcif;
twGuf acgif;pOfEiS hf rmwdumudk rnfonfph mvH;k t&G,f 11/ pmtkyfcsKyfjcif;
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odUk r[kwf aumfvH (Column) cGí J pDrnf ponft h csuf
Ä Ä Ä Ä Ä
rsm;udk pmpDorl sm;odatmif nTe;f jyowfrw S af y;&onf/
wajy;nDpmG vdu k ef maqmif&u

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tusOf;oabm n§dEIdif;aqmif&Gufxm;rIrsm;aom pufwif[ef
odrYk [kwf pmayvkyif ef;wpfc\ k wduk yf ikd [
f efrsm; &SMd urnf jzpfonf/
4if;wdkY ñSdEIdif;&rnfhtcsufrsm;rSm atmufygtwdkif;jzpfonf -
(1) pmtkyfyHkpH?
pmtkyfwpftkyf\ wdkufydkif[ef (2) *Pef;rsm;?
(3) pmrludk yHkESdyf&eftyfvQif vdkufem&ef pnf;urf;?
pmtky?f pmapmif yHEk ydS x f w k af 0&mwGif tcuftcJenf;Ekid o f rQ
(4) pmjyifvkyfief;?
enf;í vG,fulpGm aqmif&GufEdkif&ef vdo k nf/ yHEk ydS w
f ukd o
f Ykd rtyfrD
(5) y½kzwfjcif;?
pma&;olu yHEk ydS vf yk if ef;ESihf ywfoufonfh rnfonft h csut f vuf
(6) pmjyiftrSwv f u©Pmrsm;/
rsm;udk jynfhpHkatmif aqmif&Gufay;&rnf/ pmrludk rnfonfhyHkpHjzifh
a&;om;ay;&rnfukd odoihaf yonf/ od&Yk mwGif rsm;aomtm;jzifh pma&; Ä Ä Ä Ä Ä
olrsm;onf pmudpk ND y;D rS jznfjh cif;? zsujf cif;wdu Yk kd tvsipf vdk jyKvyk w f wf
Muavonf/ pmrlay:wGif rlvtpuyif jynfph pkH mG jyifay;vdu k of nf
xuf pmpDNy;D rS jyifonfu tcsed u f ek vf yl ef; jzpfaponf/ rsufESmzGJU
NyD;rS jyifjcif;u ydkítvkyfrsm;aponf/ tcsdefvnf; tvGef
uk e f a ponf / pma&;olESifhwuG yHkESdyfolyg pdwfaomu tvGef
jzpfMu&onf/ xdaYk Mumifh pmrlukd yHEk ydS w f ukd of Ykd pmpD&ef ay;tyfjcif;rjyKrD
pma&;ol odrYk [kwf wnf;jzwforl sm;onf pmrlrsm;udk pdww f ikd ;f us
txyfxyfppfaq;Ny;D aemuf pdwaf useyfrS yHEk ydS &f ef tyfoifah yonf/
pmayxkwfa0a&;wdkufrsm;wGif wdkufydkif[ef (pufwif[ef)
wpfenf;tm;jzifh House Style [lí &Sdonf/ wpfenf;tm;jzifh rdrd
pmaywdu k t
f vdu k f oD;jcm;usio hf ;kH Muonfrh yl if jzpfonf/1 xdaYk Mumifh
1/ pmtkyfpmay (wwd,wGJ) pmayAdrmef? pm 695
( * ) twGi;f rsuEf mS zH;k (Title Page)

(C) rlydkif? yHkESdyfckESpf? yHkESdyfjcif;ponf (Copy Right and
Printer's Imprint)
( i ) &nfp;l vTm (Dedication)
pmtkyfwpftkyf zGJUpnf;jcif; 1 ( p ) Avm (Blank)
(q) pum;csD;? rdwfquf odkYr[kwf Oa,smZOf (Preface,
pmtkyw f pftyk w f iG f atmufygtwdik ;f tydik ;f oH;k ydik ;f jzifh zGUJ pnf;
Introduction or Foreward)
xm;Muonf -
( Z ) txufutquf odrYk [kwf Avm (preface Continued
(u) a&SUydik ;f (Front Matter or Prelims) or Blank)
( c ) pmud, k f (Text) ( p s ) pma&;ol\pum;csD; odkYr[kwf Avm (Preface or
( * ) aemufyikd ;f (Rear Matter, Back Matter, Reference Mat- Foreward or Special Introduction)
ter, Appendix, Addenda, etc.) (n) txufutquf odrYk [kwf Avm (Preface Continued
a&S U yd k i f ; or Blank)
twGi;f rsuEf mS zH;k 0uf? twGi;f rsuEf mS zH;k ? rmwdumpm&if;wdrYk mS ( # ) aus;Zl;wifvmT (Acknowledgements)
yg&Sdavhjzpfonf/ tus,fjyKvkyfvdkygu pmrsufESm 20 cefYtxd ( X ) txufutquf odrY k [kwf Avm (Acknowledgements
atmufygtwdkif; pDpOfEdkifavonf - Continued or Blank)
(u) twGif;rsufESmzHk;0uf (Bastard Title, Fly Title, Half ( ! ) rmwdumpm&if; (Table of Contents)
Title) ( ¡ ) txufutquf odrYk [kwf Avm (Contents Contin-
( c ) wdkufxkwf^pma&;ol\ tjcm;pmtkyfrsm; odkYr[kwf ued or Blank)
Avm (Book Card, Imprimatur, Monogram, or Blank) (P) ½kyyf pkH m&if; (List of Illustrations)
rsuEf mS pm½kyyf kH (Fronties Piece) (twGi;f rsuEf mS zH;k ESihf (w) txufutquf odrYk [kwf Avm (Illustration Con-
qdkif&ef? wpfcgw&H pmudk,ftp rsufESmESifhqdkif&ef/) tinued or Blank)
1/ jrefrmhq&kd , f pfvrf;pOfygwD? ygwD½Hk;tzGJYvkyfief;wm0ef 1966 ckESpf?

S v
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pmayAdrmefyHkESdyfwdkuf? 1970 jynfhESpf? pm 114-120 rsm; (List of Figures, Maps, Charts or Tables)
( ' ) txufutquf odkYr[kwf Avm (List of Figures (3) tjcm;enf;rSm ½kyyf ?kH yHpk pH onfwu
Ykd kd rnfonft h cef;
Continued or Blank) ESirhf nfonfyh kH ponfjzifh trSwpf Oftwdik ;f azmfjy
( " ) twGi;f rsuEf mS zH;k 0uf (Half Title-same as Bastard Title) onfhenf;jzpf\/ yHkpHtm;jzifh 1(1)? 5(2)? 11(3)
( e ) Avm (Blank) odkYr[kwf 1-1? 5-2? 11-3 odkYr[kwf 1;1? 5;2?
pmud k , f 11;3 ponfjzifh azmfjyEdkifonf/ a&SU*Pef;rSm
pmud, k w
f iG f tcef;trSw?f tcef;trnf (acgif;Bu;D ? acgif;pOf tcef;rSwjf zpfí aemuf*Pef;rSm yHt k rSwjf zpfonf/
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Ä Ä Ä Ä Ä
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pmtkyf\aemufydkif;wGif atmufygtcsufrsm; yg0ifatmif
aqmif&Guf&rnf -
(u) rSwfpkrsm; (Notes)
( c ) aemufqufwGJrsm;
( * ) usr;f ud;k pmtkypf m&if; (Bibliography)
(C) pmvH;k t"dymÜ ,f (Glossary)
( i ) tu©&m0vdtñTe;f (Index)
rS w f c suf / (1) a&SUydkif;udk pmudk,fyHkESdyfNyD;rS yHkESdyf&vQif a&SUydkif;
pmrsuEf mS wyf&mü (u) (c) (*) ponfjzifh tu©&m
pOftwdkif; uGif;ydwfjzifh azmfjyavh&Sdonf/
(2) ½kyyf rkH sm;udk yHk 1? yHk 2? yHk 3 ponfjzifh azmfjy&onf/
yHpk rH sm;udk yHpk H 1? yHpk H 2? yHpk H 3 ponfjzifh azmfjy&onf/
ajryHkrsm;udk ajryHk 1? ajryHk 2? ajryHk 3 ponfjzifh
azmfjy&onf/ pm&if;tif;rsm;udk pm&if; 1? pm&if;2?
pm&if; 3 ponfjzifh azmfjy&onf/
yH k p H (2)
tcef ; taMumif ; t&m pmrsuf E S m
1/ pmykavG&ifrSmydkufygvdkY 1
2/ ayqdkonfrSm tb,fenf; 5-16
(u) aypma&;om;jcif;tp? ay\
rmwduma&;qGJrIyHkpH tac:ta0:rsm;? ayyifayguf&ma'o/ 5
( c ) ayoufESifh ay&GuftoHk;? aypm\
rmwduma&;qGeJ nf;udk atmufygtwdik ;f erlemrsm;jzifh azmfjy
t"dyÜm,f 6
tyfygonf -
yH k p H (1) ( * ) ay&Gufudk pma&;&ef jyKjyifyHk
tcef ; taMumif ; t&m pmrsuf E S m usrf;-yv’ifayguf-yv’ifwdkif/ 7-10
1/ pmykavG&ifrSmydkufvdkY 1 (C) aypma&;enf;? a&eHudkifjcif; 11-12
2/ ayqdkonfrSm tb,fenf; 5 ( i ) BuHqpf- rsOf;eD-a&Tydef; - - - paom
3/ ay\ZmwfaMumif; 17 ayyiftrsKd;tpm;rsm;? usrf;ESifh
4/ yifv,fudk ul;vmcJhaomay 22 pmykavG? aypmxkyf? ayxkyfBudK;/ 13-14
5/ ok0PÖbkr®drS aypmrsm; 34 ( p ) aypnf;BudK;tvuFm? aypmzwfenf;?
6/ yk*Hacwfpmay 41 ay\pmrsuEf mS rsm;/ 15
7/ yif;,acwfayzl;vTm 55 3/ ay\taMumif; 15-17
8/ tif;0odkY 66 (u) jrefrmrIjrpfzsm;cH&m ayESifh Ak'¨bmom 17
9/ ayav;yif&Sifav;yg; 76 ( c ) Ak'a¨ cwfpmay? 0de,usr;f vmtjzpftysuf
10/ awmifilanmif&rf;? ayvTmvTrf;í 98 wpfck? o*Fg,emjyKyGJESifh aypma&;jcif;?
11/ ayzl;vTmESifh ukef;abmifacwf 130 ayonf ta&;ygaomae&mrS
12/ ay\ed*Hk; 166 yg0ifvmjcif;/ 18-21
13/ aus;Zl;udkqdkyg\ 180 4/ yifv,fudk ul;vmcJhaomay 22-33
14/ usrf;udk;pm&if; 185 Ä Ä Ä Ä Ä
(1) pmtkyftrnf? pma&;oltrnf (tjynfhtpHk)

(2) wnf;jzwfjcif; (yxrtBurd ?f 'kw, d tBurd f tp&So
d nf)h
(3) pmtkyfxkwfa0aomae&m
(4) pmtkyfxkwfa0onfhpmaywdkuf
(5) pmtkyxf w k af 0onfch Ek pS f (ckEpS u
f kd azmfjy&mwGif wnf;jzwf
usrf;udk;pm&if; onfh ckESpftvdkuf azmfjy&ef)
rSwfcsuf/ / vdktyfygu udk;um;aompmtkyfrS tcef;? pmrsufESm
usrf;jyKol? pmtkyfpmwrf;a&;olwdkYonf a&;om;jyKpkaom
rsm;udk azmfjy&rnf/
pmtkyrf sm;wGif tud;k tum; taxmuftxm;jyKaom aqmif;yg;?
pmtkypf mapmifrsm;udk pmzwfo?l avhvmolrsm; tus,af vhvmEdik &f ef usrf ; ud k ; pm&if ; ay;yH k ? erl e m
twGuf usr;f ud;k pm&if;udk pepfwus xnfo
h iG ;f Muygonf/ usr;f ud;k t*Fvdyfjrefrmppfordkif;?
1/ ewfarmuf-bke;f ausm/f /t*F
jyKpk&mwGif toHk;rsm;aom enf;pepfudk azmfjyxm;ygonf/ yk*Hpmtkyfwdkuf? &efukef (1966)
2/ ---------------------- 1911 ckEpS ?f rlyikd cf iG t
hf ufOya'? ('kw,
d ESyd jf cif;)
aqmif ; yg;rsm;
tpdk;&pmyHkESdyfwdkuf? &efukef (1952)
aqmif;yg;rsm;udk usr;f ud;k &mwGif atmufygtcsut
f vufrsm;
3/ ---------------------- 1914 ckESpf? tdE´d,rlydkifcGifhtufOya'
jzifh azmfjy&rnf -
('kwd,ESdyfjcif;)
(1) aqmif;yg;trnf? pma&;oltrnf
(2) xnfhoGif;azmfjycJhaom pmapmiftrnf tpdk;&pmyHkESdyfwdkuf? &efukef (1951)/
(3) pmapmif\ twGJ? trSwf 4/ Desai, W.S. - History of the British Residency in Burma 1826-1840
A.B.M. Press, Rangoon. (1939)

(4) pmapmifxkwfa0aom ckESpf? v
(5) aqmif;yg;yg0ifonfh pmapmif\ pmrsufESm 5/ Hall, D.G.E. - Michale Symes,
(pmrsufESmtpESifh tqHk;) George Allen & Unwin Ltd.,
London. (2955)
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pmtkyrf sm;udk usr;f ud;k &mwGif atmufygtcsut
f vufrsm;jzifh
jzpfygonf/ pmtkyt f rnfEiS hf pDpOfenf;ukd þvufpJG
azmfjy&rnf -
pmtkyf\ usrf;ukd;pm&if;ukd MunfhEkdifygonf/
atmuf a jcrS w f p k E S i h f usrf ; ud k ; pm&if ; ay;enf ; (Foot Notes) (4) atmufajcrSwpf \ k rifa&mifEiS fh pmud, k rf w
S pf rk ifa&mifwYkd
ay;tyfvmaom pmrlonf 0w¬KypkH jH zpfygu usr;f ud;k rSwpf ak y; cGJjcm;azmfjy&onf/
&ef rvdyk g/ usr;f (Thesis) ESifh pmwrf; (Term Paper) trsKd ;tpm;jzpf (5) pmud, k wf iG rf cDS ukd ;kd um;xm;aom tcsurf sm;ESifh ud;k um;
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ay;enf;oHk;rsKd;&Sdonf -- pmrsuEf mS wpfrsuEf mS xJwiG f &Syd gap? tjcm;pmrsuEf mS wGif
(1) pmrsufESmatmufajcrSwfpk (Foot Notes) r&Sad p&yg/
(2) tcef;vdkuf&Sif;aomrSwfpk (Chapter's Notes) (6) rScD akd omtcsurf sm;\ pmyd'k jf zwfoihaf omae&m pmaMumif;
(3) usrf;\ aemufqHk;wGif tcef;vdkuf rSwfpkpOftvdkuf ay:wGif tnTe;f eHygwfpOfrsm;udk rifeDjzihfa&;om;azmfjy
pkaygif;azmfjyaomrSwfpk (End Notes) yg/ xdt k ñTe;f eHygwfpOfrsm;twdik ;f atmufajcrSwpf w k iG f
[lí usrf;udk; okH;rsdK; a&;avh&Sdonf/ azmfjyNyD;vQif rSDcdkudk;um;aom usrf;udk ñTef;yg/
txl;ojzihf usrf;udk;jyKolrsm;onf atmufajcrSwfpkudk oH;k (7) pmudk,fESihfcGJjcm;xm;onfh rsOf;atmufwGif udk;um;rSDcdk
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atmufwGif azmfjyay;vdkufygrnf - ygonf/
(1) atmufajcrSwfpkonf pmayESHYpyfol[k txifa&muf (8) yg&So d nfh pmrsuEf mS pOfwu Ykd kd azmfjyyg/ atmufajcrSwpf ük
udk;um;aom usrf;trnfudk atmufrS rsOf;om;ay;yg?
atmif <um;0g&efr[kwf/rvdktyfbJ rxnfh&/
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(2) vlodenf;aomudk;um;csufrsm;? rdrdudk;um;csufrsm;
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2/ r[mpnfo?l - wGif;oif;&mZ0if ...?? pm 200 200?
ydik ;f wGif rsO;f aMumif;wpfco k m;í pmudk,fESihfcGJjcm;um
3/ W.G, Camp - Form and Thesis Writing --- P. 59
rsOf;aMumif;ESihf atmufajcwGif a&;om;azmfjyay;yg/
Ä Ä Ä Ä Ä
Asnf ; pOf e rl e m (1) tu© & mpOf y g

&xm;? uav;i,f? tar? ca&? q&mr? *Pef;? Zvyf0g?
xrif;pm;? e*g;armif? i½kwof ;D ? '&,f? oajy? ntcg? y0g? rrav;?
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tajzyk H p H
tu©&m0vdpOfenf; 1/ uav;i,f 2/ ca& 3/ *Pef; 4/ i½kwfoD; 5/ q&mr
6/ Zvyf 0 g 7/ ntcg 8/ xrif;pm; 9/ '&,f 10/ e*g;armif
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av;qif&h ydS gonf/ xkt
d qifh av;qifrh mS - 11/ y0g 12/ AvBuD; 13/ rrav; 14/ ,rif;½kyf 15/ &xm;
(1) Asnf;pOf 16/ vrif; 17/ oajy 18/ tar
(2) o&pOf Asnf ; pOf e rl e m (2) tu© & mpOf y g
(3) towfpOf icsdyfaygif;? ca&ukH;? upm;azmf? q&m? i½kwfoD;? uckef?
(4) Asnf;wGJpOfwkdY jzpfMuygonf/ c,? q&mawmf? uav;i,f? wrmawm? carmuf? wrmyif?
Asnf ; pOf q&mBuD;? upm;uGif;? q&mr? wa'gufa'guf? (16) vkH;
Asn;f pOfqo
dk nfrmS Asn;f 33vk;H ukd tpDtpOftwkid ;f a&;xm; tajzyk H p H
onfhtpOfukd ac:ygonf/ wpfenf;tm;jzifh uBuD;? cauG;[k 1/ uckef 2/ upm;uGi;f 3/ upm;azmf 4/ uav;i,f 5/ carmuf
ac:aom Asnf;tpOfukd u rS t txd tpOftwkdif; pOf&ygrnf/ 6/ c, 7/ ca&ukH ; 8/ icsd yf a ygif ; 9/ i½k w f o D ; 10/ q&m
u? c? *? C? i 11/ q&mBuD; 12/ q&mawmf 13/ q&mr 14/ wa'gufa'guf
p? q? Z? ps? n 15/ wrmawm 16/ wrmyif
#? X? !? ¡? P rS w f c suf / (1) Asnf;csif;wl&mukd tkyfpkcGJMunfhyg/
w? x? '? "? e (2) Asn;f wl&mtkypf w k iG f a&SUqk;H Asn;f csi;f wlaeojzifh
y? z? A? b? r 'kw,
d Asn;f ukd qufMunfyh g/ 'kw, d Asn;f wlaevQif
,? &? v? 0? o? wwd,Asnf;ukd pOfMunfhyg/
[? V? t/
o&pOf ( o&um&ef ) 13/ a&mf&Guf0g 14/ &Hwkdif 15/ ½kdao 16/ ½kd;om;
o&pOfwiG f rlwnfo& (&Sp)f vk;H &Syd gonf/ ,if;wkrYd mS -]t? td? rS w f c suf / (1) Asn;f trsK;d tpm; pkaH eojzifh yxrtqift
h aejzifh
tk? at? tJ? atm? tH? tk}d wkYd jzpfygonf/ xko d & (um&ef) &Spv f ;Hk ukd Asnf;wl&mukd tkyfpkcGJonf/
twkdrSwf&efrSm ]]u? wd? jyK? ae? qJ? a'g? oH? ykd}}[laom toHjy (2) Asnf;csif;wlrS o&pOfukd Munfhonf/
aqmify'k u f dk &GwMf unfrh nf/ xkaYd emuf ]t}tu©&mrsm;ukd um&efxnfh (3) Asnf;rwlbJ o&pOfukd rMunfh&yg/
Munfyh grnf/ towf p Of
]t? td? tk? at? tJ? atm? tH? tkd}[lonf o&&SpfvkH;&rnf/ towfrsm;ukd pOf&mwGif Asn;f pOftwkid ;f jzpfygonf/ towfpOf
xkdYaemuf ,if;&SpfvkH;ukd toHyGm;rsm; xyfjznfhvQif o&pOf (o& ukd (ygVdowftygt0if) ay;xm;cJv h Qif ]u}rS]t}txd Asn;f tpOfonf
um&ef) 22 vkH;ukd &vmygonf/ ,if;wkdYrSm ]t? tm (tmh)? tm;? towfpOfjzpfygonf/
td(£)? tD(þ)? tD;? tk(O)? tl(OD)? tl;(OD;)? at({)? ath? at;? -uf? -cf? -*f? -if
tJ? tJ?h atm (Mo)? atmh? atmf (aMomf)? tH? tH?h tk?d tk?Yd tk;d }ponfwYdk -pf? -Zf? -Of? -nf
jzpfMuygonf/ -#f? -Xf? -Pf?
xkd 22 vk;H ukd tpOfusatmif axmifvu dk af &;Ny;D ay;xm;aom -wf? -'f? -ef?
tu©&mwlrsm;ukd xnfo h iG ;f Ekid yf gonf/ -yf? -zf? -bf? -rf^-kH
(£? þ? O? OD? OD;? {? Mo? aMomf) o&rsm;onf (td? tD? tk? -,f? -&f? -vf? -of
tl? tl;? at? atm? atmf) o&rsm;ESifhwlnDonf/ a&maESmí pDpOf -[f? -Vf
Ekdifygonf/ (jrefrmpmvkH;aygif; owfykHusrf;pmrsufESm ]n}rS rS w f c suf / (1) (Of)Oav;owfukd (nf)nBuD;owf\ a&SUwGif
]!}wk d Y u k d avh v mMunf h y g/) xm;í pOf&rnf/
o&pOf e rl e m (tu© & mpOf y g) Oyrm- ]pOf? pOf?h pOf;} Ny;D rS ]pnf?f pnf?h pnf;}[lí
&Jabmf? &Da0? &uef? ½kad o? &doo hJ ?hJ ½l;aygayg? &mxl;? a&mf&u
G 0f g? pOf&rnf/
½kd;om;? ½lyaA'? a&maESm? a&wGuf? a&mhwGuf? &Jom;? &Hwkdif? &Jar/ (2) (-rf ) rowf a emuf w G i f (-k H ) ao;ao;wif
1/ &uef 2/ &mxl; 3/ &doo hJ hJ 4/ &Da0 5/ ½lyaA' 6/ ½l;aygayg wpfacsmif;xm;í pOf&rnf/
7/ a&wGuf 8/ &Jabmf 9/ &Jar 10/ &Jom; 11/ a&maESm 12/ a&mhwu G f Oyrm- (ukr)f Ny;D rS (uk)H ukd pOfrnf/ (ukrm® &D? ukv
H )Hk
towf p Of e rl e m Asnf ; wG J ( oH , k * f ) pOf

r,f'vif? rnfumrwÅ rkcOf ;D ? rkwo f aHk v? rke;f wD;? rÍöLouyef;? Asnf;wGJ (oH,k*f) pOfwGif Asnf;wGJ (oH,k*ftu©&m) (11)vkH;
r*¾Zif;? r@dKif? rm&fewf? rufref;oD;? rdv’m? r*Fvm/ (12)vkH; &So
d nf/ oH,*k o f nfrmS ygVdpum; ]]oHa,m*}}rS qif;oufvmonf/
1/ rufref;oD;(-uf)? 2/ rkcOf ;D (-cf)? 3/ r*¾Zif;(-*f)? 4/ r*Fvm t"dyÜm,frSm- ,SOfjcif;? yl;uyfjcif;? aygif;oif;jcif; jzpfonf/
(-if)? 5/ rÍöLouyef;(-Of)? 6/ rnfumrwå (-nf)? 7/ r@dKif(-Pf)? xkod Ydk ,SOw f aJG omAsn;f ukd Asn;f wG(J oH,*k Af sn;f )[kac:onf/ ¤if;wkYd
8/ rk w f o k H a v?(-wf ) ? 9/ rk e f ; wD ; (-ef ) ? 10/ r,f ' vif ( -,f ) ? ukd atmufygtpDtpOftwkdif; pOf&rnf -
11/ rm&fewf(-&f)? 12/ rdv’m(-vf) oauF w pm twk d a umuf
rS w f c suf / Asnf;csif;wlí towfpOfrsm;ukd Asnf;pOfrsm;twkdif; -s ,yifh yifh
pOf&rnf/ M- &&pf &pf
okdY&mwGif jrefrmtowf (10)rsKd;&Sdonf[k rSwfom;xm;&ef -G 0qGJ qGJ
vkdygonf/ ,if;wkdYrSm -- -S [xk;d xk;d
uf? - - - - if (u0*f) -R ,yifh0qGJ yifhqGJ
pf? - - - - Of? nf (p0*f) <- &&pf0qGJ &pfqGJ
wf? - - - - ef (w0*f) -Q ,yifh[xkd; yifhxkd;
yf? - - - - rf (y0*f) M- § &&pf[xkd; &pfxkd;
,f - - - - -T 0qG[ J xk;d qGxJ ;dk
u0*f? p0*f? w0*f? y0*frsm;rSm tpESifhtqkH;tu©&monf -Ts ,yifh0qGJ[xkd; yifhqGJxkd;
towfjzpfonf/ aemuf(-,f) aygif;(10)ck &Sdygonf/
~- T &&pf0qGJ[xdk; &pfqGJxkd;
twkdrSwf&ef (ukd? i,f? pdwf? npf? w,f? ewf? yifh? r,f? ,k)
om"u/ / jr? rG? rQ? ` rTm? rs? rS? rT wkdYukd-
rS w f c suf / (1) | = # ESihf qifxm;onf/ # - owf[k rSw, f yl g/
rs? jr? rG? rS? >r? rQ? ` rTm [lí pOf&ygrnf/
(2) O avowfNyD; nBuD;owfukd pOfyg/
txl;rSw&f ef/ / Asn;f wGpJ OfwiG f (o&? towf)wkv Yd nf; a&maESmygvm
(3) ó = oBuD;ukdawGUvQif ]]o}}owf[k rSwf,lyg/
wwfygonf/ oabmaygufatmif avhvmyg/
txl;rSwf&ef(&Sif;jyyg)/ towfpOf tqifhqifhwGif toufwl
rsm; ygvmEkdifonf/ Asnf ; wG J ( oH , k * f p Of ) erl e m (1)
- uf? -if? -Of? -nf? -wf? -ef? -yf? -rf? -kH uGmwm;? <uif;usef? usm;BuD;? BudrfvkH;? Muifem? auR;arG;?
a<uaph? BuKd ;pm;? usK;d usK;d usnuf sn?f use;f rm? Murf;wrf;? uGe, f uf? -- uGef&uf -- ( -G + -ef)
auGuGif;? usef&pf? uGJjym;? uRHus? uG,faysmuf? uRef;qG,f[lí -- uG,faysmuf -- ( -G + -,f)
(16)vkH; &Sdygonf/ 4if;Asnf;wGJrsm;udk Asnf;wGJESifho&? towfwkdY -- uRHus -- ( -R + tHo&)
uGJjym;atmif OD;pGmtkyfpkqGJxkwf&ygrnf/ -- uRef;qG,f -- ( -R + -ef;)
(,yifhtkyfpk) -- usm;Bu;D ? usK;d usK;d usnu
f sn?f use;f rm? -- a<uaph -- (<- + ato&)
use&f pf/ -- <uif;usef -- (<- + -if;)
(&&pftkyfpk) -- BudrfvkH;? Muifem? BudK;pm;? Murf;wrf;? owd j yK&ef -- Asnf;wGJpOfukd OD;pGmpOf;pm;yg/
(0qGJtkyfpk) -- uGmwm;? uGef,uf? auGuGif;? uGJjym;? -- Asn;f wGcJ si;f wlygu ]o&? towf} [k pOf;pm;yg/
uG,faysmuf? Asnf ; wG J ( oH , k * f ) pOf erl e m (2)
([xkd;tkyfpk) -- r&Syd g/ a&TUajymif;? rsOf;usm;/ zsef;yuf? ajcukyf? &SnfMum? rGrGaMu?
(y,ifh0qGJtkyfpk) -- uRHus? uRef;qG,f? zGHUNzdK;? jcif;cwf? ½IH;edrfh? rIdif;cH? azsmfajz? NcHKikH? a&G;cs,f? arT;BudKif?
(&pf0qGJtkyfpk) -- <uif;usef? a<uaph zGJUpnf;? cGmndK/ (16)vkH;
xdkcGJxkwfvkdufaom tkyfpkrsm;rS atmufygtwkdif; tu©&m ay;xm;aom ar;cGe;f wGif Asn;f wpfrsK;d wnf;r[kwyf g/ Asn;f
0vdpOfí cGJxkwf&ygrnf- (4)vk;H rsK;d ygvmygonf/ xkaYd Mumifh Asn;f tkypf k OD;pGmcGjJ cm;pOf&efvydk g
-- usm;BuD; -- (-s + tm;o&) onf/ yg0ifaomAsn;f rsm;rSm- (&? r? z? c) wkjYd zpfonf/ ¤if;wku Yd dk tpD
-- usKd;usKd;usnfusnf -- (-s + tkd;o&) tpOftwkid ;f tkypf ck v JG u dk v f Qi(f c? z? r? &)[lí pOf&ygrnf/ xkaYd Mumif-h
-- usef&pf -- (-s + -ef) (c)tk y f p k (z)tk y f p k (r)tk y f p k (&)tk y f p k
-- usef;rm -- (-s + -ef;) ajcukyf zsef;yuf rsOf;usm; a&TUajymif;
-- BudK;pm; -- (B- + tkd;o&) jcif;cwf zGHUNzdK; rGrGaMu &SnfMum
-- Muifem -- (B- + -if) cGmndK zGJUpnf; arT;BudKif a&G;cs,f
-- BudrfvkH; -- (B- + -rf) [lí pOf&ygrnf/
-- uGmwm; -- ( -G + tmo&) xkdokdY cGJjcm;NyD;rS --- Asnf;wGJ + o&
-- auGuGif; -- ( -G + ato&) --- Asnf;wGJ + towf [k pOf&onf/
-- uGJjym; -- ( -G + tJo&) -- ajcukyf -- (j- + ato&)
-- jcif;cwf -- (j- + -if;) 2/ o&pOf (t? td? tk? at? tJ? atm? tH? tkd)[k od&rnf/
-- NcHKikH -- (j- + -kH) (-kH)onf (-rf)aemufrSm 3/ towfpOf (uf? if? pf? nf? ef? yf? rf? ,f)[k od&rnf/
xm;&onf 4/ Asn;f wGpJ Ofrsm;ESiyfh wfoufí atmufygtwdik ;f od&x dS m;&rnf-
-- cGmndK -- ( -G + tmo&) (u) Asnf;wGJ o&pOfudk yxrpOf;pm;&rnf/
-- azsmfajz -- (-s + atmfo&) ( c ) Asnf;wGJ towfpOfudk 'kwd,pOf;pm;&rnf/
-- zsef;yuf --- (-s? -ef;) (1) yifh? &pf? qGJ? xkd;
-- zGJUpnf; -- ( -G + tJho&) (2) yifhqGJ? &pfqGJ? yifhxkd;? &pfxkd;? qGJxkd;
-- zGHUNzdK; -- ( -G + tHho&) (3) yifhqGJxkd;? &pfqGJxkd;/
-- rsOf;Mum; --- (-s ) Asnf;wGJrsm;ukd pOf&mü atmufygtwkdif; pOf&rnf-
-- rGrGaMu -- ( -G) yifho&? yifhtowf
-- rIdif;cH -- (-S) &pfo&? &pftowf
-- arT;BudKif -- ( -T) qGJo&? qGJtowf
-- a&G;cs,f -- ( -G) xkd;o&? xkd;towf
-- &SnfMum -- (-S + -nf) ponfjzifh Asn;f wGw J pfcv k Qif o&pOf? towfpOf wpfrsK;d Ny;D rS wpfrsK;d
-- ½H;I edrhf -- (-S + -k)H (-k)H onf (-rf)aemufwiG f pOf&onf/ Oyrmtm;jzifh yifo h &? yift
h owftm;vk;H Ny;D rSom &pfo&?
xm;&onf/ &pftowfukd pOf&onf/
-- a&TUajymif; -- ( -T) 5/ oH,k*fAsnf;wGJrsm;udk ½dk;½dk;tu©&maemufrS pDyg&ef (Oyrm-
owd j yK&ef -- Asnf;rwlí Asnf;pOfukd OD;pGm pOf;pm;yg/ Ú? n? ,? ,s)
-- Asnf;wlrS Asnf;wGJukd pOf;pm;yg/ 6/ atmufjrifhygaomyk'fwkdYudk atmufjrifhrygaomqkdif&myk'f
-- Asnf;wGJwlrS ( + o&) ( + towf) pOf;pm;yg/ aemufupOfonf/
tES p f c sKyf 7/ tu©&mtqifhwlvQif towfcsif;wl? towfjzKwf o&pOf
tu©&m0vdpOf&mwGif tESpcf sKyt f m;jzifh atmufygtcsurf sm; twkid ;f pOf;pm;yg/
udk rSwfom;xm;&rnf - aumif;? ukdif;? uif;? aum? ukd? u
1/ Asnf;pOf (u rS t - - - txd)[k od&rnf/ (1) uif; (2) aumif; (3) ukdif;
8/ tu©&mcsif;wl towfrwlvQif -
towfukdyJMunfh? Asnf;pOftwkdif; pOf;pm;yg/
9/ -kH (ao;wifacsmif;iif tk)H ukd rjrif&aom (r-owf)[k ,lqyg/
towfpOfwiG f xnf&h rnf/ r-owftppftm;vk;H pOfNyD;rS (-kH)
ukd qufípD&onf/ tu©&mpOftñTef;
xkH;bkd? xufOD;? xef;yif pmtky?f pmapmifrsm; xkwaf 0&mwGif yg0ifonfah qmif;yg;ESihf
(1) xufOD; (2) xef;yif (3) xkH;bkd taMumif;t&mrsm;udk rmwdumpOft&aomfvnf;aumif; wpfy'k cf si;f
10/ - u rS t -'Dtwkifd ;f jrif&vQif - Asn;f tqifh t&aomfvnf;aumif; zwf½aI vhvmEdik yf gonf/ odaYk omf &nfñeT ;f
- t? td ? tk ponf ,SOx f m;vQif - o&tqifh ud;k um;zG,t f aMumif;rsm;udk tvG,w f ul tvsit f jref &SmazGrnf
- Asn;f ab;rSm towfwpfcjk rifvQif - towf½;dk ½k;d tqifh qdv k Qif tu©&mpOftñTe;f udk toH;k jyKMuonf/ &nfñeT ;f ud;k um;zG,f
- yif&h pfqx
JG ;dk ygNy;D towfwpfck rygvQif Asn;f wGo J &jzpfonf/ taMumif;t&mtrnfrsm;udk zwf½EI ikd o f nfh qdik &f mpmrsuEf mS trSwf
- yif&h pfqx JG ;dk ygNy;D towfwpfck ygaevQif Asn;f wGt J owf ESifh ,SOfwGJazmfjyxm;avh &Sdygonf/
jzpfonf/ pmtkyw f csKUd u tu©&mpOftñTe;f udk trnfemr? ae&ma'o?
11/ ˆ£? O? Mo ponfh txl;tu©&mrsm;ukd toHxu G wf l o&rsm; tjzpftysuf? taMumif;t&m ponfwdkYudk ñTefjyazmfjcif;vnf;
ESifh waygif;wnf;pD&onf/ &Sdygonf/ tu©&mpOftñTef;aumuf&mwGif pmtkyf\ tcef; (1)
atmcs? atmhtef? MoZmoD;? atmfvef rS pwifaumuf,Ml uonf/ ed'gef;? trSmpm ponfwrYkd S aumuf,&l ef
(1) atmcs (2) MoZmoD; (3) atmhtef (4) atmfvef rvdkyg/ taMumif;t&mudk cGJjcm;azmfjyay;Muonfudk awGU&onf/
12/ Mo = atm tu©&mpOftñTef;wGif acgif;pOfrsm; jynfhpHk&ef? tpDtpOfuse&ef?
o - &&pfr[kwfyg/ txm;todk rSefuef&efwdkYudk *½kpdkufí aqmif&Gufonf/
13/ tu©&m - {ukdawGUvQif at ({&m0wD)oHxGufvQif jzpfap? tu©&mpOftñTe;f aqmif&u G &f mwGif tu©&m0vdpOfenf;twdik ;f
Asnf;? o&? towf? Asnf;wGJpOfrsm;twdkif; aqmif&GufMuonf/
at;({csi;f )oHxu G vf Qijf zpfap? tu©&m { rSeof rQ at tjzpf
yk'fjzwfyk'f&yftoHk;rsm;udk *½kpdkufaqmif&Guf&rnf/ *kPfyk'frsm;?
,lvQif attkyfpkwGifom xnfhoGif;pD&rnf/
rdom;pkemrnfrsm;udk aemufwGif xm;í pDMuonfukd awGU&onf/
Ä Ä Ä Ä Ä Ä Ä Ä Ä Ä
xnfhyg/ yHkpHtm;jzifh 52ç004ç803 ponfwdkYjzpfonf/

(C) odef;? oef;? uka#onf udef;jynfhjzpfcJhaomf wpfrS udk;
txdukd pmjzifvh nf;aumif;? 10rS txufukd *Pef;jzifh
vnf;aumif; azmfjyyg/ (yHkpHtm;jzifh wpfuka#? udk;
uka#? 10uka#? 54ode;f ? ig;oef;av;ode;f ? 162oef;?
*Pef;rsm;oHk;pGJyHk 379uka#? odef;80/
( i ) udef;*Pef;rsm;udk uGif;ydwfjzihf a&;jcif;a&Smifyg/
*Pef;rsm;udk a&;om;ygu atmufygtcsurf sm;ud*k ½kjyK&rnf -
(u) a,bk,stm;jzifh a&wGuf&aom ckudef;rsm; (wpfrS Ä Ä Ä Ä Ä
udk;txd) udkpmjzifha&;yg/ q,f? &m? axmif? aomif;
paomudef;rsm;udk *Pef;jzifh a&;yg/ (q,fhudk;ywf?
q,fah v;-ig;&uf?oH;k -av;q,f? a,mif oH;k q,f? Orif
av;q,f? ,lZemwpfaomif;? aomif; ajcmufaxmif
paoma0gymm& toHk;tEIef;rsm;udk pmjzifha&;&ef/)
( c ) ocFsm? ocFsmESifhqdkifaom pmtkyfrsm;wGifrSwpfyg;
tyd'k t
f p ü ygaom*Pef;rsm;udk pmjzifh a&;yg/ (Oyrm
- udk;q,hf udk;a,mufaom vkyfom;wdkYonf -------)
( * ) aiGaMu;udk azmfjyaom ude;f *Pef;rsm;wGif &mESiahf xmif?
aomif;ESifhodef;? oef;ESifhuka# tMum;wGif (aumfrm)
yk'fauG; xnfhyg/ (yHkpHtm;jzifh 8ç239/ 5ç20ç04ç803/
odkY&mwGif axmif*Pef;ü udef;jynfhjzpfvQifrlyk'fauG;
xnfh&efrvdkyg/ 1000? 5000 ponfwdkY jzpfonf/)
ta&twGuu f akd zmfjyaom ude;f *Pef;rsm;wGif &mESihf
axmif? odef;ESifhoef; tMum;wGif(aumfrm) yk'fauG;
pmvHk;aygif;owfyHkESifh 0guszGJUpnf;yHk jrefrmpmta&;tom;1

owf y H k
pmvH;k aygif;ESihf 0guszUJG pnf;rIrsm;udk jrefrmpmtzGUJ OD;pD;Xmeu
xkwaf 0aom atmufygpmtkyrf sm;tm;vufqx JG m;í toH;k jyKMurnf yJ ESihf bJ
jzpfygonf - yJonf teufupkd aJG omta&;? bJ onf zJ \ toHupkd aJG om
(u) jrefrmpmvHk;aygif;owfyHkusrf;/ ta&;jzpfonf/ yJonf yifESifh teufwlonf/ pif p pf ESihfvnf;
( c ) jrefrmtbd"mef/ teufwo l nf/
( * ) jrefrmo'´g/ yH k p H / vlyJ? ewfyJ? q&myJ
(C) jrefrm-t*Fvyd t f bd"mef/ vlyif? ewfyif? q&myif
vlpifppf? ewfpifppf? q&mpifppf
( i ) jrefrmpum;yH/k
pm;yJpm;EdkifvGef;? wwfyJwwfEdkifvGef;
( p ) jrefrmqd½k ;kd pum;/
pm;yifpm;EdkifvGef;? wwfyifwwfEdkifvGef;
(q) jrefrmpm-jrefrmpum;/
bJ onf zJ \toHpGJta&;jzpfonf/ zJonf MuOfjcif;? zJcGm
( Z ) jrefrmpmvHk;aygif;owfyHkusrf;ESifh cGJxm;/
jcif;? wm;jrpfjcif;? jiif;y,fjcif; teuf&Sdonf/ odkYjzpf&m r ESihf
Ä Ä Ä Ä Ä wGJí oHk;Muonf/ yH k p H / rodbJ? rpm;bJ? roGm;bJ/
1/ (u) jrefrmpm? jrefrmpum;

mpum;? jrefrmpmtzGJU? &efukef? 2000 jynfhESpf?
pwkw¬tBudrf? pm 25-43
( c ) bmomjyef&nfñTef; (av;wGJaygif;csKyf)? pdwu
f ;l csKcd sKpd mtkyw
f u
kd ?f
2008 ckESpf? yxrtBudrf? pm 7-14
zuf ESihf buf jiif;y,feufjzpfaom r ESiw

fh í
JG oH;k onf/ rjrifz;l bl;? rMum;zl;bl;?
zuf onf teufpt JG a&;? buf onf toHpt JG a&;jzpfonf/ roGm;zl;bl;[k a&;Muonf/
zuf udk atmufygwdüYk oH;k onf - rD ESihf rS D
(u) Bud , m/ pHzk uf? zufw?JG vdu k zf uf? ,SOzf uf? wGzJ uf rD onf xdrd? qufpyf? yl;wGJ? aygif;,SOf? nDrQonfhteuf
( c ) tazmf / ulazmfavmifzuf? MuifazmfMuifzuf? aq; jzpfonf/ a&SUrSajy;oludk vdkufrDonf/ tjrihfwGif&Sdaeonfh t&m
azmf0g;zuf 0w¬Kudk vSrf;rDonf/ owfrSwfaomtcsdefESihf xdrdqufpyfrdaom
( * ) ocsF m / wpfzufwpfcsu?f ESpOf ;D ESpzf uf? oH;k zufjrif/ aMumihf tcsdefrDonf/ pHESihfnDrQaomaMumihf pHrDonf/ rD udk r ESihf
buf udk atmufygwdkYü oHk;onf/ vnf; wGo J ;kH avh&MdS uonf/ rMumrD? rpm;rD? rajymrD pojzihf oH;k onf/
(u) t&yfrsufESm/ ta&SUbuf? taemufbuf cif pum;vHk;ESihf zvS,foHk;Edkifonf/ rMumcif? rpm;cif? rajymcif
( c ) wnfae&m/ tdrfbuf? aps;buf? awmbuf? 0Jbuf? [lí jzpfonf/ t&m0w¬Kwpfcck k taMumif;wpfcck w k iG f rdr&d &jzpfap?
,mbuf wG,w f muyfwJG csw d q JG rd d jzpfaponfuykd if rS D onf[k qdo
f x k nf/
( * ) oligusm;r/ olYbuf? ighbuf? vifbuf? r,m;buf
(C) tp pum;vHk;/ bufpHk? bufNydKif? bufvdkuf rif ESihf jrm;
>cif;csuf/ tazmftzufudk z jzihf a&;aomfvnf; &Jabmf rif udk rSif [k toHxu G of jzihf rSif [k a&;rSm;jcif;? jrm; udk
&Jbufudk b jzihf a&;avh&Sdonf/ rQm;[k toHxu G of jzihf jr§m; [k a&;rSm;jcif; jzpfMuonf/ trSefrSm
riftdk;? rifwH? av;jrm;? 'dkif;jrm;[k a&;oihfonf/
zl ; ESihf bl ;
zl; ESifh bl; ypön;f pum;vH;k rsm;onf qdik &f mBu,d mrsm; xif&mS ; jznf ; jznf ;
atmif taxmuftuljyKMuonf/ zl ; \ rlvteufrSm yl;,SOfjcif;? jznf;jznf; [k a&;aomfvnf; ajz;ajz;[k toHxu
G af omaMumihf
xdawGUjcif;? BuKH BuKd ujf cif;jzpfonf/ pm;zl;onf qdo k nfrmS pm;jcif; ajz;ajz; [k a&;Muonf/ pmvHk;aygif; owfyHka&;xHk;ESihfnDatmif
ESihfyl;,SOf? xdawGU? BuHKBudKufcJhaMumif; xif&Sm;aponf/ xdkYaMumihf jznf;jznf; [k a&;oihfonf/
pm;zl;onf? jrifzl;onf? awGUzl;onf[k oHk;onf/ bl ; onf zl ; \ yd k w wf a oma&;cs
toHpGJta&;jzpfonf/ xdkYaMumihf zl ; ESihf teufwlonf/ odkYaomf oDwif;wpfywf? ESpyf wfvnf? oH;k vywf? ywf0ef;usi?f ywfouf
zl ; um; trSex f if&mS ;jcif;udk jyonf/ bl ; um; rjzpfaocsmjcif;udk onf ponfwdkYwGif ywf ü a&;csryg&ay/ ygVdoufpum;rsm;
jyonf/ om"uqdkaomf rjrifbl;? rMum;bl;? roGm;bl;/ bl ; udk jzpfaom edygwfawmf? ygPmwdygwf? OyÜgwfys?H Oyygwfy#doaE¨ww Ykd iG f
yudk a&;csvsuf wowf&rnf/ ab;Oyg'f? r@myf? 'gPf? tm½kPu f si;f ? o'´ g toH k ; tEI e f ;
rsupf u
d mef;[lí a&;Mujcif;rSm rvdt
k yfbJ a&;csyakd ejcif; jzpfonf/ rS ESihf u
pifppf ab;Oy'f? r@yf? 'Pf? t½kP?f uef;[k a&;csrygbJ a&;oihf (u) xGufcGm&m udk &nfñTef;vdkaomf u udk EIwfajymwGif
onf/ a&m? ta&;wGifyg oHk;onf/
rS m ;wwf a om ygVd y gXf q ih f pum;vH k ; rsm; yH k p H / b,f u vmovJ? aps; u vmw,f/
]PBuD;}? ]ei,f} udk atmufu ]#? X? !? w? '} wdkYudk t&yfav;rsufESm u vmaomol/
qihfía&;&aom ygVdpum;vHk;rsm;wGif pmvHk;aygif;rSm;wwfonf/ NrdKU u vmonf? awm u vmonf/
trSefjzpfoihfonf/ xGufawmfrl eef; u cGmw,f/
u@aump = ql;ajimihfuJhodkY &efvkyfjcif;? aESmihf,Suf rS udk ta&;wGifomoHk;onf/
*P²d = tzGihfusrf; yH k p H / uReaf wmf rEÅav; rS &efuek o
f Ykd acsmarmpGma&mufonf/
uP²Xmef = vnfacsmif;t&yf (c) jyKol? jzpfol? &Sdol udk &nfneT ;f vdak omf EIwaf jymESifh
u@ = tydkif;? tcef; ta&;ESp&f yfpvk;H wGif u udk om oHk;&onf/
y@dw = ynm&Sd yH k p H / awmifawm&,fom? rmvm u iHkzl;?
uPÖokc = em;0ifajyjcif; awmarsmuf u BudK;acG/
uEÅm& = cufcJaomc&D;? c&D;cJ jrefrmpmtzGJU u xkwfa0onf/
uE´m&0wD = acsmuf? *l? vdkPfaygrsm;aoma'o obmywd u rdefYcGef;ajymMum;vdrfhrnf/
ausmif;tkyfBuD; u qkcsD;jr§ihfonf/
om; u tarhxH pma&;onf/
oH k ; aeustrS m ;yH k p H /
a&,mOfay: twuftqif;wHcg;udk c&D;onfrsm; rS
rzGi&fh ygbl;/
orm;awmfBu;D OD;okw uG,v f eG Nf y;D csed f rS pí q&mr
a':tke;f Munf wdYk rS a&m*gtrsKd ;rsKd ;wdu
Yk kd ukoay;vsuf
&Syd gonf/
oufqdkif&m rS tjrefqHk; ta&;,lay;yg/ yH k p H / rnfol rQ r 0if&/

trsKd;om;tm;upm;yGaJ wmfziG yf h wJ G iG f xGe;f n§rd nfh rD;½SL;wdik u
f kd bm rQ r ay;ygeJU/
&efuek Nf rKd Uawmf0ef OD;udak v; rS pwifo,faqmifpOf/ b,fawmh rS r awGUyg&apeJU/
tcrf;tem;wGif ... Ouú| rS tzGihftrSmpum; bm rS r odbl;/
ajymMum;NyD;/ ( c ) rqdk onf cGijfh yKjcif;? vdu k af vsmjcif;teufukd jyonf/
um ESihf cg xdkYaMumihf rqd k udkoHk;vQif wm;jrpfjcif;? uefYowfjcif;
um ESihf cg onf ta&;rwlaomfvnf; toHxGuf&mwGif teuf&Sdaom r udk Bud,mESihf wGJroHk;oihfay/
wlwwfaomaMumihf a&maxG;wwfonf/ yH k p H / rnfol rqd k 0,f,lEdkifonf/
(u) wpfNyKd ief ufjzpfap? qufwu kd jf zpfap? jzpfysuaf Mumif;udk b,f[m rqd k ay;vdkufyg/
jyvdkaomf um ukdoHk;onf/ bm rqd k odygw,f/
yH k p H / tdyu f mpm;um/ ud k ESihf od k Y
aq;vdyfudkuf um pmzwfonf/ (u) tjyKc&H olukd nTejf yvdak omtcg ta&;a&m tajymwGif
( c ) tcsdef? tcg? umvudkjyvdkaomf cg udkoHk;onf/ yg ud k oHk;onf/
yH k p H / i,fpOftcg ynmr&SmvQif BuD; cg rS aemifw&rnf/ yH k p H / avS ud k avSmfonf/
yef;rsm;udkqkyf um? BuJNyD;aomt cg wGif/ ar;cGef; ud k ajzonf/
vufzsm;udkudkif um? vSLaom cg vnf;/ olY ud k ar;w,f/
a&muf cg eD;/ igh ud k ar;yg/
jzpf cg eD;/ ( c ) tajymwGif a&S;½I&m? qdu k af &muf&mudk jyvdak omtcg
rnf o l r Q ESihf rnf o l r qd k ud k udkom oHk;onf/
(u) rnf o l r Q (tajym rS) wGif rQ (rS rS) onf wm;jrpfjcif;? bk&m; ud k a&mufr,f/
uefYowfjcif;teufudk jyaomaMumihf wm;jrpfjcif;? &Gm ud k jyefr,f/
uefo Y wfjcif;teuf&adS om r udk Bu,d ma&SUwGif xnfo
h ;kH vlom;wdkY vurÇm ud k a&mufNyD/
&onf/ ( * ) ta&;wGif a&S;½I&m? qdkufa&muf&mudk jyvdkaomtcg
od k Y udk oHk;oihfonf/ yH k p H / ausmif;om; rsm;

bk&m; od k Y oGm;rnf/ ausmif;om; wd k Y
&Gm od k Y jyefrnf/ ausmif;om; awG
udk,ftav;csdefaygifonf 112 aygif od k Y usqif; ( c ) tm;vH;k pkaygif;yg0ifaom trsm;udñ k eT ;f vdak omf tajym
oGm;onf/ a&m ta&;wGiyf g wdkY udo k ;kH onf/
NrdKUay:&Sdtdrf od k Y nydkif;wGifom vmonf/ rsm;? awG udkoHk;vQif teufvGJEdkifonf/
yH k p H / &efuek w f ikd ;f a'oBuD;? {&m0wDwikd ;f a'oBu;D ? yJc;l wdik ;f
ud k ESihf tm;
a'oBuD; wdkY wGif ae&muGuí f rdk;&Gmrnf/ (trSef)
tjyKcH&ol udk azmfjyvdkvQif ud k udk oHk;onf/
&efuek w f ikd ;f a'oBu;D ? {&m0wDwikd ;f a'oBu;D ? yJc;l wdik ;f
yH k p H / r[maAm"dyif ud k pdkufawmfrlrnf/
a'oBuD; rsm;âwG wGif ae&muGufí rdk;&Gmrnf/
rif;xifpnfol ud k 0efBuD;cefYawmfrlonf/
(yJ c l ; wd k i f ; a'oBuD ; wpf c k o mru &S d o nf h t euf
acG; ud k ½dkufonf/
oufa&mufonf/)
vufcHol udk azmfjyvdkvQif tm; udk oHk;onf/
yH k p H / &wemoHk;yg; tm; tukefigvSL\/ onf ESihf rS m
rif;BuD;vnf; &[EÅmjrwfwdkY tm; xdktaMumif;udk onf ESifh rSm onf jyKo?l jzpfo?l &Sod l (uwåm;) jzpfaMumif;udk
em;awmfavQmufav\/ azmfjyonf/
pmaMumif;wpfaMumif;xJwiG f onf ESifh rSm udk oH;k aomtcg
plVeDjA[®'wfrif;onf orD;awmf ud k t&Sifrif;BuD;
a&SUuwåm;aemufwGif onf odkYr[kwf rS m udkoHk;onf/
tm; ay;xdrf;jrm;tHh/
aemufuwåm;aemufwGif rS m udk roHk;oihf/ onf udkoHk;rS
bk&m;avmif;onf xrif;qkyf udk acG;i,f tm; ay;vdk
rSeo
f nf/
aom tjcif;t&m ud k jy\/
yH k p H / þol onf t&yf&n S í k rsKd ;orD; rSm t&yfyo
f xdt k nf/
rsm;? wdkY? awG oHwpfyó d mxkyf onf ao;aomfvnf; vJwpfyó d m
(u) ude;f *Pef; twdtusr[kwb f J trsm;udk ñTe;f vdak omf xkyf rS m BuD;onf/
ta&;wGif rsm;? wdkY udk oH;k onf/
enf ; wl ? uJ h o d k Y
tajymwGif awG udkoHk;onf/
(u) r rygaom Bu, d mESio
f h ;k H vQif wlno
D nfh t"dymÜ ,f &onf/
yH k p H / armifarmif enf;wl uRefawmf ajy;Edkifonf/ nDtpfudkarmifESr taeeJ Y apmihfa&Smufonf/

armifarmif uJ h o d k Y uRefawmf ajy;Edkifonf/ udk,fpm;jyK ajymqdkaqmif&Gufjcif;rsdK; r[kwfvQif taeeJ Y ?
( c ) r ygaom Bud,mESihfoHk;vQif t"dyÜm,fuGJonf/ taejzihf rvdktyfay/
yH k p H / armifarmifajy;Edkifovdk uRefawmfyg r ajy;Edkifyg/ yH k p H / 'DudpöeJYywfoufNyD; uRefawmftaeeJ
ht aeeJY txl;aqG;aEG;
armifarmifajy;Edkifoavmuf jrefatmif uRefawmf r p&m r&Sdygbl;/
ajy;Edik yf g/ 'kwd,taeeJ Y ajymvdkwmuawmh ...
armifarmifuJhodkY uRefawmf r ajy;Edkifyg/ taeeJ Y b,fvdkoabm&ovJ/
cifAsm;taeeJ
armifarmifom ajy;Edkifonf/ uRefawmf r ajy;Edkifyg/ ESihf? jzihf ydkjcif;
armifarmifajy;Edkifoavmuf jrefatmif uRefawmf r Bud,mudk xl;jcm;av;eufapaom pum;vHk;rsm;pGm&Sdonf/
ajy;Edik yf g/ xdkpum;vHk;rsm;teuf pG m qufaomyk'frsm;udk oHk;aomf ESifh? jzihf
xdaYk Mumihf enf;wl? uJhodkY udk r ygaom Bu, d mESio fh ;kH vQif wdkYudk oHk;&efrvdkay/
a&SUuwåm;wGif oufqikd &f mBu, d m jznfhoHk;rS t"dyÜm,f&Sif;onf/ yH k p H / av;jrwfpGm jzih f zdwfMum;ygonf/ (ydk)
yH k p H / armifarmif r ajy;Edik o f nfh enf
enf;wwll uReaf wmf r ajy;Edik yf g/ av;pm;pGm jzih f tpD&ifcHygonf/ (ydk)
armifarmifajy;Edik of nf henf
enf;wl uReaf wmf r ajy;Edik yf g/
aMumif ; ES i h f ? aMumif ; jzih f ydkjcif;
armifarmif r ajy;Edkifo uJ h o d k Y uRefawmf r ajy;Edkifyg/
aMumif; aemufwiG f ESihf? jzihf oH;k jcif;onf tydo k ;kH jzpfonf/
armifarmif ajy;Edkifo uJ h o d k Y uRefawmf r ajy;Edkifyg/
yH k p H / xdcu kd 'f Pf&m&&Sjd cif;r&Sd aMumif;jzihf? nTeMf um;a&;rSL;
taeeJY? taejzihf ydkjcif; u ajymonf/ (ydk)
ud, k pf m;jyKajymqdok nf? aqmif&uG o
f nf[al om t"dymÜ ,fukd wwd,tqihu f kd paeaeYu pwifcjhJ cif;jzpf aMumif;jzihf
azmfjyvdkvQif taeeJU? taejzihf udk oHk;Muonf/ ... (ydk)
yH k p H / 'DtzGJUtpnf;&JU OuúX taeeJ Y ajym&&if Xmeqdkif&m t"dutaMumif;&if;wpf&yf jzpfvmEdkif aMumif;jzihf
wm0ef&Sdol taeeJ Y tcdkiftrm&SmazGNyD;awmh twGif; ... (ydk)
a&;rSL; taejzihf tpD&ifcHpm wifoGif;onf/ txdtcdkuf tysuftpD;owif;rsm; rMum;&ao;
rdb taejzihf qHk;ronf/ aMumif;ESihf &Jrsm;uajymonf/ (ydk)
0guszG J U pnf ; yH k yl;aygif;aqmif&u jzpfNyD;) xdyw

G af &; (jzpf f u
dk af qmif&uG af &;
jzpf N yD ; vdkaeaomyk'f)
r[kwf/ (jzpf
0guswG i f ; zG J U pnf ; yH k yd k j cif ; ? vd k j cif ;
oef;aygif;av;q,fEiS fh aiGwefz;kd tm;jzihf nDrQwhJ 'DpmcsKyf
(u) 0guszUJG &mwGif rvdt k yfonfh pum;vH;k ? yk'w f Ykd ryg&Sad p
opf[m ypön;f zvS,w csKyfqdkwJ)h ukeo
f ehJ nf;eJU (csKyf f ,G af &;
&ef *½kjyK&onf/
pmcsKyf jzpfygw,f/ (csKyf csKyfqdkwJh vdkaeaomyk'f)
yH k p H / BuKd Uuke;f aus;&Gm? aeMumpdu k cf if; ajrBu;D xJwiG f jrK§ yx f m;
uav;oli,frsm; bmomw&m;udk tav;xm;NyD;
aom bde;f pdr;f (8 'ór 65uDv)kd udk 0Sufíodrf;xm;
,Ofaus;odraf rGUvmaom Edik if o H m;rsm; (jjzpfvmapa&;
mapa&;)
onf u d k &SmazGodrf;qnf;&rd ... (0S 0Sufíodrf;xm;
ESif h bmomomoemxGe;f um;a&;twGuf (jjzpfvmapa&;
onf u d k onf yk'fydk)
vdak eaomyk')f
uReaf wmf\ em;ESpzf ufonf avrsm; w[l;[l;xGuu f m
tpOftNrJ em;u tlaeygonf/ (em;u em;u onf yk'fydk) 0guswG i f ; zG J U pnf ; yH k r nD j cif ;
[dkw,fESihfwGJvsuf um;BuD;rsm; &yfem;pcef;yg wG J í 0gustwGif; tp? tv,f? tqHk; toHk;jyKaomyk'fwdkYonf
zGihfvSpfxm;onf/ (wG wG J í onf yk'fydk) a&SUaemuftzGihftydwf nDñGwf&ef vdkonf/
a&'D,dktdkifqdkwkwfrsm;udk toH k ; jyKa&;? ,if ; wd k Y u d k yH k p H / b0zlvHka&;? 'ge&Sifjzpfa&;? oef;<u,folaX;jzpf vd k
pdkufysdK;a&; wGif toHk;jyKa&; jyKa&;? usef;rma&; vk y f i ef ; vQif atmifbmavrSm uHprf;yg/
wGif toHk;jyKa&; ESifh ajratmufo,HZmwazmfxw k af &; a&;? a&;? vdkvQif (roihf)
ESihf aqmufvkyfa&;vkyfief;rsm;ü ... a&;? a&;? a&;? (oihf)
(a&'D,kd tdik q f wkd w k rf sm;udk pduk yf sKd ;a&;? use;f rma&;? ajr b0zlvHka&;? 'ge&Sifjzpfa&;? oef;<u,folaX;jzpf a&;
atmufo,HZmwazmfxkwfa&;ESihf aqmufvkyfa&; atmifbmavrSm uHprf;yg/
vkyfief;rsm;ü[lí jyifoihfonf/) ayghqrI? a&ul;tawGUtBuHKr&SdrIESihf t&ufaopm
( c ) 0guswiG f vdt k yfonfh pum;vH;k ? yk'w f Ykd ruse&f adS p&ef *½k aomufpm;xm; jcif ; wdkYaMumihf a&epfaoqHk;&jcif;
jyK&onf/ jzpfaMumif;/
yH k p H / bufrvdu k jf cif;onf Edik if iH ,frsm;\ vGwv f yfa&;twGuf rI? rI? jcif; (roihf)
tumtuG,fjzpfonf/ uREfkyfwdkY\aqmifyk'fonf rI? rI? rI (oihf)
ayghq rI ? a&ul;tawGUtBuKH r&Sd rI ESifh t&ufaopm rdecYf eG ;f ajymMum;ay;yg&ef Ouú|Bu;D tm; yefMum;
aomufpm;xm; rI wdkYaMumihf a&epfaoqHk;&jcif; ygonf/ (rSef)
jzpfaMumif;/ (2) xdkYaemuf NydKifyGJ0if tm;upm;toif;rsm;onf
0guswG i f ; yk ' f t xm;tod k tpDtpOftwdkif; tm;ay;Munfh½IaeMuonfh
(u) emrfukd txl;jyKaomyk'u f kd oufqikd af omemrfEiS fh eD;uyf y&dowfrsm;tm; vufrsm;a0SU,rf;EIwfqufí
pGmxm;&onf/ jyefvnfxu G cf mG oGm;Muonf/ (rSm;)
yH k p H / (1) ayoHk;axmifjrihfaom yef;oD;yifrsm;udk pdkufysdK; xdkYaemufNydKifyGJ0if tm;upm;toif;rsm;onf
&ef awmifwef;wpfckudk oufqdkif&mu &SmazG tm;ay;Munfh½IaeMuonfh y&dowfrsm;tm;
aeonf/ (rSm;) vufrsm;a0SU,rf;EIwfqufí tpDtpOftwdkif;
yef;oD;yifrsm;udk pdkufysdK;&ef ayoHk;axmifjrihf jyefvnfxu G cf mG oGm;Muonf/ (rSe)f
aom awmifwef;wpfcu k kd oufqikd &f mu &SmazG ( * ) uwåm;udk oufqikd &f mBu, d mESifh eD;uyfpmG xm;&onf/
aeonf/ (rSef) yH k p H / tm[m&ESifh pyfvsO;f aom tpnf;ta0;rsm;u vlBu;D
(2) urÇmwGif yxrOD;qH;k aom t`rmT nDtpfuEkd pS Of ;D vli,fwdkY\ tpm;taomufudk pepfwus jyKjyifoGm;
\ vufa0SYyGJyifjzpfonf/ (rSm;) oifhaMumif; tqdkjyKMuonf/ (rSm;)
urÇmwGif t`rmT nDtpfuEkd pS Of ;D \ yxrOD;qH;k aom vlBu;D vli,fw\ Ykd tpm;taomufukd pepfwus jyKjyif
vufa0SYyyJG if jzpfonf/ (rSe)f oGm;oihaf Mumif; tm[m&ESifh pyfvsO;f í tpnf;ta0;
(3) tHrh cef;awmifwef;ay:rS jrefrmhausmufprd ;f rsm; rsm;u tqdkjyKMuonf/ (rSef)
(rSm;) oknqHk;aomudef;ESihf oknrqHk;aomudef;/ ude;f *Pef;rsm;wGif
awmifwef;ay:rS thrH cef; jrefrmhausmufprd ;f rsm; 20? 300? 450? 6000? 8320 ponfjzihf 0 (okn) ESifh qH;k aomude;f
(rSef) rsm; &So
d uJo h Ykd 14? 36? 4728? 26379 ponfjzihf oknESifh rqH;k aom
( c ) Bu, d mudk txl;jyKaomyk'u f kd oufqikd af omBu, d mESifh ude;f rsm;vnf; &Sad Mumif; trsm;todyif jzpfygonf/ jrefrmpum;wGif
eD;uyfpmG xm;&onf/ ]vl 3 a,muf? acG; 5 aumif? ykvif; 6 vHk;} ponfjzihf
yH k p H / (1) Ouú|Bu;D tm; rdecYf eG ;f ajymMum;ay;yg&ef yefMum; trsdK;tpm;udk azmfjyaom rsdK;jypum;rsm;? ]qD 15 ydóm? t&yf
ygonf/ (rSm;)
6 ay? c&D; 18 rdkif} ponfjzihf twdik ;f twmyrmPudk azmfjyaom rSm;oHk;Muonf/ vrf;emrnfudkvnf; 30 vrf;? 50 vrf;[k rSm;oHk;
yrmPjy pum;rsm;udk toH;k jyK&mü oknqH;k aomude;f ESifh oknrqH;k Muonf/
aomudef;wdkY oHk;EIef;yHk uGJjym;ygonf/ ckEpS ?f ouú&mZfazmfjy&müvnf; oknrqH;k vQif ]1327 ckESpf?
-- oknrqH;k aomude;f rsm;udk azmfjy&mwGif ]bk&m; 5 ql? q&m 2005 ckESpf} ponfjzihf oHk;&NyD; oknqHk;vQif ]1320 jynfhESpf?
3 a,muf? EGm; 12 aumif? ykvif; 105 vkH;? qD 5 2000 jynfhESpf} ponfjzihf oHk;&onf/ ] ckESpfESihf jynfhESpf}
ydóm? tuGmta0; 15 rdkif} ponfjzihf rsdK;jypum;udk cGJjcm;oHk;&ef jzpfygonf/
ude;f *Pef;\ aemufuxm;í azmfjy&onf/ yrmPjypum; Ä Ä Ä Ä Ä
udkvnf; xdkodkYyif oHk;&onf/
-- oknqH;k aomude;f rsm;udk azmfjy&mwGif ]bk&m;tql 30? q&m
ta,muf 20? EGm;taumif 500? ykvif;tvHk; 80?
qD ydóm 20? tuGmta0; rdkif 50} ponfjzihf rsdK;jy
pum;udk ude;f *Pef;\ a&SUuxm;í azmfjy&onf/ (rsKd ;jypum;
\a&SUrSm t xnfhNyD; ]ta,muf 20? taumif 50} [lí
oHk;&onf/ yrmPjypum;udkrl t rxnfhbJ ]ydóm 20?
rd k i f 50} ponfjzihf oHk;&onf/ ]vlta,muf 20? bJO
tvHk; 100} [k roHk;bJ ]vl 20? bJO 100} [k rsdK;jypum;
rxnfhbJvnf; oHk;Edkifonf/)
vrf;emrnfrsm;udk azmfjy&mwGif oknrqHk;vQif ]35 vrf;?
46 vrf;} [k azmfjyNy;D oknqH;k vQif ]vrf; 30? vrf; 50} [k
azmfjyonfukd ,SOMf unfEh ikd o f nf/ (10 rSm oknqH;k aomfvnf; okn
rqH;k aomude;f uJo h yYkd if oH;k &onf/ vl 10 a,muf? EGm; 10 aumif
ponfjzihf oHk;onf/)
]vl 20 a,muf? ykvif; 50 vHk;? Muuf 20 aumif} [k tcsdKU
yH k p H
- qif? jrif;? uRJ? EGm;? 0uf paom owå0grsm;/
- touf&n S jf cif;? tqif;vSjcif;? csr;f omBu;D jcif;[k qdt k yfaom
- jrefrmouú&mZf? 1369ckESpf? jymodkvqef;? 4&uf/
- c&pfESpf? 2005 ckESpf? Zefe0g&Dv? 2&uf? t*FgaeY/
yk'fjzwfyk'f&yftoHk;rsm;1 - OD;jrwfausm?f ausmif;tkyBf u;D ? &ufuef;oifwef;ausmif;? rk'NkH rKd U/
- a&TykyÜm;pwdk;? trSwf 36? urf;em;vrf;? zsmyHkNrdKU/
jrefrmpma&;&mwGif yk'jf zwfy'k &f yfoauFwrsm;udk olaY e&mESio fh l - bk&m;yGaJ wmfoY k d uke;f vrf;rSjzpfap? a&vrf;rSjzpfap oGm;Edik yf gonf/
oH;k &onf/ yk'jf zwfy'k &f yfoauFwrsm;rSm jrefrmpmta&;tom; pwif
/ (yk ' f r )
pOfuwnf;u oH;k vmaom ]? (yk'u f av;) / (yk'rf ) / /(yk'rf Bu;D )} ponfh
0gustqH;k wGif yk'rf udk oH;k onf/ taMumif;t&muGjJ ym;aom
oauFwrsm;ESifh yHEk ydS af cwfwiG f oH;k vmaom ( ) 0du k u f iG ;f ]] }}
pum;vH;k ? pum;vH;k pkrsm; aemufüvnf; yk'rf udk oH;k onf/ trSwpf Ofrsm;
(rsuaf wmiftzGi?hf tydw)f ponfwYkd jzpfonf/ yk'jf zwfy'k &f yftoH;k rsm;
aemufüvnf; yk'rf udk oH;k onf/ yk'rf udk ESpaf csmif;yk'[f v
k nf; ac:onf/
udk tusOf;csKyfí azmfjyvdkufygonf/
yH k p H
? (yk ' f u av;) - jrefrmEdik if w
H iG f ucsi?f u,m;? u&if? csi;f ? Arm? rGe?f &cdik ?f &Sr;f
taMumif;t&m uGjJ ym;aom pum;vH;k rsm;? pum;vH;k pkrsm;\ paom wdik ;f &if;om;vlrsKd ;rsm; tpOftquf aexdik cf MhJ uonf/
Mum;wGif yk'fuav;udk oHk;onf/ ydkif;jzwf&yfem;onfhoabm jzpf - jynfe,fckepfck
onf/ (pum;vHk;rsm;Mum;wGif yk'fuav;roHk;bJ ae&mcsJívnf; ucsif? u,m;? u&if? csif;? rGef? &cdkif? &Srf;/ (tvsm;vdkuf)
a&;avh&Sdonf/) wpfckxufydkaom pum;vHk;pkrsm;Mum;wGifrl ucsif?
yk'fuav;udk oHk;&onf/ yk'fuav;udk wpfacsmif;yk'f[kvnf; u,m;?
ac:onf/ u&if?
1/ (u) jref r mo'´ g? jrefrmpmtzGJU? &efukef? 2005 ckESpf? yxrtBudrf? csif;?
pm 35? 100? 150 rGef?
( c ) armifcifrif ("EkjzL)? vlwdkif;twGuf toHk;csjrefrmpmmpm? 2010 &cdkif?
jynfhESpf? yxrtBudrf? pm 62
&Sr;f / (a'gifvu kd )f
- trSwfpOf taMumif;t&m pmyd'k cf JG trSwpf Ofrsm;? uGjJ ym;atmif cGjJ cm;azmfjycsurf sm;udk 0du
k u
f iG ;f
1/ ........ jzihf azmfjyonf/
2/ ........ yH k p H
3/ ........ - 325d 60g; (oHk;&mESpfq,hfig;usyfESihf jym;ajcmufq,fwdwd)
/ / (yk ' f r BuD ; ) (aiGaMu;)
½H;k pma&;&mü taMumif;t&m? &nfñeT ;f csu?f rSwcf suf ponf - pef;pef;at; (OD;wifc) - zciftrnf azmfjycsuf
wd\ Yk aemufü yk'rf Bu;D udk oH;k onf/ pmyd'k \
f ab;acgif;pOfaemufü - tDMumauG; ("EkjzL) - uavmiftrnfESihf a'o
vnf; yk'frBuD;udk oHk;onf/ - jrefrmpmvHk;aygif;owfyHkusrf; - xkwfa0onfhae&m
yH k p H (jrefrmpmtzGJU)
- tqkwfa&m*g (wDbD) - t"dyÜm,fwl
- taMumif;t&m / / cGihfwdkifMum;jcif;
- ykodrf'D*&Daumvdyf - ,cktajctae
- &nfñeT ;f csuf / / oifwef;Bu;D Muyfa&;tzGUJ \ 1- 1- 2008
(,ckwuúodkvf)
&ufpyJG g aMunmcsut f rSwf 1^08/
- atmufygtwdkif; 3 rsdK;cGJonf/
- rSwcf suf / / ,ckazmfjyaom vlOD;a&rSm 2008ck?
(u) - - - - (1) - - - -
Zefe0g&DvwGif aemufqHk;aumuf,lcJh
( c ) - - - - (2) - - - -
aom vlOD;a&jzpfonf/
( * ) - - - - (3) - - - - trSwfpOfudk uGif;jzihfjyjcif;
- pme,fZif; / / pme,fZif;qdo k nfrmS owif;pm? *sme,f?
tqifh? trSwf? tyk ' f ponfph um;vH;k wd\ Yk aemuf&dS tpOf
r*¾Zif;udk twdkaumufoHk;aom pum;
jyudef;*Pef;rsm;udk 0dkufuGif;jzifh jyonf/
jzpfonf/ (ab;acgif;pOfaemufu yk'rf
yH k p H
BuD;oHk;yHk)
- tqifh (4) &olrsm;/
( ) 0dkufuGif; - trSwf (3) tpdk;&txufwef;ausmif;/
udef;*Pef;\ aemufwGif pmjzihf xyfrHazmfjyaom aiGaMu; - pmyk'ftrSwf (5) wGif azmfjyonf/
ta&twGuaf zmfjycsu?f vltrnf? pmtkyt f rnf ponfw\ Ykd aemuf rSwfcsuf/ / pmESihfudef;*Pef;a&mí azmfjy&mwGif udef;*Pef;udk
wGif txl;jyK&ef ñTe;f aom azmfjycsu?f t"dymÜ ,fwal zmfjycsurf sm;? 0dkufuGif;jzihf azmfjyonf/
(uGefysLwmpmvHk;wGifrl pmESihf *Pef; uGJjym;NyD;jzpfí pum;vH;k ? oH;k ½d;k oH;k pOftwdik ;f r[kwb f J t"dymÜ ,fwpfrsKd ; oufa&muf
*Pef;udk 0dkufuGif;rygbJ ae&mcsJNyD; azmfjyEdkifonf/) apvdak ompum;vH;k ponfwu Ykd kd rsuaf wmiftzGit fh ydwf (wpfcck si;f )
yH k p H jzihfazmfjyonf/
- vl 15 a,muf yH k p H
]] }} rsufawmiftzGihftydwf (tpHkvdkuf) - ]uacsmfucRwf}\ t"dyÜm,frSm ]tvGJvGJtrSm;rSm;? ayghaygh
aumufEkwfcsuf? udk;um;csufrsm;? wdkuf½dkufajympum;rsm;? wefwef} [lí jzpfonf/
qd½k ;kd pum;rsm;udk azmfjy&mwGif rsuaf wmif tzGit hf ydwf (tpHv
k u
kd )f - ]Asnf;} ESihf ]o&} [lí pum;oHESpfrsdK; cGJEdkifonf/
oH;k onf/ - OD;wkwfBuD;rSm tvGef]pm;}aom yk*¾dKvfBuD;jzpfaMumif; trsm;
yH k p H odMuonf/
- ]]av;pm;tyfaom tvky[ f o l rQwiG f jzwfvrf;[lí r&Sad cs}} - rsOf ; wd k
[k pma&;q&mBuD; q&maZmf*sDu rdefYqdkxm;onf/ &ufpu JG kd twdak umufa&;jcif;? pmrsuEf mS ? ckEpS ?f ae&m ponf
- ]]&efvdku &efydkonf? &efrvdku &efNydKonf}} [k qdk½dk;pum; wd\ Yk tpESit fh qH;k udk qufpyfazmfjyjcif;wdw
Yk iG f xdyk 'k rf sm;\Mum;rS
&Sod nf/ rsOf;wdkudk oHk;onf/ trSwfpOfrwyfaomtcsufrsm;udk txuf
- uRefawmfvrf;jzwful;pOf ]]a[h oli,fcsif; b,foGm;rvdkYvJ atmuf wef;pDazmfjy&mwGiv f nf; tcsuw f pfcpk \ D a&SUwGif rsO;f wdk
uG}} [k ar;aom toHudk Mum;vdkuf&onf/ udk oHk;onf/
- ]]orD;av;}} yH k p H
]]&Sif? azaz}} - 4-6-2007
]]aeaumif;&JUvm;}} - pmrsufESm 60-75 (tpESihftqHk;)
]]aumif;ygw,f? bmjzpfvdkYar;wmvJ[if}} - taemf&xm (1044-1077) (eef;pHESpf)
]]orD; 'Dnae xl;xl;jcm;jcm; NidrfaevdkYav}} - yxrurÇmppf (1914-1918) (tpESihftqHk;)
]]Adkufav;NyD; tdyfcsifaevdkYyg/ pdwfrylygeJU azaz}} - cifESif;,k (1925-2003) (zGm;aoESpf)
(tazESihforD; pum;ajymyHk)
----- rsOf ; &S n f
] } rsufawmiftzGihftydwf (wpfckcsif;)
atmufwiG f oD;oefY txufatmufwef;pD azmfjyrnfyh 'k rf sm;
pum;vHk;t"dyÜm,fazmfjycsuf? odomxif&Sm;apvdkaom
udk razmfjyrD tay:uyk'\ f tqH;k wGif rsO;f &Snu

f kd oH;k onf/ uGuv
f yf yH k p H
udk azmfjy&mwGifvnf; rsOf;&Snfudk oHk;onf/ - jrefrmpma&;om;&mwGif pmvHk;aygif;owfyHk rSefuefrIonf
yH k p H tajccH tusqHk;aom vdktyfcsuf jzpfonf/
- yGJawmf&uftwGif; txl;tpDtpOftjzpf --- - jrefrm0gusrsm;udk Bud,m jzihf tqHk;owf&onf/
1/ xrif;pm;yef;uefjym;rsm; - *syefEdkifiH
2/ aumfzDyef;uefjym;rsm; - tus,ft0ef; / /
3/ [if;xnfhyef;uefrsm; - vlOD;a& / /
4/ "mwfbl;rsm; a&mif;csay;aeygonf/ - e,fedrdwf / /
- uGuv f yfjznfyh g/ ..... pmcsef t rS w f t om;
1/ &wemoHk;yg;qdkonfrSm bk&m;? w&m;--- wdkYjzpfonf/ aumufEkwfcsuf? udk;um;csufrsm;udk tjynfhtpHkrazmfjybJ
2/ ukodkvfwpfyJ--- wpfydóm (pum;yHk) csex f m;vQif pmcset f rSwtf om;jzihf azmfjyonf/ (tpufig;pufjy&ef)
^ rsOf ; apmif ; yH k p H
trSwpf OfEiS fh ckEpS u
f kd ,SOw
f aJG zmfjyjcif;? qefu Y sib
f ufy'k Ef pS cf rk S - ]]csKd ;ESpaf umif? xaemif;yifnaD emifu.....zd;k awmifow l /J }}
wpfcck u k kd &nfneT ;f aMumif; azmfjyjcif;wdw Yk iG f rsO;f apmif;udk oH;k onf/ ... oH & S n f q G J j cif ; ? t&S d e f , l q d k i f ; iH h j cif ; jytrS w f t om;
yH k p H pum;oHudk oH&SnfqGJjcif;? t&Sdef,lpOf acwåqdkif;iHhjcif;wdkYudk
- tpnf;ta0;trSwf 2^2008 þtrSwftom;jzihf azmfjyonf/ (tpufoHk;pufjy&ef)
- aMunmcsuftrSwf 1^2005 yH k p H
- usm;^r - a[mAsm... ajym&if;qdk&if; ola&mufvmNyD/
- ausmif;olâusmif;om; - atmf... 'Dvdkudk;/
- ouf&SdûG,fvGef - onfawmh...jyóemu BuD;xGm;vmonf/
atmufrsOf; = nD r Qjcif ; trS w f t om;
tav;ay;azmfjyvdak om pum;vH;k rsm;? pum;vH;k pkrsm;? yk'rf sm;udk t"dymÜ ,fcsi;f ? tcsut
f vufcsi;f wlaMumif; azmfjyvQif nDrQjcif;
atmufrsO;f om;í azmfjyonf/ acgif;pOfrsm;vnf; tygt0ifjzpfonf/ trSwftom;udk oHk;onf/
yH k p H
- 8 zmvHk = 1 rdkif
- 1 rDwm = 39.37 vufr
- 'ge = tvSL
- ao = qHk; = uG,fvGef = tedpöa&muf
Ä Ä Ä Ä Ä pmjyifvkyfief;ESifh pmjyifoauFwrsm;
pmtkyfpmwrf;xkwfa0jcif;vkyfief;wGif ,aeYtxd r&Sdrjzpf
vkt d yfaeaom u@wpfco k nf ]pmjyifjcif;} jzpfygonf/ cJpmvH;k rsm;
jzifh pmpDjcif;rSonf ,aeY uGeyf sLwmpmpDjcif;txd ]pmjyifjcif;} vkyif ef;
onf r&SdrjzpfvdktyfaeqJ jzpf\/ odkY&mwGif vltrsm;onf pmjyif
jcif;\u@udk od&Sdolenf;yg;avonf/ od&SdtoHk;csvsuf&Sdaom
vlrsm;udk,fwdkifu ]pmjyifjcif;} u@udk wefzdk;xm;&aumif;rSef;
rodacs/ pmjyifjcif;vkyif ef;\ oabmobm0? vdt k yfcsuf twdik ;f
twmudk rod&MdS uaomaMumifh jzpfonf/ pma&;olwpfO;D u ola&;csif
aompmwpfy'k u f kd a&;om;Ny;D onfEiS hf r*¾Zif;? *sme,f oifah vsm&f m
pmaywdu k of Ykd ydv
Yk u
kd o
f nf/ tqdyk g pmaywdu k rf S xdpk ma&;ol\pmudk
a&G;cs,fvdkufNyDqdkaomtcg tqdkyg pmrludk uGefysLwmpD&onf/
uGefysLwmpDNyD;aomtcg y½kxkwfonf/ xdky½kudk pmjyifq&mxH
ydkY&onf/ xdktcg pmjyifq&mu tqdkygy½kudk pmjyif&awmhonf/
pmjyifq&m\ tqdyk gy½kEiS yhf wfoufí yxrOD;qH;k jyKvyk &f
onfrmS pma&;q&m\ rl&if;pmESihf uGeyf sLwmpDxm;aomy½kukd rSef
rrSef wdu k pf pf&jcif;jzpfonf/ tqdyk gtcsuo f nf pmjyifq&mtwGuf
ta&;Bu;D qH;k tcsuf jzpfonf/ pmwdu k &f if;ESiahf wGUaom pmvH;k trSm;?
tustaygufrsm;udk jyifoGm;&onf/ NyD;aomtcg tqdkygy½kudk
wpfacgufxyfzwf&onf/ pmjyifq&mwpfO;D twGuf t"duxm;&rnfh
tcsurf sm;rSm rdrv d yk uf ikd vf su&f adS om r*¾Zif;? *sme,fwu kd \

f &nf&, G f xdck pH m;csurf sm;onf ola&;aompm\ pum;vH;k wdik ;f wGif pD;qif;rSD
csuu f kd od&&dS rnf/ xd&k nf&, G cf suEf iS hf rudu
k n
f aD om ta&;tom;? wG,af eayonf/ pmvH;k wpfv;kH ? pmyk'w f pfy'k f vJrG mS ;oGm;onfEiS hf pma&;
toH;k tEIe;f yHpk rH sm;udk owdxm;jyifqif&rnf jzpf\/ xdjYk yif owfrw S f ol\ cHpm;csuo f nfvnf; vJaG csmyf supf ;D oGm;Edik af Mumif;udk owdjyK
jy|mef;xm;aom owfypkH mtkyrf S owfyrkH sm;twdik ;f jyifqifay;&yg &ayrnf/
onf/ wpfzef pdppfa&;tzJUG rS wm;jrpfxm;aom ta&;tom;? toH;k pmjyifq&mwpfO;D onf pmaypdw?f tEkynmaemufcH &S&d ayrnf/
tEIe;f rsm;udkvnf; jyifqif&rnfjzpfonf/ pmay\wefz;kd udk em;vnfo&d ayonf/ jrefrmrIjyKxm;aom bmom
pma&;ol\ rlv&nf&, G cf suf rysuaf p&efvnf; owdxm;&yg jcm;pum;vH;k rsm;? ajymif;vJo;kH pJaG eonfh toH;k tEIe;f rsm;? acwfEiS hf
rnf/ pmvHk;tpdwftusJ? tjzwftawmuf? wpfydk'fyk'f? ESpfydk'fyk'f? tnD ajymif;vJaeaom? jzpfay:vmaom toHk;tEIef;rsm;? pmay
uGif;puGif;ydwf? pmtquftpyfrsm;udkvnf; jyifqifay;&onf/ A[kow k rsm;udk pmjyifq&mwpfO;D onf pOfqufrjywf od&adS e&ay
wpfcgwpf&H pma&;olu a&;pOfu usecf ahJ omtquftpyfrsm;? a&SU rnf/ od&adS tmif avhvmae&ayrnf/ uGeyf sLwm pmpDpm½du k o f rm;
aemufrnDñGwfrIrsm;? rl0g'ESifh rudkufnDaom toHk;tEIef;rsm;udk rsm;onfvnf; jrefrmpma&;xHk;owfyHkrsm;udk tay:,HrQom
vnf; jyifqifay;&onf/ od&o dS rl sm; jzpfonf/ pmjyifonfo h rl sm;uvnf; pmjyify½kukd q&mjzifh
yxry½kudk jyifqifNyD;aomtcg jyifcsufy½kudk uGefysLwmrS aoaocsmcsm oifMum;xm;olrsm; r[kwMf uaomtcg pmjyifynm
jyifay;NyD;aomtcg 'kwd,y½kudk pmjyifq&mu jyefvnfppfaq; onf wjznf;jznf; aysmufuG,fvkrwwf jzpfaeayNyD/
&ygrnf/ rdrjd yifcikd ;f aom jyifcsurf sm;udk ukepf ifatmif jyif^ rjyif? odjYkzpfí ,aeYxw k af 0vsu&f adS om *sme,f? r*¾Zif;? pmapmifrsm;
rjyifbJ usew f mrsm;&Sad o;vm;qdw k mudk ppfaq;Ny;D aemuf y½kukd wGif tustaygufrsm;? owfyt kH rSm;rsm;udk awG&Y adS e&ayonf/ wcsKd U
aemufwpfBurd f xyfrzH wf½pI pfaq;&rnf jzpfonf/ pmjyifq&mwpfO;D qdvk Qif oH;k vdik ;f acgif;pnf;rsm;wGiyf if rSm;,Gi;f aeonfukd rMumcP
taejzifh txl;owdxm;&rnfrmS rdrjd yifqif&efjyaom pmjyiftwGuf awGU&S&d ayonf/ pmyd'k rf sm;wGiv f nf; pmrsm;usaeaomaMumifh tquf
pmom;rsm;udk uGeyf sLwm½du k of l em;vnfap&ef jzpfonf/ ,cktcg tpyfr&Sdonfrsm;vnf; awGU&\/ wcsKdU*sme,f? pmapmifrsm;\
pmjyifoauFwrsm;udk aoaocsmcsmem;vnfol r&Sdoavmufyif tify&ifw Y iG f ]pmjyift,f'w D m} [lí azmfjyxm;onfrsm;udk awG&Y \/
jzpfonf/ vuf&dS pmjyifq&mvkyaf eoltcsKd Uyif pmjyifoauFwrsm; pmjyif t rS w f v u© P mrsm;
udk em;rvnfMuacs/ pnf;pepf&&dS dS jyifqifjcif;um; r&Sdawmhyg/ pmyHkESdyfvkyfief;wGif twdkqHk;ESihf tvG,fulqHk; em;vnfEdkif
tqifajyovdk? jzpfovdk jyifqifaeMujcif;om jzpfonf/ pmjyif ap&eftwGuf pmjyiftrSwftom;rsm;udk toHk;jyKMu&onf/ ,if;
tvkyu f kd oD;oefv Y yk uf ikd af eolrsm;vnf; r&Sad wmhacs/ BuKH onfo h u
l pmjyiftrSwt f om;rsm;udk rnforYkd nfykH rSeu f efpmG tok;H jyK&rnfukd
BuKH ovdv k yk uf ikd f jyifqifaeMujcif;u rsm;onf/pma&;olwpfa,muf od&Sdem;vnfap&eftwGuf erlemyHkpHrsm;udk azmfjyxm;ygonf/
a&;om;aom pmwpfyk'fonf xdkpma&;ol\ cHpm;csufrsm; jzpf\/
pmjyif t rS w f t om;ES i h f vu© P mrsm;1 trSwf pmrl

pmrlay:wGif rSwfom; ab;uGuvf yfwiG af zmfjy pmpDorm;twGuf nTefMum;
pOf &rnfh trSwftom; &rnfhtrSwftom; csufESihf rSwfcsufrsm;
trSwf pmrl
pmrlay:wGif rSwfom; ab;uGuv
f yfwiG af zmfjy pmpDorm;twGuf nTefMum; 8 aumfyjD yefMunh^f pmrlaumfyw D iG yf gaom pm
pOf &rnfh trSwftom; &rnfhtrSwftom; csufESihf rSwfcsufrsm;
ydk'fBuD;wpfydk'f ususef&pf
1 = odkYr[kwf^ pmvHk;ajymif;jyefjzpfae
cJo
h nf/ vufa&;aumfyD
onf/ jyefvSnfhay;yg/ (pmrl)wGif jyefMunfhyg/
2 ^ odkYr[kwf- (u) þtrSwftom;jyxm; 9 pmvHk;csif;qufay;yg/ pm
(c) onfhpmvHk;udk y,fzsuf csJ&ef rvdkyg/
onf/ xkwfypfyg/ 10 ae&majymif;^ pmjyiftrSwftom;jyxm;
3 ôdkYr[kwf- xnfhvdkaom--- pmpDxm;onfh pmvHk;tpm; onfh pmvHk;rsm;udk ae&m
pmvHk;udkazmfjyyg/ ab;uGufvyfwGif azmfjy ajymif;ay;yg/ tu,fí
onfh pmvHk;udk vJxnfh pmvH;k oH;k vH;k xufyí kd ae&m
ay;yg/ ajymif;&efvykd gu yHq k jJG yNy;D
4 xnfv h akd ompmvH;k udk pmvH;k useaf eonf/ azmfjyyg rSwfcsufa&;jyyg/
azmfjyyg/ pmvH;k udx
k nfah y;yg/ 11 tyd'k o
f pf^ pmyd'k t f opf pyg/
5 xnfhvdkaom---- pmoHk;vH;k useaf eonf/ 12 wqufwnf; pmaMumif;ESpcf k qufay;yg/
pmvHk;udkazmfjyyg/ xyfjznfhay;yg/ 13 ........ wnfNrJ^ pmvHk;rsm;udk pmjyifolu
6 pmvHk;wpfvHk;ESihf wpfvHk; zsufrdNyD; e*dk&Sd&if;pGJtwdkif;
tMum; 0guswpfcEk iS w fh pfck jyifjcif;? zsufjcif; rvkyfbJ
tMum;csaJ y;yg/ xm;vdkygu pmvHk;\
atmufwiG f xdo k auFwudk
7 ab;uGuv f yfwiG f azmfjy
azmfjy&ygonf/
xm;onfh av;axmifhuu G f
i,f (tif)ta&twGuEf iS f h 14 yk'rf Bu;D xnfah y;yg/
tnD csJay;yg odrYk [kwf 15 yk'rf i,fxnfah y;yg/
tifwif;ay;yg/ 16 yk'ñ f eT ;f xnfah y;yg/ trSwf
tom;atmufrScHí jyo
xm;jcif;rSm pmvH;k \tay:
1/ jrefrmhq&kd , f pfvrf;pOfygwD? ygwD½Hk;tzGJYvkyfief;wm0e
S v wm0ef 1966 ckEpS ?f xdyyf ikd ;f wGijf ri§ í
fh oauFw
pmayAdrmefyHkESdyfwdkuf? 1970 jynfhESpf? pm 190-195 pmvHk;wpfckudk azmfjyvdk
onfhtwGuf jzpfygonf/
trSwf pmrl
f yfwiG af zmfjy pmpDorm;twGuf nTefMum; trSwf pmrl
f yfwiG af zmfjy pmpDorm;twGuf nTefMum;
pOf &rnfh trSwftom; &rnfhtrSwftom; csufESihf rSwfcsufrsm; pOf &rnfh trSwftom; &rnfhtrSwftom; csufESihf rSwfcsufrsm;
17 pmvH;k tay:wGif jri§ *fh Pef; 31 rsOf;aMumif;ESihf pmvHk;rsm;
xnfhay;yg/ aumufí txufatmuf
18 'orxnfah y;yg/ rrSejf zpfaeonf/ nDatmif
n§day;yg/
19 wH;k uav;wpfcx k nfah y;yg/
20 wtift&G,f&Sd wHk;uav; 32 a&SUrsuEf mS ^^ þtrSwt f om;jyxm;onfh
wpfck xnfhay;yg/ aemufrsufESmodkY ^^ pmaMumif;rsm;? pmvH;k rsm;udk
wpfzufpmrsuEf mS odYk ydaYk y;yg/
21 yk'af uG; (aumfrm) xnfah y;
yg/ 33 rJ ^ rsufESmrJpmvHk; vJay;yg/
22 odkYr[kwf pmvH;k udEk rdS chf say;yg/ 34 pmvHk;rSm;onf[k xifyg
onf/ rSeaf tmifjyifay;yg/
23 odkYr[kwf pmvH;k udjk ri§ afh y;yg/
35 Ital / tDwJvfvpftrsdK;tpm;
24 _ pmvH;k ryDoyg/ pmvH;k topf t*Fvyd pf mvH;k vJay;yg/
vJay;yg/
36 Sm Caps / t*Fvyd pf mvH;k Bu;D ti,fpm;
25 pmaMumif;udk rsO;f rwfae&m vJxnfah y;yg/
txda&mufatmif a&TUay;
yg/ 37 Caps / t*Fvyd pf mvH;k Bu;D vJxnfyh g/
26 pmvH;k udk rsO;f aMumif;tqH;k 38 Rom / ½dkriftrsdK;tpm; t*Fvdyf
ae&modYk a&mufatmif pmvHk; vJxnfhay;yg/
a&TUay;yg/ 39 Clar / or Ant / uvm&if'ef trsKd ;tpm;?
27 A[d^k pmvH;k udt k v,fA[do k Ykd tif;wpftrsKd ;tpm; t*Fvyd f
a&mufatmifxm;yg/ pmvH;k vJxnfhay;yg/
28 0Juyf^ pmvH;k rsm;udk vuf0b J ufoYkd 40 L.C. / t*Fvyd pf mvk;H tao;pm;
uyfay;yg/ xnfah y;yg/
29 ,muyf^ pmvH;k rsm;udk vuf,mbuf 41 , Apostrophe xnfhay;yg/
odkY uyfay;yg/
30 ab;om;rnDyg/ nDatmif
nda§ y;yg/
rSwfcsuf/(1) tifqo kd nfrmS yHEk ydS v

f yk if ef;wGif toH;k jyKaom twdik ;f
txGmqdik &f m a0g[m&wpfck jzpfygonf/ tif qdak om
a0g[m&rSm t*Fvdyfbmomtm;jzihf (Em) qdak om
pum;rS,lí toHk;jyKjcif; jzpfygonf/ wpftif\
t&G,fyrmPrSm wpfvufr\ ajcmufyHkwpfyEkH iS fh
nDrQygonf/ wpfenf;qd&k vQif wpfvufronf ajcmuf pmjyifjcif;tqifhqifh aqmif&Gufcsufrsm;
tifESihf nDrQygonf/
pmrlaumif;wpfy'k &f &Sad p&ef pmrltqifh pmjyifjcif;? y½ktqifh
(2) tifwif; qdo k nfrmS ab;uGuv f yf (rm*si)f wGif csef
(yxr? 'kwd,? pmrsufESm) pmjyifjcif;rsm; aqmif&Guf&onf/
&rnfh tyd'k cf rJG sm;twGuf pmrsuEf mS jynfh pmrpDyJ ab;
pmrl t qif h
uGufvyftwGuf ae&mvGwfcsefvSyfí pmpDapjcif;
pmrltqifw h iG f atmufygtwdik ;f pmjyKjyifjcif;rsm; tqifq
h ifh
jzpfygonf/ yHpk H - 0guswpfy'kd \ f tyd'k cf rJG sm;udk wpf
aqmif&Guf&ygonf -
vufr ab;uGufvyfcsefí pmpD&ef ñTefjyvdkygu
(u) pmrlwGif owfyHkrsm;jyifjcif;/
ajcmuftif tifwif;ay;yg[k vnf;aumif;? ESpv f ufr
( c ) vdktyfaom pmrsufESmzGJUpnf;rIyHkpHrsm; jyifjcif;/
ab;uGufvyfcsefí pmpD&ef ñTefjyvdkygu 12tif
( * ) pmydk'fcGJjcif;? tifwif;jcif;rsm;udk jyKjyifjcif;/
tifwif;ay;yg[k ,if;rSwfcsufudk ab;rSa&;om;
(C) tquftpyfr&Sad om? 0d0g'ruGjJ ym;aom ta&;tom;
azmfjy&ygrnf/
rsm;udk pmrl&iS u f kd ar;jref;jyifqifjcif;/
,aeYtcsed w f iG f pmpDpepfonf cJv;kH pmpDpepf r[kwb f J uGeyf sL
( i ) pmtpdyftusJrsm;udk jyifqifjcif;/
wmpmpDpepfjzpfaomaMumihf cJpmvH;k wGif rSm;wwfaom? trSm;rsm;
onf uGefysLwmpmpDpepfwGif tcsdKUr&SdEdkifonfrsm; &SdaomaMumihf yxry½k t qif h
txufyg pmjyifvu©Pmtm;vH;k onf toH;k r0ifonfukd awGU&yg yxry½ktqifhwGif atmufygtwdkif; pmjyKjyifjcif;rsm;
onf/ odaYk omf toH;k jyKEikd of nfh pmjyifvu©Pmrsm;udk pmjyK? pmwnf; tqifhqifh aqmif&Guf&ygonf -
ESifh pmtkypf mapmifxw k af 0a&;vkyif ef;wGif yg0ifaom uGeyf sLwmpmpD (u) y½kESifh rl&if;pmrludk wdkufqdkifppfaq;jcif;/
rsm; em;vnfwwfxm;ygu vkyfief;rsm;acsmarGUrnf jzpfygonf/ ( c ) y½kudk wpfacgufzwf½Ippfaq;jcif;/
( * ) pmvHk;tpdyftusJ? pmtwiftcsrsm;udk jyifqifjcif;/
Ä Ä Ä Ä Ä
(C) pmaypdppfa&;tzGUJ \ owfrw S cf sut f wkid ;f jzpfap&ef

ppfaq; jyifqifjcif;? jzKwyf ,fjcif;rsm; jyKvkyfjcif;/
( i ) rdr*d sme,f\ wdu
k yf ikd [
f efypkH t
H wdik ;f jzpfap&ef jyifqifjcif;/
'k w d , y½k t qif h
'kwd,y½ktqifhwGif atmufygtwdkif; pmjyKjyifjcif;rsm;
tqifhqifh aqmif&Guf&ygonf - pmayESpfrsKd;
(u) yxry½kyg jyifqifcsufudk jyif^rjyifppfaq;jcif;/
pmjyKowl o
Ydk nf enf;trsK;d rsK;d tzHzk kH jyKpak ompmay (Literature)
( c ) 'kw,d y½kukd xyfrzH wf½pI pfaq;Ny;D vdt
k yfonfrsm;udk
wdw
Yk iG f yifrtrsK;d tpm;tm;jzifh ESprf sK;d ESppf m; uGjJ ym;vsuf &Syd gonf/
jyifqifjcif;/
4if;wdo Yk nf &opmay (Fiction)ESihf okwpmay (Non-fiction) [k
( * ) a&SUaemuftquftpyfrsm; rSef^rrSefppfaq;jcif;/
uGjJ ym;jcm;em;ygonf/
(C) *sme,f\rl0g'rsm;ESifh udkufnDrI &Sd^r&Sd ppfaq;jcif;/
&opmay (Fiction)
( i ) roHk;oifhaom toHk;tEIef;rsm; yg^ryg ppfaq;jcif;/
pmzwfy&dowf\ pdwu f kd wpfenf;wpfzkH vIy&f mS ;atmif zefw;D
rsuf E S m y½k ay;aom (To make the people moved) pmayrsK;d jzpfonf/ wpfenf;
rsufESmy½ktqifhwGif atmufygtwdkif; pmjyKjyifjcif;rsm; tm;jzifh pdwu f ;l jzifzh UJG qdak om pum;ajyESihf a&;om;xm;aom pmay
tqifhqifh aqmif&Guf&ygonf - rsm;? um&efrsm;udk toH;k jyKum vSywifw h ,f om,memaysmfzG,f
(u) pmrsuEf mS zGUJ &mwGif wpfrsuEf mS ESihf wpfrsuEf mS tquf &Sdatmif zGJUpnf;xm;aom ysKdU? uAsm? vuFmrsm; ponfwdkY jzpfyg
tpyf rSef^rrSef ppfaq;jcif;/ onf/ ,if;pmudk zwf½Ijcif;jzifh pmzwfoltzdkY twGif;pdwf"mwfudk
( c ) pmrsuEf mS tul;tajymif;wGif rvSyaom tul;tquf *,uf½u kd cf wfapNy;D NyKH ;&Tijf cif;? &,farmjcif;? cspBf uKd ujf cif;? oem;
rsm;udk jyifqifjcif;/ jcif;? vGr;f qGwjf cif;? aMuuGjJ cif; paom tusK;d w&m;wdu Yk kd jzpfay:ap
( * ) pmrsufESmeHygwfrsm; rSef^rrSef ppfaq;jcif;/ aom &oajrmufatmif jyKpx k m;onfh pmayrsK;d jzpfonf/ (Oyrm -
(C) rmwdumESifh pmudk,f rSef^rrSef ppfaq;jcif;/ 0w¬K? jyZmwf? uAsm)
( i ) aumufpmrsm;? yHkpmrsm;udk ppfaq;jyifqifjcif;/ okwpmay (Non-fiction)
Ä Ä Ä Ä Ä pmzwfy&dowfrodao;onfh tcsut
f vufrsm;udk A[kow
k
jzpfapjcif;tusK;d iSm (To inform the people) a&;om;aom pmayrsK;d

jzpfonf/ okwpmayrSm pdwful;jzifh zGJUqdkaom zefwD;xm;aom
taMumif;t&mr[kwfbJ wu,fjzpfaom taMumif;t&yf&yfudk
a&;om;xm;aompmay jzpfygonf/ pma&;olu wpfpHkwpfckaom
taMumif;udk pmzwfow l Ykd od&&dS ef taMumif;Mum;xm;aom? rSww f rf;
wifaompmay jzpfonf/ wpfenf;tm;jzifh ]rSww f rf;pmay} [kvnf; uAsma&;enf;
ac:Muonf/ today;pmay[kvnf; ac:Muonf/ (Oyrm-ordik ;f ?
jref r muAsm\ tajccH o abm
odyÜH? vlrIa&;? c&D;oGm;qdkif&mpmtkyf? aqmif;yg;rsm;)
uAsmqdo k nfrmS bmompum;wpf&yf\ tqDtESpjf zpfonf/
od&Yk mwGif tcsKUd aom okwpmay odrYk [kwf rSww f rf;wifpmay?
uAsmonf uAsmq&mu ol\b0tawGUtBuKH pdwu f ;l pdwo
f ef;rsm;
today;pmayrsm;udk &ojzifh a&;om;jcif;jzifh vSywifw h ,f tvuFm
udk taumif;qHk;pum;vHk;rsm;tjzpf a&;zGJUwifjytyfaom pmay
*kPaf jrmufatmif jyKpx k m;ygu pmzwfow l tYkd m; rke;f wD;&G&H mS ap&ef?
tEkynm yHkoP²mefwpf&yf jzpfonf/
csD;usL;oifhu csD;usL;pdwfay:ap&ef? uJh&JUoifhvQif uJh&JUrdap&ef?
jrefrmvlrsKd ;wdo Yk nf uAsmudk ESpo f ufjrwfE;kd Muonf/ uAsmjzihf
twk,lap&ef? cspfcifjrwfEdk;ap&ef ponfh apwemwpf&yf&yfay:
pum;xm0SufMuonf/ uAsmjzihf &mZ0ifukd rSwo f nf/ owfyu kH kd
atmif azmfaqmifay;Ekdifaom ]]okw&opmay}}vnf; &Sdygonf/
rSwo f nf/ uAsmjzihf obm0tvSukd zGUJ onf/ uAsmjzihf tcspaf &;?
(Oyrm - '*kefwm&m\ ½kyfyHkvTm? odef;azjrifh\ ausmfNidrf;) ppfa&;wdu Yk kd oDu;kH onf/ uAsmonf jrefrmpmaywGif txl;ta&;yg
Ä Ä Ä Ä Ä t&ma&mufco hJ nf/ jrefrmuAsmudk um&ef,pl epfjzihf zGUJ onf/ um&ef
pepfwGif toHtedrfhtjrihfoabmrsm; yg&Sdaeonf/
xdaYk Mumihf uAsmudk tEkynmajrmufatmif a&;zGUJ &ef rBuK;d pm;
rD um&efEikd af tmif avhusiafh vh&cdS MhJ uonf/ jrefrmbmompum;rSm
pmwpfvHk;? toHwpfoH? teufwpfck&SdaomaMumihf um&ef<u,f0
onf/ um&efEpS v f ;Hk ? oH;k vH;k ? av;ig;vH;k ru um&efrsm;pGmudk xyfwn l D
atmif pyf[yf&onf/ odkYaomf um&ef<u,fwdkif; uAsmaumif;
jzpfEdkifonf r[kwfacs/ pdwful;aumif;rS uAsmaumif;rDEdkifonf/
jrefrmuAsmwGif um&ef,lyHkudkvdkufí toHoGm;toHvm (C) &uef / tw¬KyÜwådZmwfaMumif;wpfckckudk a&;zGJU

ajymif;vJoGm;onf/ xdkYaMumihf um&efukd rlwnfí uAsmpyfenf; aompm jzpfonf/ yHpk H .... &mr&uef? aerd&uef/
trsKd ;rsKd ; jzpfay:vmonf/ pyf[yf&ef vG,u
f í
l toH;k rsm;aomenf;rSm (i) {csif ; / {csi;f qdo k nfrmS a&S;jrefrmrif;rsm; vuf
]]oHaygufpyfenf;}} jzpfonf/ oHaygufpyfenf;onf tajccHtm;jzihf xufu rif;? rdz&k m;wd\ Yk om;awmf? orD;awmfwu Ykd kd
av;vHk;pyfenf;yif jzpfonf/ zGm;jrifawmfral omtcg a&S;ab;avmif;awmf? bd;k
uAsmtrsd K ;rsd K ;1 avmif;awmfwYkd bke;f orÇmBu;D &ihaf Mumif; &mZ0ifukd
ysdKU? vuFm? &wk? &uef? {csif;? armfuGef;? av;csdK;? a'G;csdK;? pmwifaom uAsmtzGJUtEGJU jzpfonf/ yHkpHum; -
aw;xyf? oHayguf ponfwdkY &Sdonf/ rif;w&m;a&Tx;D {csi;f ? pOfu h ;l rif; {csi;f ? qifjzL&Sif
(u) ysd K U / ysdKUudk ZmwfaMumif;0w¬Kwpfckckudk pyfqdk r,f {csif;/
onfrsm;\/ O'g[½kPu f m; ud;k cef;ysKd U? yg&rDcef;ysKd U? (p) armfuGef;/ rif;wdpYk aH wmfr&l m eef;awmf? uefawmf?
a0óEÅ&mysdKU ponfwdkY jzpfonf/ ausmif;awmf? bHkAdrmeftaMumif;udk a&;zGJUaompm
(c) vuF m / qkH;rpmaomfvnf;aumif;? taMumif; jzpfonf/ yHkpHum; - wHwm;OD;wnfarmfuGef;?
jcif;&m wpfcck u k kd aomfvnf;aumif; a&;aompmjzpf rif;uGe;f bk&m;armfueG ;f ? "n0wDarmfueG ;f ? rdwv D¬ m
onf/ yHkpHrSm ]]ol w nf ; wa,muf ? aumif ; zd k Y uefawmfarmfueG ;f ? &weme'DbUJG armfueG ;f ponfwYkd
a&muf r l } }}? ]]raumif ; jrpf w m? aumif ; &mñT e f jzpfonf/
vwf? twwfoifap}} paom qkH;rpm/ wpfcg (q) av;csd K ;? a'G ; csd K ;? aw;xyf / ud k , f a wG U
wpf&H qk;H rpmrsKd ;udk ysKd Uü oH;k xm;\/ rmawm0g'ysKd U? taMumif;wpfckckudk zGJUEGJUaompmrsKd; jzpfonf/
avmuom&ysdKU .... [lí pyfqdkMu\/ yHpk u
H m; - r,fbUJG ? armifbUJG ? awmbGUJ ? awmifbUJG rsm;
( * ) &wk / rd r d \ taMumif ; tjzpf t ysuf r sm;ud k jzpfMu\/
vnf;aumif;? tcrf;tem;rsm;udk vnf;aumif;? (Z) oHayguf / rdrw d v Ykd &kd m qk;H rpmrSwo f m;&ef twdck sKyf
bk&m;wdkif? r,fbGJU? armifbGJU? awmbGJU? awmifbGJU oauFwrsm;tjyif Zmwfvrf;? ZmwfaMumif;ozG,f
ponf w d k Y u d k v nf ; aumif ; a&;zG J U aompmrsm; qufum qufum tw¬Kyw Ü rdå sm; a&;om;pyfqdkMu
jzpfonf/ ao;onf/ yHkpHum; ....
1/ OD;bdk;aiG? wef;jrifhuAsmzGJUenf;usrf;? 1957 ckESpf? pm 12-14
wpf&cH gaomf? NrKd icf ef;ay:? rSaD ysmaf ex? usm;rif;vS/
tdkuGJUa,musfm;? vlYjynfom;? b,fw&m;rsm;? usihfcJhw,f/ tkrfh tkrf; ... ... 9 vHk;

um&ef (16) tdk tdkY tdk; ... ... 3 vHk;
um&ef[ol nf um&EÅ[al omygVdbmomrS ajymif;vJvmaom 64 yg;
yk'fjzpfonf/ ]]um&ótaEÅm}} [lonfESihftnD tu©&m 0PÖ\ toH t rsd K ;rsd K ;
tqHk;udkjzpfap 0guswpfckvHk;\ tqHk;udkjzpfap um&ef[lí uAsmvuFm a&;om;pDu;kH &mwGif um&efEiS fh pmvH;k a&udk avSeH
qdkvdkonf/ um&ef 64 yg;&Sdonf/ "m;xpf rSwo f m;xm;í rNy;D ajrmufao;yg/ toHuv kd nf; aumif;pGm
(1) t tm tm; ... ... 3 vHk; em;vnf&monf/ toHonf rsm;pGmta&;Bu;D onf/ yuwdtm;jzihf
(2) td tD tD; ... ... 3 vHk; jrefrmpum;ü toHav;rsdK;&Sdonf/
(3) tk tl tl; ... ... 3 vHk; xdkav;rsdK;um; -
(4) at ath at; ... ... 3 vHk; (1) wufoH .... .... 18 ....yg;
(5) t,f tJh tJ ... ... 3 vHk; (2) oufoH .... .... 18 ....yg;
(6) atmh atmf atm ... ... 3 vHk; (3) edrfhoH .... .... 18 ....yg;
(7) tuf atmuf tdkuf ... ... 3 vHk; (4) wdkifoH .... .... 10 ....yg;
(8) tif tifh tif; atmif atmihf atmif; (1) wufoH 18-yg; (csDoH)
tdkif tdkihf tkdif; ... ... 9 vHk; (u) tm (q) tOf ( ! ) tdrf
(9) tpf ... ... 1 vHk; ( c ) tD ( Z ) tnf ( ¡ ) tkrf
(10) tnf tnfh tnf; ... ... 3 vHk; ( * ) tl ( p s ) tef (P) t,f
(11) tOf tOfh tOf; ... ... 3 vHk; (C) at (n) tdef (w) tdkif
(12) twf tdwf tkwf ... ... 3 vHk; ( i ) atmf ( # ) tkef (x) atmif
(13) tef tefY tef; tdef tdefY tdef; tkef ( p ) tif ( X ) trf ( ' ) tdk0f
tkefY tkef; ... ... 9 vHk;
(2) oufoH 18-yg; (atmufjrifh)
(14) tyf tdyf tkyf ... ... 3 vHk;
(u) t (q) tOfh ( ! ) tdrfh
(15) tdrf tdrfh tdrf; trf trfh trf; tkrf
( c ) td ( p ) tnfh ( ¡ ) tkUH
( * ) tk ( p s ) tefY (P) t,fh jyKusihf u - - +

(C) ath (n) tdefY (w) tdkifh wGif; y udk,fcE¨m/ - + - - - /
( i ) atmh ( # ) tkeYf (x) atmifh tpav;vHk;rS pwkw¬tu©&m (x)? tv,foHk;vHk;rS wwd,
( p ) tifh ( X ) trfh (') tdkY tu©&m (u)? aemufq;kH ig;vH;k rS 'kw,
d tu©&m (y) wdYk um&efwMl u
(3) edrfhoH 18-yg; (0pöaygufoH) &onf/ oHayguf yxrenf;ESihf nDñGwfoGm;onf/
(u) tm; (q) tOf; (!) tdrf; Oya'/ (1) tpav;vHk; &Sd&rnf/
( c ) tD; ( p ) tnf; (¡) tkH; (2) tv,fu oHk;vHk; &Sd&rnf/
( * ) tl; (ps) tef; (P) tJ (3) aemufqHk; ig;vHk; &Sd&rnf/
(C) at; (n) tdef; (w) tdkif; (4) tpav;vHk;\ pwkw¬tu©&mESihf tv,foHk;
( i ) aMom ( # ) tkef; (x) atmif; vH;k \ wwd,tu©&m? aemufq;kH ig;vH;k \ 'kw, d
( p ) tif; ( X ) trf; (') tdk; tu©&mrsm; um&efwlMu&rnf/
(4) wdkifoH 10-yg; (towf) 'k w d , oH a yguf p yf e nf ;
(u) tuf (C) tdwf (q) tdkuf yH k p H r sm;/ olawmfr uRrf; - - - +
( c ) tpf ( i ) tkwf (Z) tyf vlo &rf; - - +
( * ) twf ( p ) atmuf (ps) tdyf zrf; í rrdEdkif/ + - - - - /
(n) tkyf Oya'/ (1) yxrpyfenf;rSmuJhodkY tpav;vHk;? tv,foHk;?
oH a yguf p yf e nf ; tqH;k ig;vH;k &S\
d /
jrefrmuAsmvuFm oifMum;aomtcg ]]uAsmtp - oHaygufu}} (2) odkY&mwGif tqHk;ig;vHk;&Sd 'kwd,tvHk;\ um&efudk
[k qdkonfhtwdkif; oHaygufudk a&S;OD;pGm oifMum;tyfavonf/ r,lbJ yxrtvHk;\ um&efudk ,lonf/
oHaygufqo kd nfrmS toHukd aygufatmif &Gwq f jkd cif;? toHukd wwd , oH a yguf p yf e nf ;
aygufapjcif; pojzihf t"dymÜ ,f&\
dS / a&S;ynm&Sw
d o
Ykd nf vuFmwd[ k í
l yH k p H r sm;/ oydwfav; vHk;? - - - +
vnf; ac:Muonf/ vufESdyf zHk;? - - + ?
yxroH a yguf p yf e nf ; wpf vHk; wnf;jzpf b,faeYenf;/ - + - - - - - /
yH k p H / / apmapmtdyf x - - - + ewfav;a,muf vHk;? - - - +
vSLpnf; ½Hk;? - - + ? tu©&mESifh aemufq;kH owårtu©&mwdo Yk nf um&efwMl u&jyefonf/

jrihf qHk; b,fewfoydwfenf;/ - + - - - - - / qXroH a yguf p yf e nf ;
jrihfrdk&fawmif vHk;? - - - + yH k p H r sm;/ EG,fyef; yef;cGm ndK - - - - +
tHhr qHk;? - - + ? ESif;pdk pdk - - +
a&T uHk; b,fujzpfoenf; / - + - - - - - / jym odk aqmif;v&uf - + - - - /
Oya'/ (1) tpav;vHk; tv,foHk;jzpfí aemufqHk;ü ckepfvHk; Oya'/ (1) þpyfenf;rSm tpyg'wGif ig;vHk;ESihf pyf&rnf/
&S&d rnf/ (2) tv,fyg' oHk;vHk;xm;í aemufqHk;yg'ü ig;vHk;&Sd
(2) tpav;vHk;\ pwkw¬tu©&m? tv,foHk;vHk;\ &rnf/
wwd,tu©&m? aemufq;kH ckepfv;kH \ 'kw, d tu©&m (3) um&ef,laomtcg yxroHaygufpyfenf;rSmuJhodkY
wdkYonf um&efwlMu&rnf/ jzpfonf/
pwk w ¬ o H a yguf p yf e nf ; owå r oH a yguf p yf e nf ;
yH k p H r sm;/ tbd"r®m 0,f - - - + yH k p H r sm;/ jrifpdkif;NrdKUa&T eef; - - - +
wdkYbkef; <u,f - - + om,m qef; - - + ?
b,f olaqmufonfah usmif;ayenf;/ - + - - - - / &pf oef; oif;wGJ ajrmif;? jrihfjrwfawmo avsmif;?
Oya'/ / þpyfenf;wGif tpav;vH;k ? tv,fo;kH ? tqH;k ckepfv;kH - + - - 0 ? - - - - 0 /
&Sad omfvnf; ckepfv;kH tyd'k rf mS 'kw, d tvH;k r[kwb f J yxrtvH;k \ Oya'/ (1) yxryg'\ aemufq;kH tvH;k ? 'kw, d yg'\ aemufq;kH
um&efudk ,lonf/ tvH;k ? aemufq;kH yg'\ 'kw,d tvH;k wdYk um&efwo
l nf/
yÍö r oH a yguf p yf e nf ; (2) aemufq;kH yg'wGiyf if yÍörtu©&mESifh 'órtu©&m
yH k p H r sm;/ tdrfa&SUo cif - - - + wdkY um&efwlMuonf/
&mxGwf wif - - + ]]uAsmtp oHaygufu}}[k qdMk uygonf/ oHaygufuAsmpyfenf;
uRe;f jyif aomif wGi;f bke;f eHU csi;f /- + - 0 - - 0/ pnf;urf;tESpfcsKyfrSm atmufygtwdkif;jzpfonf/
Oya'/ / þpyfenf;ü yxrenf;rSmuJhodkY yxryg'wGif pwkw¬ oH a yguf p yf e nf ; 1
tu©&mESifh 'kw, d yg'wGif wwd,tu©&m aemufq;kH yg'wGif 'kw, d
Ä oHaygufpm 0,f
tu©&mwdkY um&efwlMuonf/ odkY&mwGif aemufqHk;yg'ü pwkw¬
1/ jrif;rlarmifEdkifrdk;? uAsmpyfyHkzGJUenf;pHk? 2000 jynfhESpf? pm 18
tp r,f ( i ) 3 - 1 enf;
rSwf uG , f av;vHk;jzpf ( p ) 3 - 2 enf; [lí pyfqdkEdkifonf/
Ä tv,frSm oH k ; txl;rSw&f efrmS av;vH;k pyfvuFmwGif 4 - 3 - 2 pyfenf;onf
rSwfyg tHk; (OD;) tajccHjzpfonf/ txufyg av;vH;k pyfvuFmpyfenf; ajcmufrsKd ;teuf
t qH k ; ig;ckepf/ av;rsdK;udk atmufygerlemrsm;ESihfwuG azmfjyvdkufygonf/
(u) 4 - 3 - 2 enf;
oHaygufuAsmwpfydk'fonf pmaMumif;oHk;aMumif;om yg0if
b,fawmb,fNrdKif - - - +
ygonf/ oHaygufa&;onft h cg pmwpfaMumif;rSm wpfyg'om a&;avh
rodEdkifcJh - - + -
&Syd gonf/ yxrwpfyg'rSm pmvH;k av;vH;k ygNy;D 'kw,
d yg'rSm pmvH;k
rcdkifpdwf0rf; - + - Ä
oH;k vH;k ygygonf/ wwd,yg'ac:aom pmoH;k aMumif;rSm pmvH;k ig;vH;k
aeYwdkif;vGrf;&Sihf - - Ä -
odkYr[kwf ckepfvHk; yg0ifMuonf[k tESpfcsKyfrSwfxm;Muonf/
( c ) 4 - 3 - 1 enf;
av;vH k ; pyf v uF m uAsmNrdKifwGif - - - +
av;vHk;pyfvuFmt"dyÜm,frSm av;vHk;vQif wpfyg' pyfqdk& yef;vGifvGifudk - - + -
aomuAsmtzGUJ jzpfonf/ vuFmqdo k nfrmS wefqmqifjcif;[k t"dymÜ ,f oifcl;vdku + - - +
&onf/ jrefrmuAsmwGif toHk;rsm;qHk;aomuAsmtzGJU jzpfonf/ cl;yefMuavmh - - + -
yk*aH cwfrS ,aeYacwftxd av;vH;k pyfvuFmenf;udk oH;k avh&o dS nf/ vSonfhjrwfyef; + - - +
pyf e nf ; cdkifvHk;vef;\ - - + - /
oHaygufpyfenf;udk em;vnfvQif vuFmpyfenf;udk tvdkvdk ( * ) 4 - 1 enf;
em;vnfEikd of nf/ av;vH;k vQif wpfBurd jf zwfawmufí pnf;0g;rSerf eS f yxr&G,f - - - +
zGUJ &onf/ zGUJ aomtcg atmufygyHpk t
H wdik ;f um&ef,í
l zGUJ qd&k onf- i,faomfuwnfh + - - -
(u) 4 - 3 - 2 enf; (oHk;csufnDpyfenf;) (C) 4 - 2 enf;
( c ) 4 - 3 - 1 enf; (txl;oHk;csufnDpyfenf;) onfwGifa&TNrdKU - - - +
( * ) 4 - 1 enf; (0pdyfwdkufpyfenf;) onfodkY apwD - + - +
(C) 4 - 2 enf; (bDvl;&,fpyfenf;) onfqD a&Teef; - + - +
ajzmifhwef;awmhrnf - + - - 'k w d , ajrmuf u m&ef jzpf y gonf / pG m ? rm? Mum qk d o nf h

(þenf;udk &xm;ajy;pyfenf;[kvnf; ac:onf/) 'kw,d um&ef\ pGm ESihf Mum oH;k onf/ 'kwd,ajrmufum&ef Mum
uAsmpyfenf;rsm;udk avhvmwwfuRr;f xm;jcif;onf uAsm pmvHk;ygaom yg'wGif Mumaygif ; xH k x H k tqHk; pum;vHk; xH k
aumif;rsm; a&;zGJUEdkif&ef tajccHaumif;wpf&yf &&Sdxm;jcif;yif onf wwd,um&ef\tcH jzpfoGm;ygonf/1
jzpfygonf/ av;vHk;pyfuAsm\ tcsydk'frsm;udk ckepfvHk;? &SpfvHk;? udk;vHk;
av;vH;k pyfuAsmqdo k nfrmS yg'wpfcuk kd pmvH;k av;vH;k yg0if ponfjzifh toHom,matmif tqHk;owfavh&Sdygonf/
onf/ xdpk yfenf;udk vuFmpyfenf;[kvnf; ac:ygonf/ av;vH;k Ä Ä Ä Ä Ä
pyfuAsmonf jrefrmuAsmavmuwGif ,cifu ,ckwikd f twGiu f s,f
qH;k ESihf a&;zGUJ oltrsm;qH;k uAsm jzpfygonf/ wm&Sncf ?H twnfwq hH ;kH
uAsmtrsK;d tpm;jzpfonf/ av;vH;k pyfuAsmonf wpfyg'pmvH;k av;
vH;k ESihf tajccHwnfaqmufxm;onfjzpfí cdik o f nf? NrKd io
f nf? oHcsKd
edrfhjrifh? oHcsKdav;yg;jzifh jynfhpHkonf[k qdkMuygonf/
Oyrm - yk*HacwfOD;u ay:cJhonfh ]]jruefom}} uAsmudk avhvm
MunfMh urnf/
jruef o m
awmifusacsmif; aw;
aw;? a&0if ajy; vSnhf
a& at; Munf pG m? uefydkif rm vsuf
Mum aygif;xHk xH k? iSufaygif; pH k onf
bH k 0wðu eE´mavmh/
yxrum&efu aw;? ajy;? at; (4-3-2)
'kwd,um&efu pGm? rm? Mum (4-3-1)
wwd,um&efu xHk? pHk? bHk (4-3-1)
yxrum&efaemufq;kH at; qdo k nfh pum;vH;k yg0ifaom
1/ jrif;rlarmifEdkifrdk;? uAsmpyfyHkzGJUenf;pHk? 2000 jynfhESpf? pm 18
yg' txJrSm aemufqHk;pmvHk; pG m qdkonfh pum;vHk;onf
aqmif;yg;qdkonfrSm taMumif;t&mwpf&yfudk ½Iaxmifh

toG,o f ,G rf S zwfcsipf zG,jf zpfatmif oDu;kH xm;aompm jzpfonf/
odaYk omf pmpDpmuH;k ESihf aqmif;yg;rwlay/ pmpDpmuH;k onf taMumif;
t&mwpf&yfukd ½Iaxmift h oG,o f , G rf S zwfcsipf zG,jf zpfatmif oDu;kH
xm;aompm jzpfonf/ pum;vH;k vSvjS zifh zGUJ EGUJ um pmayta&;tom;
aqmif;yg;a&;enf; udk pOf;pm;ay;onf/ aqmif;yg;rSm ½Iaxmifw h pfaxmifw h nf;rS ½IMunfh
í wifjyaompm jzpfonf/ uAsmum&efukd tom;ray;? taMumif;
aqmif ; yg;\ t"d y Ü m ,f
t&mrsm; xif&mS ;pGm ay:vGirf u I okd m *½kjyKa&;om;onf/ aqmif;yg;
aqmif;yg;qdo k nfh a0g[m&onf jrefrmpmayavmuwGif a&S;rqG
onf owif;uJo h Ykd t"dutusq;kH t&mudk a&SUqH;k uazmfjyNy;D ay:vGif
uyif wGifus,fpGm oHk;EIef;cJah om a0g[m&jzpfonf/ aqmif;yg;udk
atmif rD;armif;xdk;Edkif&rnf/
jrefrmtbd"meftusO;f csKyf twGJ -2 wGif ]]owif;pm? r*¾Zif;wdw Yk iG f
atmufygtpDtpOftwdkif; aqmif;yg;a&;om;rIyHkpHMurf;udk
xnfo h iG ;f &onfh A[kow k qdik &f mpmwrf;}} [lí vnf;aumif;? jrefrm
a&;om;oifhonf -
pmaytbd"mef (2) wGif ]]pme,fZif;wdkYwGif azmfjyaom A[kokw
(u) tpDtpOfrSefuefjcif;?
qdik &f m pmaypmwrf;[lí vnf;aumif;}} t"dymÜ ,fziG q hf x
kd m;onf/
( c ) ta&;Bu;D ? rBu;D tajctaet& tqifajyatmifxm;
rlvu vlvw T &f efjzpfap? vlBuKH jzifjh zpfap &yfa0;odYk vlBuKH yg;ypön;f
&Sdjcif;?
udk aqmif;yg;[k ac:NrJjzpfonf/ ay;onfudk aqmif,lvmjcif;[k
( * ) ta&;rBuD;onfhtcsufrsm;udk aemufqufwGJoabm
teuf&onf/
jzifh oD;oefYae&mcsxm;jcif;?
aqmif;yg;a0g[m&ESifh ywfoufí -
(C) yifpnfukd ]rl}xm;í 4if;rS tudik ;f tcufrsm;? ,if;wdrYk S
-- aqmif;yg; - aqmif,ljcif;? yg;jcif;
tzl;tyGifhrsm; a0a0qmqmjzpfapjcif;?
-- tjcm;wpfae&modkY vlBuHKvlvTwf ay;ydkYjcif;
( i ) aemufq;k H wGif pmzwfot l m; wpfcw k nf;aomvrf;uav;
-- pmydkYpepfr&Sdao;csdefu toHk;tEIef;jzpfjcif;
jzifh acgif;aqmifoGm;jcif;/
-- wpfcsed u f aypmjzifh a&;om;jcif;jzpf&m 0oZÆerD xnfb h J
aqmifyg;[k a&;om;&mrS aqmif;yg;jzpfvmonf[k trSwf aqmif ; yg;trsKd ; tpm;rsm;
tom;&Sdayonf/ (1) EkdifiHa&;aqmif;yg;
(2) vlrIa&;aqmif;yg;? (7) oifhavsmfaom toHk;tEIef; a&G;cs,f&rnf/

(3) ,Ofaus;rIaqmif;yg;? (8) BuHhcdkif uspfvspfaom0gus jzpf&rnf/
(4) pD;yGm;a&;aqmif;yg;? ta&;tom;
(5) bmom&yfqdkif&maqmif;yg;? aqmif;yg;a&;awmhrnfqv kd Qif aqmif;yg;&Sio
f nf pm½Ioul kd
(6) owif;aqmif;yg;? av;pm;&rnf/ ,HMk unftm;xm;rIukd ay;&rnf/ odonfuo kd m a&;í
(7) enf;ynm? twwfynmaqmif;yg;? rodonfukd csexf m;&rnf/ pme,fZif;rsm;\ rl0g'udk od&Sdem;vnf
(8) pmayaqmif;yg;? xm;&rnf/ qifwl,dk;rSm;aqmif;yg;rsKd; rjzpfap&ef owdjyK&rnf/
(9) pufrIodyÜHaqmif;yg;? aMumfjimay;onft h jzpfrsK;d jzpfroGm;&ef owdjyK&rnf/ trsm;odae
(10) *Dw? obif? ½kyf&Sif tEkynmaqmif;yg; aom taMumif;t&mjzpfap&ef owdjyK&rnf/ trsm;odaeaom
[lí tMurf;zsif; cGJjcm;Ekdifygonf/ taMumif;t&mjzpfaeonfw h ikd f trsm;rjrifaom ½Iaxmifrh S wifjy
aqmif ; yg;a&;&mwG i f tajccH & rnf h t csuf ig; csuf a&;om;Ekdifonf/ trsm;pdwf0ifpm;rI&Sda&;udk owdjyK&rnf/
(1) rdrdodonfudk ydkifEdkifpGm a&;&rnf/ tzG i f h p myd k ' f
(2) tudk;tum;? tqdktrdefY tqifhjrifh&rnf/ tvGet f a&;Bu;D onf/ aqmif;yg;touf[k qdEk idk o f nf/ tp
(3) pdwful;[ef tqifhjrifh&rnf/ aumif;rS wpfy'kd v f ;kH Ny;D atmif zwfMuvdrrhf nf/ ynm&St d qdtk rdeEYf iS hf
(4) tEkynmjrifhonfhbufodkYom ñTefjy&rnf/ zGiw
hf wfMuonf/ usr;f pum;ESihf zGiw hf wfMuonf/ pm½Iopl w d uf kd EI;d qG
(5) tjrifus,faombufudkom ñTefjy&rnf/ aompum;jzifh zGiw hf wfMuonf/ ar;cGe;f xkwí f zGiw hf wfMuonf/
aqmif ; yg;a&;&mwG i f yg0if a om tcsuf r sm; rSwcf suaf y;í zGiw hf wfMuonf/ aqmif;yg;0w¬KoP²mefjzifh zGiw hf wf
(1) wdkwdkusOf;usOf; a&;zGJU&rnf/ Muonf/ taMumif;t&mudk wdu k ½f u
kd af &;csívnf; zGiw hf wfMuonf/
(2) tudk;tum;rSef&rnf/ aqmif ; yg;pmuk d , f
(3) a&;xHk;rSef&rnf/ pmuk,d o
f nf tzGiahf umif;oavmuf Ni;D aiGUzG,rf jzpf&ef ta&;
(4) cGeftm;&Sdaompm jzpf&rnf/ Bu;D onf/ pm½Iotl wGuf ra&r&m twdtusrxm;cJv h Qif apmfum;&m
(5) taMumif;t&m ydkifEdkif&rnf/ usonf/ xdaYk Mumifh tcsut f vuf taxmuftxm; tud;k tum;
(6) tcsufusus a&;wwf&rnf/ rSefuefwdus cdkifvHk&ygrnf/
aqmif;yg;onf pmzwfou l kd todynmay;onf/ ay;vdak om zG,f tcsurf sm;udo k m a&;oifo h nf/ txl;ojzifh wpfqifph um;rsm;?
tcsut f vufrsm;udk pmayMoZmjzifh yJu h ikd Ef ikd &f rnf/ pmzwfopl w d 0f ifpm; rcdik v
f ak H om taMumif;t&mrsm;? '@m&Drsm;? aumvm[vrsm; tajccH
rI&adS tmif &oxnfah y;&onf/ zwfNy;D vQif qifjcifawG;awmrI &&Sd a&;om;jcif;? trsm;vufcHcJhaom xl;jcm;qef;us,fonfh tawG;
ap&rnf/ a&;olay;vdkaom tcsuftvufrsm;udk odapjcif;jzifh tac: pdwu f ;l ,Ofcsurf sm;? aA'if,Mwmrsm;udk tajccHí ra&;oifah y/
a&;olqEúkd qufcv H u kd ef maponfh qGaJ qmifrrI sK;d &S&d rnf jzpfonf/ aqmif;yg;onf okw? &o pmaytrsK;d tpm;wGif yg0ifonf/
jyefMum;a&;ESifh jynfolYqufqHa&;OD;pD;XmerS a&;om;onfh A[kow k ay;onfph mudk pmzwfozl wfcsiaf tmif tzGUJ tEGUJ ? tcdik ;f tEIid ;f
owif;acgif;BuD;? aqmif;yg;? 0w¬K? uAsm? umwGef; ponfwdkYonf jzifh &oaESma&;avh&Sdonf/ odkYaomf aqmif;yg;wGif tzGJUtEGJUrsm;
Edik if aH wmfu OD;wnfavQmufvrS ;f aeaom yef;wdik ?f usio hf ;kH aeaom vGe;f jcif;? uAsmqefveG ;f jcif; r&Sad tmif owdjyK&rnf/ vd&k if;wd&k iS ;f
rl0g'rsm;ESihf nDñw G &f ygrnf/ rdrw d XYkd meonf Ekid if aH wmfEiS hf jynfol jzpf&ygrnf/ uspv f spo f yd o
f nf;&ygonf/ trsm;em;vnfaom ta&;
Mum; aygif;pnf;qufo, G af y;onf/ Edik if aH wmfr0l g'ESihf apwemudk tom;? toHk;tEIef;rsm; jzpf&rnf/ ta&;tom;ajyjypfjcif;? o'´g
jynfow l pf&yfv;kH rSerf eS u f efuef jrifvmatmif a&;om;azmfjy&rnf/ toH;k tEIe;f aumif;rGejf cif;? pum;vH;k taetxm; ajyjypfreS u f efjcif;
tzsuo f rm;wd\ Yk vky&f yfEiS hf tEÅ&m,fukd jynforl sm; jrifomxifom ESifh trsm;em;vnfapjcif;wdkYrSm ta&;tBuD;qHk; jzpfonf/
&Sad tmif trsK;d om;a&;tusK;d pD;yGm;udk tajccHí a&;om;azmfjy&rnf/ rdrda&;om;onfh aqmif;yg;wGif azmfjyonfh udpö&yfwpfck
aqmif;yg;a&;om;onfhtcg tajctae tcsdeftcgt& twGuf tud;k tum;cdik v f &kH ef vdt
k yfonf/ rnfonfph mtkypf mwrf;rS
owfrw S v f u kd ef m&rnfh rl0g'rsm; &Syd gonf/ Oyrm - ud, k x
f u l , kd xf [k &,lonfukd oufaojyEkid &f ygrnf/ rdrx d if&m a&;om;ajymqdjk cif;
roH;k bJ ud, k t hf m;ud, k u f ;kd [k oH;k pG&J ef owfrw S jf cif;? aomif;use;f ol rjyK&yg/ rdrdwifjycsufudk *CeP &nfñTef;&ef vdkygonf/
[k roH;k bJ awmwGi;f vufeufuikd t f zGUJ tpnf;[k oH;k pG&J ef owfrw S f rdrda&;om;aom aqmif;yg;onf nDñGwfrIudk ysufjym;ap
jcif;? vufeufay;tyf&ef tvif;0ifvmonf[k roH;k bJ vufeuf aom ta&;tom;rsm; ryg&S&d yg/ Oyrmtm;jzifh vlrsK;d wpfrsK;d tay:?
ESihf Nird ;f csr;f a&; vJv, S o f nf[k oH;k pGjJ cif;? zufqpf*syef[k roH;k bJ tjcm;bmomwpfct k ay: raumif;onft h csurf sm;udk a&;om;azmfjy
zufqpf[o k moH;k jcif;? e,fcsUJ t*Fvyd [ f k roH;k bJ e,fcsUJ [komoH;k jcif; jcif; rjyK&ay/ tcsKUd aom udp&ö yfrsm;onf rSeyf ifreS jf im;aomf vnf;
ponfh tcgtm;avsmpf mG owfrw S x f m;onfh pum;&yfrsm;udk *½kjyK tajctae tcsed t f cg t& roifyh gu azmfjya&;om;jcif; rjyK&yg/
oH;k pGo J ifo h nf/ aqmif ; yg;ed * H k ;
aqmif;yg;a&;om;&mwGif taMumif;t&mrsm;pGmudk Zmwftrd f ed*Hk;raumif;ygu pma&;olay;vdkaom todynmtcsuf
zGJUí a&;om;Edkifonf/ trsm;jynfoltwGuf twk,lzG,f? tm;us tvufrsm;onf pmzwfo\ l pdww
f iG f usecf rhJ nf r[kwyf g/ pmzwfol
pGrJ ufuseaf prnfh ta&;tom;jzifh ed*;kH udk tqH;k owf&rnf/ ed*;kH wGif rdrd\aqmif;yg;onf -
taMumif;t&mrsm;? tusK;d taMumif;rsm; topfxnfrh a&;rdap&ef (u) zwfcsifpzG,f &Sd&rnf/
txl;*½kjyK&rnf/ tcsKyftm;jzifh aqmif;yg;wpfyk'fvHk;\ a&;om; ( c ) &Sif;&Sif;vif;vif; &Sd&rnf/
wifjycsurf sm;udk aemufq;kH tESpcf sKyí
f a&;om;wifjyjcif;rsK;d jzpf&yg ( * ) tcsuftvuf wdusa&&m&rnf/
rnf/ aqmif;yg;wGif pma&;olay;vdak om OD;wnfcsuu f kd taxmuf (C) taMumif;tusK;d cdik v f &kH rnf/ vdt k yfvQif taxmuftxm;
tuljyKaprnfh oH;k oyfcsurf sm; a&;Edik yf gonf/ odaYk omf tESpcf sKyo f m yg&S&d rnf/
jzpf&rnf/ t"dutcsurf mS ed'gef;ESihf csw d q
f ufrad tmif ed*;kH csKy&f rnf ( i ) rwdkr&Snf? rydkrvdk taetxm;tavmawmf jzpfap&rnf/
jzpfonf/ ed'gef;onf aqmif;yg;\ tzGijhf zpfaomaMumifh ed*;kH onf ( p ) pum;vHk; a0g[m&onf pmzwfolESifh qDavsmf&rnf/
xdkaqmif;yg;\ tydwfjzpf&rnf/ tzGifhaumif;ovdk ed*Hk;tydwfudk (q) 0gusrsm; r&Snv f sm;vGe;f ap&/ jrefrmo'´ga&;xH;k ESihf udu k n
f D
vHkatmif ydwf&rnf jzpfonf/ &rnf/
aqmif ; yg;a&;om;&mwG i f tajccH v d k t yf c suf r sm; ( Z ) toHxu G zf wfMunfNh y;D &Si;f r&Si;f ? acsmracsm ppfaq;jyKjyif&rnf/
(u) pmzwf0goemyg&rnf/ (ps) pdwfaumif;apwemyg&rnf/
( c ) pmrsm;rsm;zwf&rnf/ (owif;pm? *sme,f? r*¾Zif;? ½kyjf ypmapmif? (hn) pmvHk;aygif;owfyHkESifh tjzwftawmuf rSefuef&rnf/
rSwfwrf;? 0w¬Kponf- ) Ä Ä Ä Ä Ä
( * ) zwforQxJu rSwfpkul;,lxm;&rnf/ (pk)
(C) usufrSwfí twk,lNyD; a&;om;&rnf/ (wk)
( i ) pdwful;ÓPfxkwfí tBudrfBudrf tzefzefa&;om;? jyifqif?
xyfrHa&;om;? rGrf;rH? jyKpka&;om;ae&rnf/ (jyK)
( p ) a&;p&m taMumif;t&m&S&d rnf/ od&rnf/ ydik Ef idk pf mG od&rnf/
(Subject)
(q) zwfapvdkaomy&dowf wduspGm od&rnf/ y&dowfudk wdwd
usus OD;wnfowfrw S cf suf xm;&S&d rnf/ (Target Audience)
( Z ) a&;vdo k nfh &nf&,
G cf su?f a&;&onfh OD;wnfcsuf (pdwx f rJ mS )
cdkifcdkifrmrm cs&ygrnf/
ausm½d k ; Zmwf t d r f
0w¬KwGifyg0ifMuaom ZmwfaumifwdkY\ tjzpftysufwpfck
jzpfonf/ 0w¬K&n S w f iG f t"duZmwfaumifw\ Ykd tjzpftysuw f pfcck k
tjyif ZmwfydkYZmwf&HwdkY\ tjzpftysufi,frsm;vnf; yg0ifonf/
0w¬Kwkdwpfyk'f zefwD;jcif; tajccHtusqHk; ausm½dk;Zmwftdrfudk Frame [k ac:ouJhodkY
ZmwfuGufudk Plot [k ac:onfvnf;&Sdonf/
0w¬ K \t*F g &yf r sm;
Zmwf a umif p ½d k u f
0w¬K&n
S ?f 0w¬Kw?kd 0w¬Kvwf? aqmif;yg;0w¬K? uAsm0w¬K? umwGe;f
yg0ifaom Zmwfaumifw\ Ykd p½du
k rf sm;udk azmfjy&rnf/ t"du
0w¬Kponfjzifh rnfonf0h w¬K trsK;d tpm;jzpfygap? tajccHtm;jzifh Zmwfaumifukd Hero [k ac:Muonf/ &J&iho f v
l m;? aMumufwwf
atmufygt*Fg&yfrsm;ESifh jynfhpHk&onf -- olvm;? pdwfaumif;&Sdolvm;? ynm&dSvm; o½kyfazmf&rnf/ oem;
(1) 0w¬KZmwfvrf;\ OD;wnfcsuf(Theme) p&maumif;olvm;? &,fp&maumif;olvm;azmfjy&rnf/ wkduf½dkuf
(2) 0w¬KZmwfvrf;\ausm½d;k Zmwftrd (f Plot) ra&;&yg/ tvuFmajrmufatmif a&;om;jcif;jzifh &owefzdk;
(3) 0w¬KZmwfvrf;wGif yg0ifMuaom Zmwfaumifrsm;\p½du k f BuD;rm;onf/ Oyrm -
(Character) (u) wdkuf½dkufa&;enf;(pma&;oluajymjcif;)/
(4) 0w¬KZmwfvrf;aemufcuH mvESihf ae&ma'o (Setting) armifarmifjrifo h nf tvGew f &m&ufa&mNy;D olwpfyg;
(5) 0w¬KZmwfvrf;a&;[ef odrYk [kwf wifjyyHk (Style or Pre- tm; ulnDwwfoljzpfonf/
sentation) ( c ) vuF m ajrmuf a tmif a &;enf ; (pma&;ol u jyjcif ; ))//
OD ; wnf c suf armifarmifjrifhonf oHk;p&mqdkvdkY wpf&musyfom
rdrad &;aom0w¬Konf bmudq k v
dk cdk siyf goenf;/ ]]aomif;use;f rI &Sdaomfvnf; oHa,mZOfuif;pGmjzifh oli,fcsif;tm;
qefu Y siaf &;vm;? pdu k yf sK;d a&;? arG;jrLa&;vkyfyg[k ajymcsifwmvm;? ay;vdkufav\/
tusiphf m&dwaå umif;zkv Yd m;? pdwaf umif;&Szd v Ydk m;}} ponfh pma&;ol aemuf c H u mvES i f h a e&ma'o
ajymcsio f nft h csuo f nf 0w¬K\ OD;wnfcsuyf ifjzpfonf/ 0w¬Kvwf 0w¬KZmwfvrf;jzpfymG ;csed Ef iS hf jzpfymG ;&mae&ma'o tajctae
ESihf 0w¬K&n S w
f iG f OD;wnfcsuw f pfcrk u rsm;rsm;ajymEkid o f nf/ 0w¬Kwkd ponfwu Ykd kd qdv k okd nf/ 0w¬K&n S f rsm;wGif rsK;d qufEpS cf rk S oH;k cktxd
wGif wpfcsufwnf;om ajymEdkifonf/ a&;Ekid of nf/ 0w¬Kww kd iG f rsK;d qufwpfco k myg0ifoifo h nf/ touf
t&G,f? tcsdeftcg tajctaewpfckwnf;om yg0ifoifhonf/ (1) tcif; (Premise))/ Zmwfvrf;\tpjzpfonf/ yg0if

0w¬K&nS w f Gif *syefacwfrS rsufarSmufacwftxd MumjrifhEkdifonf/ aom Zmwfaumifrsm;ESifh rdwfqufay;jcif;? Zmwfvrf;
0w¬ K wd k w G i f wpf a eY t wG i f ; jzpf y suf o rQud k o m a&;Ek d i f v Qif tkwfjrpfcsjcif;wdkYudk aqmif&Guf&onf/
taumif;qHk;jzpfonf/ (2) tcuf ( Comlication or Crisis))/ Zmwfvrf;\
a&;[ef( od k Y r [k w f) wif j yyH k txGwt f xdyjf zpfonf/ Zmwfaumifrsm; &ifqidk &f onfh
pma&;q&mwGif uk, d yf ikd af &;[ef&o
dS nf/ trsm;oH;k a&;[efrsm; tusyf t wnf ; umvjzpf N yD ; y&d o wf t wG u f v nf ;
vnf; &Sdonf/ pum;ajya&;enf;? pum;ajyma&;enf;? 0gus&Snf cHpm;rItjrifhqHk;jzpfap&rnf/
a&;enf;? 0guswdka&;enf;? 'dkif,m&DyHkpHa&;enf;? pma&;olu (3) tajz ( Resolution or Solution))/ Zmwfodrf;ydkif;yif
½Iaxmifhtm;vHk;udk jrifawGUod&Sdae[efa&;enf;? Zmwfaumif jzpfonf/ y&dowfoufrBuD; [if;ueJcsEdkif&rnf/
wpfOD;u jyefvnfajymjyyHka&;enf; ponfjzifh trsKd;rsKd;&Sdonf/ rif;om;? rif;orD;Zmwfaygif;jcif;jzifh aysmf&TifrI&oudk
a&;[efukd uk, d yf ikd af 0g[m&rsm; oH;k aeusa0g[m&rsm;jzifh wefqm ay;Ekdifrnf/ tvGrf;jzifh Zmwfodrf;vQif ZGwfzefwD;jcif;
qifEidk o
f nf/ rjyK&/ obm0,kwådcdkifrm&rnf/ tcufNyD;onfESifh
0w¬ K Zmwf v rf ; zef w D ; jcif ; twwf y nm (Dramatisation) tajzudk csujf cif; (odrYk [kw)f tjrefq;kH a&muf&&dS onf/
pmpDpmuH;k wpfy'k wf iG f ed'gef;? pmuk, d ?f ed*;kH &So
d uJoh Ykd Zmwfvrf; tcif;onf ZmwftdrfysKd;jcif;? tajccsjcif;? cdkifrmvmatmif
wpfy'k w f iG f tp? tv,f? tqH;k &S&d rnf/ 0w¬KwiG o f mrubJ yHjk yif? wnfaqmufjcif;wdjYk zpfojzifh yrmPBu;D rm;onf/ Zmwfvrf;\ oH;k yHk
'@m&D? jyZmwf? ½ky&f iS ?f AD', D kd ponfww Ykd iG f Zmwfvrf;onf touf ESpyf t
kH xd a&mufaumif;a&mufEidk o f nf/ tcufoYkd a&muf&o dS mG ;ap
aoG;aMumjzpfonf/ Zmwfvrf;udk OD;pm;ay;&rnf[al om t,ltq &ef Zmwf&edS f (Tempo) rsm;? tm;NyKd irf rI sm; (Conflicts) jzifh zGUJ pnf;oGm;
rsm;? Zmwfvrf;rJ0h w¬K [laom tpGe;f a&muf t,ltqrsK;d rsm;&So d nf/ &onf/ tcufodkYa&mufNyD;aemuf tajzudk jrefjrefay;oifhonf/
odkYaomf rnfonfh0w¬KrS Zmwfvrf;ESifhuif;uGmír&/ Zmwf & S d e f (Tempo))
Zmwfvrf;wpfy'k o f nf Zmwfaumifrsm;ESihf tjzpftysurf sm; y&dowf\cHpm;rIt&Sdefudk jr§ifhwifay;jcif;jzpfonf/ Zmwf
vduk af vsmnDaxG&&dS rnf/ taMumif;tusK;d qDavsm&f rnf/ Zmwfvrf; aumifwdkY\ vIyf&Sm;rIrsm; tjzpftysufrsm;pGmjzifh zefwD;&onf/
wpfy'k \ f tp? tv,f? tqH;k wGif rvGrJ aoG&o dS ifah om tcsurf sm; qef Y u sif t m;Nyd K if r I ( Conflict))
rSm atmufygtwkdif;jzpfonf - Zmwf&Sdefjrihfwufap&eftwGuf Zmwfvrf;wGif qefYusif
tm;NyKd irf rI sm; yg0if&rnfjzpfonf/ vlaumif;ESihf vlq;kd tm;NyKd irf rI mS onf/ Zmwfaumifenf;ygonf/ Zmwfaumif\ tjzpftysuw f pfck
tajccHyifjzpfonf/ Zmwfaumift& tm;NydKifrI? tjzpftysuf om&So d nf/ vSnu hf u
G w f pfqifh (okrYd [kw)f ESpq f ifh (okrYd [kw)f ok;H qifh
tm;NydKifrIrsm; ponfjzifh jzpfonf/ vdrfxm;aomfvnf; wpfckomjzpf&onfukd owdjyKMu&rnf/
vSnfhuGuf (Twist)) 0w¬Konf obm0tjzpftysuw f u Ykd kd pdw0f ifpm;zG,f a&;om;
rxifrwS of nfudk jzpfay:vmapjcif;jzifh y&dowfukd zrf;pm;Ekid f xm;aompm[k jrefrmtbd"mefrSm t"dyÜm,fzGifhqdkxm;ygonf/
onf/ vSnuhf uG of nf obm0,kwu då if;rJNh y;D ryd&yd gu wefz;kd r&SEd idk f 0w¦KwGifrsm;aomtm;jzifh 0w¦K&Snf? 0w¦Kvwf? 0w¦Kwdk? aqmif;yg;
jzpfwwfonf/ 0w¦K? uAsm0w¦K? umwGe;f 0w¦KqNkd y;D trsKd ;tpm; trsKd ;rsKd ;&Syd gonf/
0w¬ K trsKd ; tpm;rsm; odaYk omfvnf; tajccHtm;jzifh 0w¦ Kt*Fg&yfrsm; jynhpf MkH uzdv Yk ykd gonf/
0w¬Kwakd &;om;&ef 0goemygolrsm;? avhvmBuKd ;pm;aeolrsm;
0w¬KZmwfvrf;trsK;d rsK;d &S&d m azmfjyygtwdik ;f jzpfonf/ tcspf
twGuf taxmuftul A[kow k &ap&efEiS hf 0w¬Kww kd pfy'k f jzpfay:
(Romantic)? vlra I &; (Social Problem)? vIy&f mS ;rI (Action)? pHak xmuf
vma&;tay: oabmayguf em;vnfrI&adS p&ef &nf½, G Nf y;D a&;om;
(Detective)? vQKUd 0Suo f zJ kd (Mystery)? &,f&iT zf ,
G [f mo (Comedy)?
wifjyvdyk gonf/ odaY k omf okwqdik &f maqmif;yg;wGif Zmwfvrf;xnfo h iG ;f
oa&mfpm (Satire)? *DwtEkynmaemufcH (Musical)? ppf (War)?
Ny;D &oajrmufatmif zGUJ qdx k m;aom aqmif;yg;0w¬KEiS hf ra&maxG;
bmoma&; (Religious)? &mZ0if (Historical)? tw¬Kyw Ü åd (Biographi-
ap&ef *&kjyK&rnfjzpfonf/ wpfcgwpf&H aqmif;yg;0w¬Konf 0w¬Kwkd
cal)? pGep
Yf m;cef; (Adventure)? odyÜH (Science)? aq;ynm (Medical)?
ESifh tvm;oP²mefwlrsm; &SdMuonf/
pdwfynm (Psychological)? aMumufrufzG,f&m (Horror)? '@m&D
0w¬Kw?kd 0w¬K&n S w f o
Ydk nf b0toduakd y;Edik o f nfh tpGr;f owåd
(Legend)? b0o½kyaf zmf (Realism)? jzpf&yfre S f (True Story)? bmom&yf
csi;f wlnaD omfvnf; 0w¬Kwo k d nf tcsed wf w kd t k d wGi;f pmrsuEf mS enf;enf;
qkdif&mZmwfvrf;rsm; ponfwkdYjzpfMuonf/
jzifh pmzwfoltm; &ocHpm;rIrSwpfqifh b0todtvif;a&mifudk
0w¬ K wd k \ a,bk , st"d y Ü m ,f ay;pGr;f Edik o f nf/ xdaYk Mumifh wdw k ukd sO;f usO;f ESihf vd&k if;a&mufatmif
0w¬KwkdY\ a,bk,st"dyÜm,frsm;ukd a&SUykdif;wGif wifjycJhNyD; a&;zGUJ Edik af om tEkynmzefw;D rI t&nftaoG;jzpfonf/ 0w¬K\ oabm
jzpfygonf/ xkaYd emuf 0w¬Kw\ Ydk t*Fg&yfrsm;ukvd nf; wifjycJNh y;D jzpfyg obm0wGif 0w¬Kwkd\zefwD;rItwwfynmonf 0w¦K&Snfxufyif
onf/ tESpfcsKyfqkdvQif 0w¬KwkdYwGif OD;wnfcsufwpfckom&Sd&rnf/ odrfarGYeufeJonfudk awGU&onf/ taMumif;t&m? tjzpftysuf
aemufcaH 'o wpfc?k ESpcf rk Qavmufom &So d ifo
h nf/ tcsed u
f mvwkd wpfcw k nf;ESihf qGaJ qmif&aom 0w¬Kwt dk wwfynmonf cufco J nf/
0w¬KwkdwdkYwGif Zmwfaumiftenf;i,fudk uefYowfxm;NyD; ( c ) ta&;tom;oGuf&rnf/ (ta&;tom;roGufygu

wpfckwnf;aomumv? a'owGif wpfckwnf;aomjzpf&yfudk zGJUqdk zwfol NiD;aiGUoGm;wwfygonf/)
xm;avh&o dS nf/ 0w¬KwZkd mwfvrf;wGif qufo, G yf wfoufrrI sm;udk ( * ) yg0ifonfh Zmwfaqmifrsm;\ ajymqdkvIyf&Sm;yHkrsm;udk
wwfEdkiforQ tusOf;csKyfxm;onf/ 0w¬KwdkwGif t"duusaom jyufjyufxifxif jrifvmatmif o½kyaf zmfa&;Edik &f rnf/
tjzpftysuw f pfcw
k nf;udk Zmwfaumifjzifh azmfjyavh&o dS nf/ 0w¬Kwkd (C) rvdktyfonfhtaMumif;ESifh rqdkifonfhtcsufrsm;udk
wGif Zmwfaumifp½du k uf kd pmvH;k uspu
f spvf spvf spjf zifh xif;ceJ? vif;ceJ xnfah &;&ef rvdyk g/ pmzwfot l m½Hk usupf m;apvdak om
jrifv,G af tmif a&;zGUJ Muonf/ 0w¬Kw\ kd trsKd ;tpm;yHpk rH mS wdwu d sus oabmwpf&yf? tcsuw f pfcsuu f o
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G jf cif;
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wd w d u susjyef q k d j cif ; bmomjyef v rf ; ñT e f c suf r sm;
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&mü tokH;jyKonf/ (2) rl&if;üyg0ifaom tcsuftvufukd rcsefvSyf&? ryg0if
oif h w if h a vsmuf y wf a tmif j yef q k d j cif ; onfukdvnf; rxnfhtyf/
oifw h ifah vsmufywfatmifjyefqjdk cif;qko d nfrmS bmomjyefol (3) rl&if;a0g[m&ukd bmomjyef&mü a0g[m&wpfv;Hk vk;H jzifh
onf rl&if;tmabmfudk apmifx h ed ;f &rnfw
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(4) teufukd rSefuefatmifjyef&rnf/ teufukd a0g[m& q&maZmf * sD \ vrf ; ñT e f c suf

ykHaojzifh jyef&ef rvkdtyfvQif aMumif;wloHuGJ tokH; (1) bmomjyefolonf tbd"mefukd tm;jyK&pNrJjzpfaomf
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(6) o'´g0gus rSefuef½kHrQomru a&xkH;ajymxkH;rSefuef oifo h nf/
ukdufnDap&ef vkdtyfonf/ (3) bmomjyefol\ vlrsKd;? pmzwfy&dowf tvG,fwul
(7) rl&if;0gusta&twGuftwkdif; bmomjyefwGif nDñGwf em;vnfrnf[k rSef;qEkdifygu rlvpma&;q&m\ qkdykH
&ef rvkdtyf/ rdeyYf uHk dk waoGrwdr;f vku d ef moifo h nf/ xko d rYdk [kwyf gu
(8) a0g[m&wpfv;Hk ukd teuft"dymÜ ,fyo D pGm em;vnfonf rlvpma&;q&m\ tvku d dk rxdcu
dk af pbJ tvku d of ifh
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odaomtcgrS xkad 0g[m&ukd jrefrmjyefoifo h nf/ xkt
d cg bmomjyefoifo h nf/
rrSm;r,Gif;bmom jyefEkdifayrnf/ okawoeynm&Sif A.F Taylor \vrf;ñTefcsuf
q&mBuD ; armif x if ( OD ; xif z wf ) \ vrf ; ñT e f c suf r sm; (1) rl&if;pma&;q&m\ teuft"dyÜm,fESifh tawG;tac:
(1) bmomjyefolonf rdrdbmompum;ESifh rdrdbmomjyef& t,ltqukd csO;f uyf&rnfrmS bmomjyefo\ l 0wå&m;yif
rnfh bmompum;ESpfckvkH;ukd uRrf;usif&rnf/ jzpfonf/ rl&if;pma&;q&m\ pdwful;pdwfoef;ukd od&Sd
(2) rdrdbmomjyefvkdaom ynm&yfukd uRrf;usif&rnf/ em;vnfatmif tm;xkwf&ef taumif;qkH;oifhavsmf&m
(3) rdrdbmomjyefqkd&rnfh ynm&yfüvnf; ESpfzufpG,fpkH a&G;cs,fNyD;azmfjy&ef qkH;jzwfEkdif&rnf/
uRr;f usi&f rnf/ (2) rl&if;pmukd tjcm;bmomokYd jyefq&dk mwGif ykid Ef idk rf ?I av;euf
(4) tbd"mefvmpum;vk;H rsm;ukd tajcwnfí edó,jyef pGm odrw S cf pH m;rIwYdk &St
d yfonf/ bmomjyefudk zwfaom
ouJo h Ydk bmomjyefvQif t"dyÜm,fazmfr&aom bmom ol\pdwfü rdrdbmompum;jzifh a&;om;xm;aompm[k
jyefrsKd; jzpfwwfonf/ xifjrifcpH m;vmatmif bmomjyefEidk v f Qif xkb d momjyef
(5) bmomjyefoo l nf t"dymÜ ,ftzGiEhf iS hf bmomjyef&if;eD;pyf onf bmomjyefaumif;jzpfonf/
aom pum;vkH;rsm; wDxGifay;&ef vkdtyfonf/ (3) bmomjyefaumif;wkdYrnfonf rl&if;pmtkyf\pdwful;
pdwo f ef; t,ltqukd jynfph u Hk vHk pHk mG jyefqEdk idk jf cif;yif (4) bmomjyefvyk if ef;wGif twwfynm Technique uRr;f usirf I
jzpfonf/ vkdtyfonfrSm rSefaomfvnf; tEkynm½IaxmifhrSvnf;
(4) rl&if;pmay\ a&;[eftoGifukd bmomjyefwGif waoG Munfw h wf&efvo dk nf/ okrYd o
S m touf0ifaom bmomjyef
rwdrf; &Sdtyfonf/ pmaumif; wpfckjzpfEkdifrnf/
(5) bmomjyefonf rl&if;pm\ ta&;tzGJUrsKd;jzpftyfonf/ (5) bmomjyefvkyfief;ukd toufarG;rItwwfynm (Pro-
okwpmayukd bmomjyef&mü qkid &f mbmom&yftvku d f Ekid if H fessional or Academic Discipline)tqifx h d &nfreS ;f csuf
t&yf&yfu vufcu H sio
hf ;Hk aom enf;emedó,ykpH H (Universal Mode) &SdrSom bmomjyeftqifhjrifhrnfjzpfonf/
jzifh a&;om;jyefq&dk onf/ &opmayukrd l jyefqo dk ol nf rlvpmukd (6) bmomjyefvkyfief;ukd oifMum;wwfajrmufEkdifrnf
rlrysuf jyefqEdk idk af p&ef rl&if;pma&;q&mESihf eD;uyfatmif BuKd ;pm; jzpfaomfvnf; olrwlatmif xifay:ausmMf um;Ekid &f ef
&onf/ avmuukd pma&;q&mjrify?Hk cHpm;yk?H a0g[m&ok;H yk?H 0guszUJG ykw H uYdk dk rvG,faMumif; odxm;&rnf/ xl;cRefrI (Genius) ESifh
teD;uyfavhvmí pma&;q&m\ uk, d &f nfu, dk af oG; (Personality) txkHyg&rD tusKd;quf[k rSwf,l&rnf[kxifygonf/
ay:vGifatmif BudK;pm;jyefqkd&onf/ BuKd ;pm;&efrmS uk,d w
hf m0efjzpfonf/
rl&if;pmyk'd rf mS nhzH si;f aevQif bmomjyeftaeESihf pifppfrrl ysuf
Ä Ä Ä Ä Ä
opöm&Srd EI iS hf &oajrmufrI ESpcf t k euf rlrysurf u I dk a&G;cs,&f rnfrmS
bmomjyefaumif;wpfa,muf vku d ef m&rnft h csuf jzpfonf/ tcsKyf
tm;jzifh acwftqufquf bmomjyefvyk if ef;vkyu f idk o
f l ynm&Sirf sm;
tBuHjyKxm;onfh bmomjyefolwpfa,muf tav;xm;oifhonfh
tcsufrsm;rSm -
(1) bmomjyefoo l nf bmomESp&f yfv;Hk wGif uRr;f usi&f rnf/
(2) tbd"mefukdtokH;cs&ef rysif;&/ tbd"mefay;teuf
ukdom tm;ukd;ír&onfukd odxm;&rnf/
(3) bmomjyeftvkyo f nf ayghayghqq tysi;f ajy taysmw f rf;
vkyo f ifah omtvkyrf sK;d r[kwb f J xm0pOfeufeufeeJ J avhvm
í wpfoufwmvkyfaqmif&rnfh oabmaqmifonf/
uGjJ ym;rI ydrk akd umif;rGeyf gonf/ puúLnHah omfvnf; yHEk ydS t f &nftaoG;
aumif;aumif;&Ekid o f nfh yHEk ydS ef nf;jzpfygonf/ odaYk omfvnf; toH;k
jyKonfh yvdyfjym;ESifh qvif'grsm;\ wefzdk;uBuD;jrifhygonf/
yd k ; ZmyH k E S d y f e nf ;
4if;yHEk ydS ef nf;rSm taygufuav;rsm;ygaom Zumudk yd;k Zmjzifh
jyKvyk yf EkH ydS jf cif; jzpfonf/ 4if;enf;pepfrmS pu&ifyEkH ydS ef nf; (Screen)
tajccHyHkESdyfvkyfief;rsm; jzpfygonf/ ,cktcg yd;k ? Edik v f eG ?f wufx&Geu f o
hJ Ykd t0wfrsm;jzifvh nf;
tajccHyHkESdyfvkyfief; av;rsKd;&Sdygonf/ ,if;wdkYrSm cJpmvHk; toH;k jyKí &ygonf/ yHEk ydS {f &d,mwGif taygufuav;rsm; jyKvyk í f
yHEk ydS ef nf; (Letter Press Printing)? *a&;AsL;,m;yHEk ydS ef nf; (Gravure ydk;? EdkifvGef? wufx&GefponfwdkYudk abmifMuufxm;NyD; rifxnfhí
Printing)? yd;k ZmyHE k ydS ef nf; (Screen Printing)? atmhzq f ufyEkH ydS ef nf; yHkESdyfaomenf; jzpfygonf/ wpfenf;tm;jzifh rifu yHkESdyf{&d,m
(Offset Printing) wdjYk zpfygonf/ taygufuav;rsm;rSwpfqifh yHEk ydS v f akd omypön;f ay:wGif yH&k yd af zmf
cJ p mvH k ; yH k E S d y f e nf ; apjcif; jzpfygonf/
tajccHtm;jzifh jrifhwufrsufESmjyifrS yHkESdyfjcif;jzpfygonf/ atmh z f q uf y H k E S d y f e nf ;
puúLay:udk yHkESdyfrnhf yHk&dyfrsufESmjyifudk usefrsufESmjyifrsm;xuf þyHEk ydS ef nf;onf jyifnrD suEf mS jyifay:rS yHEk ydS jf cif;jzpfygonf/
jr§ifhwifxm;&ygonf/ xdkjrifhaeonfh rsufESmjyifudk rifvHk;rsm;jzifh atmhzq f ufyEkH ydS ef nf; wpfenf;tm;jzifh vpfodk*&yfzdenf;rSm qDESifh
rifokwfvdrf;í puúLjzifh zduyfay;aomenf;jzifh yHkESdyfygonf/ rifukd rnforYkd S a&mroGm;Edik af om oabmw&m;udk tajccHxm;onfh
*a&;AsL;,m;yH k E S d y f e nf ; enf;pepfjzpfygonf/ yHkESdyfyvdyfjym;ay:wGif&Sdaom yHkESdyf{&d,mudk
tajccHrmS edru hf srsuEf mS jyifay:rS yHEk ydS jf cif;jzpfygonf/ yH&k yd f rifudkompGJapí yHk&dyfr&Sdaom {&d,mudk rifr&SdbJ a&ompdkpGwfap
{&d,mudk qvif'grsuEf mS jyiftwGi;f edru hf satmif vkyx f m;jcif; jzpf aom yvdyjf ym;rsuEf mS jyifukd "mwkaA'enf;jzifh pDrx H m;onfh enf;pepf
ygonf/ edrahf eaom csKid ahf v;rsm;udk rifjznfí h yHEk ydS jf cif;jzpfygonf/ jzpfygonf/
edrahf eaom csKid ihf ,fav;rsm;onf t&G,t f pm;wlaomfvnf; twdrf atmhzfqufyHkESdyfenf;wpfckrSm rifay;xm;aom yvdyfjym;
teufjcif; rwlyg/ 4if;csKid ihf ,fav;rsm;udk qJvf (Cell) [kac:onf/ ay:u yH&k yd u f kd Mum;cHa&mfbmbvwfuwfjym; (Blanket) ywfxm;
ta&miftEkt&ifh jywfom;pGm ay;Edik yf gonf/ "mwfykH tvif;tarSmif onfh qvif'gay:udk yHEk ydS Nf y;D vGaJ y;aom enf;pepfwpfcjk zpfygonf/
puúLay:odkY wdkuf½dkufyHkrESdyfbJ Mum;cHbvihfuwfjym;rSwpfqifh (u) puúLwpf&u G cf si;f ½du

k o
f nfh &Gucf si;f yHEk ydS pf ufrsm; (Sheet-
yHEk ydS jf cif; jzpfygonf/ yH&k yd w f ifxm;aom yvdyjf ym;onf El;nHo h nfh fed Offset)/
twGuf Murf;wrf;aom puúLrsufESmtjzpfjzifh wdkuf½dkufxdawGUrI ( c ) puúLvdyrf sm;jzifh ½duk of nfh yHEk ydS pf ufrsm; (Web-Offset)/
rjyKbJ wpfqifyh EkH ydS jf cif; jzpfygonf/ yvdyjf ym;rsuEf mS jyif ysupf ;D rI &G u f c sif ; yH k E S d y f o nf h yH k E S d y f p uf r sm;
enf;aomenf; jzpfygonf/ þenf;\ tm;omcsufonf puúLESifh &Gucf si;f yHEk ydS of nfh yHEk ydS pf ufrsm;wGif puúLoGi;f ay;onft h ydik ;f ?
a&xdawGUrI enf;aponfhtwGuf puúLqGJqefYrI? wpfa&mifESifh wpf yHEk ydS o
f nfph ufyikd ;f ? yHEk ydS Nf y;D puúLxGuo f nft h ydik ;f [lí t"du tpdwf
a&mif rm*sifrudkufaomjyóem jzpfyGm;rIenf;apygonf/ tydkif;oHk;rsKd; yg&Sdygonf/
yHkESdyfavmuwGif tjcm;tjcm;aom yHkESdyfvkyfief;rsm;xuf (u) puúLoGif;ay;onfhtydkif;/ &Gucf si;f yHEk ydS o f nfph ufrsm;
atmh z f q uf y H k E S d y f e nf ;onf vTrf;rdk;rItrsm;qHk; vkyfief;wpfck wGif tajccHtydik ;f Bu;D oH;k ydik ;f teuf puúLay;oGi;f onfh
jzpfygonf/ pma&;ud&, d mrsm;? r*¾Zif;? *sme,f? pmtkypf mapmifrsm; tydkif;wGif puúLydkYoGif;onfhpepfoHk;rsKd;rSm atmufyg
udk yHEk ydS &f mwGif us,jf yefpY mG toH;k jyKvsu&f o dS nfukd awGUvmygonf/ twdkif; jzpfygonf -
vpfo*kd &yfzD yHEk ydS ef nf;rsm;udk 1798ckEpS 0f ef;usiu f *smreDEikd if w H iG f (1) vufjzifh ay;oGif;ay;onfh trsKd;tpm;?
pwifcahJ omfvnf; 20 &mpkEpS q f ef;ydik ;f wGirf S pD;yGm;a&;yHEk ydS v f yk if ef; (2) wpf&Gufcsif; oGif;ay;&onfh trsKd;tpm;?
rsm;ü toH;k rsm;vmMuonf/ 1960 jynfv h eG rf S cJpmvH;k yHEk ydS vf yk if ef;udk (3) tqufrjywf &Gux f yfoiG ;f ay;onfh trsK;d tpm;/
jzwfausmfvmaom yHkESdyfenf;pepfwpfckjzpfonf/ ,ckacwfwGif ( c ) yHkESdyfonfhpufydkif;/ þtydik ;f onf &Gucf si;f ½du k of nfh
owåKyvdyfjym;rsm;udk toHk;jyKí yHkESdyfvmMuonf/ yHEk ydS pf ufrsm;\ puúLay:wGif yH&k yd x f ifap&ef um,uH
xdak tmhzq f ufyEkH ydS pf ufrsm;udk Edik if t H oD;oD;? ukrP Ü t D rsK;d rsK;d u ajrmuf aqmif&u G af y;&onft h ydik ;f jzpfygonf/ 4if;wGif
pufypkH t H rsK;d rsK;d ? pufvnfywfypkH epf pHpk v kH ifvifjzifh wDxiG af qmuf atmufygtydkif;rsm; yg0ifygonf -
vkyfcJhMuonf/ odkYaomfvnf; yHkESdyfpuf\ tajccHoabmw&m;rSm (1) yvdyfrsufESmjyifodkY a&ydkYonfhpepf?
rlvyifuw kd pfrsK;d wnf;om &So d jzifh yHEk ydS ef nf;pepfrmS wpfrsK;d wnf;om (2) yvdyfrsufESmjyif rifydkYonfhpepf?
jzpfygonf/ tajccHukd oabmaygufem;vnfvQif atmhzq f ufyEkH ydS ef nf; (3) yHkESdyfpufrsm;\ qvif'grsm;?
rsm;udk od&Sdoabmaygufygonf/ atmhzfqufyHkESdyfpufrsm;udk
(4) bvifhuwf (Blanket) ac: qvif'ga&mfbm
t"dutm;jzifh atmufygtwdkif; ESpfrsKd;ESpfpm; cGJjcm;xm;ygonf -
ywfrsm;/
( * ) yH k E S d y f N yD ; puú L xG u f o nf h t yd k i f ; / yHkESdyfpufwpfck\ tBuD;qHk;t&G,f Mum;wGifom ajymif;vJEdkifygonf/ xdkYaMumifh

aemufqHk;tydkif;rSm puúLxGufonfhtydkif; jzpfygonf/ toH;k jyKrnfh vkyif ef;ay:rlwnfí puúLvdyjf zifh ½du k Ef ydS rf nhf ywfvnf
puúLudk csed ;f BuKd ;ay:wGif wyfqifxm;onfh wdu k q
f aJG y: pufrsm;udk yHkao wnfaqmufxm;jcif; jzpfonf/ ywfvnfpuf
odYk pwifvaJT jymif;ay;onfah e&mrS tpjyKygonf/ ,if; wpfzufwGif puúLvdyfudk xnhfoGif;ay;jcif;jzifh tjcm;wpfzufwGif
wGif atmufygtydkif;rsm; yg0ifygonf - ½du
k Nf y;D ? acgufNy;D ? jzwfNy;D ? csKyNf y;D onfh pmtkyrf sm;xGuv f mEdik af om
(1) yHkESdyfNyD; xGufusvmonfh puúLrsm;udk pepfwus pufrsm;vnf; &Sdygonf/
tpDt&D &Sdap&ef wGef;ay;onfh ud&d,mrsm;? (u) puú L oG i f ; onf h t yd k i f ; / ywfvnfpufrsm;wGifvnf;
(2) yHkESdyfNyD;puúLrsm;udk wif&ef opfom;cHk? puúL&Gucf si;f yHEk ydS o f nfh pufrsm;uJo h Ykd puúLoGif;onfh
(3) ½du k Ef ydS Nf y;D puúLay:rS yHEk ydS rf ifrsm; tjcm;puúLay:odYk tydkif;? yHkESdyfonfhtydkif;ESifh ½dkufESdyfNyD; puúLxGufonfh
ul;jcif;r&Sdap&ef umuG,fay;onfh trIefjzL; tydkif;[lí cGJjcm;xm;ygonf/ puúLoGif;onfhtydkif;
ud&d,m? onf yHEk ydS pf ufwiG f ta&;Bu;D aom t"dutpdwt f ydik ;f
(4) puúLrsm; pufxo J Ykd jyefygroGm;ap&ef wm;ay;onfh wpfckjzpfygonf/ ywfvnfpufrsm;wGif puúLvHk;jzifh
ud&, d m/ yHEk ydS of nft h wGuf puúLvH;k wif&ef pifrsm; &SMd uygonf/
puú L vd y f j zif h yH k E S d y f o nf h p uf (atmh z f q uf)rsm; ) rsm; puúLvHk;wifonfh pifrsm;rSm atmufygtwdkif; cGJjcm;
puúLvdyfjzifh yHkESdyfonfh pufrsm;wGif yvdyfjym;wyfqifudkif xm;ygonf -
wG,ef nf;? bvifu h wfwyfqifenf;? a&ydpYk epfrsm;? rifypYkd epfrsm;ESihf (1) puúLwpfv;kH csi;f om qifí xnfo h iG ;f ½du
k Ef ydS o f nfh
zdtm;ay;pepfrsm;rSm &Gufcsif;½dkufonfh pufrsm;ESifh rwlnDyg/ pepf?
odaYk omfvnf; &Gucf si;f ½du k o f nfh yHEk ydS ef nf;pepfrsm;udk em;vnfygu (2) puúLESpv f ;kH rS oH;k vH;k xd pifwpfcw k nf;wifí ½du k Ef ydS f
puúLvdyjf zifh ½du k Ef ydS o f nfph ufrsm; toH;k jyKenf;udv k nf; em;vnfEikd f Edik o f nfph epf/
ygonf/ &Gucf si;f ½du k o f nfh pufrsm;twGuf puúLt&G,t f i,fq;kH rS (c) yH k E S d y f N yD ; puú L xG u f o nf h t yd k i f ;/ ywfvnfpufrsm;
tBu;D qH;k txd trsK;d rsK;d vufc½H u kd Ef ydS af y;Edik yf gonf/ puúLvdyjf zifh wGif toH;k jyKonfh puúLvdyu f kd yHEk ydS Nf y;D puúLxGuo f nfh
½du
k o f nfph uf\ qvif'grSjzwfNy;D t&G,rf mS yHak ojzpfonf/ toH;k jyK pepfrSm tajccHtm;jzifh oHk;rsKd;&Sdygonf/ 4if;wdkYrSm
rnfh puúLvHk;\t&G,fudk pufuvufcHEdkifonfh ti,fqHk;t&G,frS atmufygtwdkif; jzpfygonf -
(1) yHEk ydS Nf y;D puúLrsm;udk jzwfawmuf acgufcsK;d jcif;r&Sb d J rdwLå rsm; yGm;Edik af omenf; jzpfygonf/ ukeu f sp&dwf oufomonf/
jyefvnf&pfywf,lonfhpepf? 4if;yvdyjf ym;rsm;udk yHEk ydS &f ef yHak zmf&mwGif pmtky?f pmapmif 'r®aD csmudk
(2) yHEk ydS Nf y;D puúLrsm;udk vdt k yfaomt&G,f jzwfawmuf zvifjyKvkyfjcif;? 4if;rS zvufwGJ? pmrsufESmrsm;zGJUí yvdyful;jcif;
NyD; puúL&Gufcsif;xGuf&Sdonfhpepf? jzpfonf/ xdo k Ykd aqmif&u G &f mwGif zvifwiG f e*¾wpfzvif odrYk [kwf
(3) jzwfawmuf acgufcsK;d Ny;D xGuo f nfph epf (toH;k ayghpwpfzvifrsm; Mum;cHjyKí tvif;ay;NyD;aemuf yvdyfjym;udk
rsm;aom pepfjzpfonf)/ yHak zmfaq;&nfjzifh yH&k yd &f {dS &d,mESihf yH&k yd rf {hJ &d,mwdu Yk kd cGx
J w
k yf gonf/
&Guxf ;kd yHEk ydS pf ufrmS puúLudk wpfBurd w f iG f wpf&u G w
f nf; pufxJ e*¾wpfzvifEiS hf ayhgpwpfzvifrsm;onf tjzLtrnf;yH&k yd rf sm;
udk xnfo h iG ;f yHEk ydS jf cif; jzpfygonf/ puúLvdyo f ;kH ywfvnfpuf yHEk ydS pf uf jzpfay:aponf/ e*¾wpfzvifay:&Sd yH&k yd o f nf rlvyHw k iG f ta&mifEak om
rSm puúLvdyfrS puúLudk yHkESdyfpuf,lepfrsm;twGif; aemufrSa&SUodkY ae&m? tjzLa&mifae&mrsm;onf zvifay:wGif rnf;aewwfygonf/
jzwfapí pufukd vnfywfaepOf pOfqufrjywf yHEk ydS jf cif;jzpfygonf/ rnf;aomta&mifESifh ta&mif&ifhrsm;onf zvifay:wGif jzLae
4if;yHkESdyfpufrsm;udk wpfa&mif? ESpfa&mif? av;a&mif? ajcmufa&mif wwfygonf/ rl&if;yHk&dyf\ tvif;tajctaeudk ajymif;jyefay:
ponf yHEk ydS pf ufrsm; &Syd gonf/ rsm;aomtm;jzifh puf\ ,lepfrsm;ay: onf/ ayghpwpfzvifwiG f rlvyH\ k yH&k yd u f kd rl&if;twdik ;f tjzLtrnf;
tajccHNyD; ac:Muonf/ tajccHtm;jzifh yHkESdyfpufudk wpfa&mifNyD; jzifh wdkuf½dkufay:onfudk awGU&ygonf/
wpfa&mif yHkESdyfEdkifygonf/ a&mifpHkyHkESdyfvkyfief;wGif vdktyfaom wpfenf;tm;jzifh e*¾wpfzvifwiG f yH&k yd {f &d,mudk tvif;jzwf
tajccHta&mifrSm (0g? eD? jym? euf) jzpfygonf/ 4if;av;a&mifudk Edik o f nf/ use{f &d,monf tvif;ydwjf zpfonf/ ayghpwpfzvifwiG f
yHEk ydS yf gu a&mifp&kH &Srd nf jzpfygonf/ odaYk omfvnf; tcsKUd aom pD;yGm;a&; yHk&dyf&Sdonfhae&m {&d,mudk tvif;rjzwfEdkifyg/ usef{&d,monf
vkyfief;rsm;onf aiGa&mif? a&Ta&mifrsm;ESifh tjcm;ta&mifpyfrsm; tvif;aygufygonf/ e*¾wpfzvifEiS hf yvdyjf ym;ay:wifNy;D vdt k yf
toH;k jyKygu ajcmufa&mif yHEk ydS pf ufrsm;udk toH;k jyKMuonf/ xdt Yk jyif onfh enf;pepfrsm;jzifh tvif;xdvdkufonfhtcg yHk&dyf{&d,monf
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wnf;yHEk ydS jf cif;jzifh puúL\ a&SUjcrf;? aemufbufjcrf;udk wpfNyKd iw f nf; onf rmoGm;ygonf/ yH&k yd rf &Sad om tvif;ydwaf e&mukd tvif;rjzwf
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ayghpwpfzvifjzifh yvdyjf ym;ay:wifNy;D vdt k yfonfh enf;pepf
rsm;jzifh tvif;ay;vdkufygu yHkESdyf{&d,myHk&dyfonf tvif;rxdbJ
yH&k yd f r&Sad om ae&mrsm;om tvif;xdí yvdyjf ym;ay:rS aq;om;
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yHEk ydS Ef idk yf gonf/ a&;om;½du k Ef ydS x
f m;aom pm&Guf (odrYk [kw)f taxmuftxm;rSww f rf;
txufygenf;pepfrsm;onf uGefysLwmwGif pmtkyfpmapmif rsm;udk pmtkyftjzpf pkpnf;aygif;csKyfjcif;udk pmtkyfcsKyfjcif;[kac:
twGuf pmpDNy;D ? pmrsuEf mS zGUJ xm;aom 'r®aD csmudk rlacsmy&ifx h wk í f onf/ xdo k Ykd csKyv f yk &f mwGif pmrsuEf mS tpDtpOfEiS hf rmwdumtñTe;f yg
zvifjyKvyk o f nf/ 4if;zvifjzifh yvdyjf ym;jyKvyk í f yHEk ydS pf ufwifjcif; tcsuftvufrsm;twdkif; wdusrSefuefpGm csKyf&jcif; jzpfonf/
jzpfygonf/ uGeyf sLwmtwGi;f rS 'r®aD csm? rlacsmpmrsuEf mS zGUJ Ny;D onfh pmtkycf sKyv f yk if ef;rsm;wGif wnDwñGww f nf; vG,u f pl mG toH;k
pmrsm;udk wdu k ½f u kd zf vif (Computer to Film) xkwo f nf/ xdzk vifukd jyKEik d &f ef t&G,t f pm; ]pH} owfrw S Mf u&mwGif teHO;D pGmaz:jyNy;D aemufrS
yvdyu f ;l í yHEk ydS pf uf wifonfrsm;vnf; &Syd gonf/ xdaYk Mumifh orm; tvsm;udk azmfjyoHk;pGJavh&Sdygonf/
½d;k usenf;rSm yHEk ydS rf nfph mrsuEf mS zGUJ Ny;D ? pmazmifzUJG Ny;D ? pmrsuEf mS rsm;udk yH k E S d y f p uú L rsm;\ t&G , f t pm;ES i f h acguf N yD ; puú L trsKd ; rsKd ; \
orm;½d;k ustm;jzifh Mum;cHzvifjyKvyk í f yvdyjf ym;ul;í aqmif&u G f t&G , f t pm;rsm;
ygonf/ ,cktcg Mum;cHzvifpepftqifu h kd azsmufí uGeyf sLwmwGi;f yHkESdyfNyD;puúLwpf&Gufukd rlvt&G,frS tqifhqifhacgufí
&Sd pmrsufESmzGJUNyD;? pmazmifzGJUNyD;? pmrsufESmrsm;udk wdkuf½dkufyvdyf oGm;aomtcg acgufonft h csK;d ESihf &&Srd nfph mrsuEf mS rsm;udk atmufyg
jym;ay:odkY wdkuf½dkufyHkazmfaompepfrsm; ay:vmNyDjzpfonf/ 4if; twdkif; tajccHtm;jzihf ac:a0:toHk;jyKMuonf -
pepfudk (Computer to Plate) [kac:onf/ txufyg yHEk ydS v f yk if ef; tac:ta0: acguf y H k &&S d r nf h r suf E S m
onf pmwnf;rsm; A[kow k tjzpf odEikd &f ef oabmw&m;rlMurf;om 4 rsuEf mS csKd ; 1 csuaf cguf (2 &Gu)f 4 rsuEf mS
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Ä Ä Ä Ä Ä
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16 rsuEf mS csKd ; 3 csuaf cguf (8 &Gu)f 16 rsuEf mS
twG i f ; yH k r sm; pmazmif t wG i f ; od k Y azmif r qG J r D x nf h o G i f ; jcif ;
pmtkyw f iG yf g&Srd nfh a&mifpykH rkH sm;? n§yaf zmifrsm;? Z,m;rsm;ESifh
tjcm;xnfo h iG ;f p&mvdt k yfaom yHrk sm;udk azmifrqGrJ ?D pmazmifrsm;
twGif;odkY BudKwifí xnfhoGif;xm;&onf/ n§yfazmifxnfhenf;
pmazmif a cguf j cif ; ESpfrsdK;&Sdonf/ ,if;wdkYrSm -
yHEk ydS pf ufrS ½du
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udk pmazmifacgufjcif;[k ac:onf/ pmazmifacguf&mwGif pmrsuEf mS aumfuyfíxnfeh nf;udk ab;csKypf mtkyw f iG o
f ;kH í? csyd jf yKvyk f
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azmifeyH wfrsm;udk yHEk ydS x f m;onf/ wpfenf;tm;jzihf azmifeyH wfonf azmif q G J j cif ;
pmazmifwpfazmifwiG f yg0ifaom pmrsuEf mS tpDtpOft& yxrqH;k acgufNyD;pmazmifrsm;udk azmifeHywftpOfvdkuf wyfjcif;udk
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pmazmifrsm;udk acguf&mwGif acgufenf;oHk;rsdK;&SdMuonf/ tay:rlwnfí pmazmifrsm; pOf&onf/ csKyyf u kH vkd u
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(2) bm*smacgufenf; azmif taESmihb
f ufrS cGíqG&J Ny;D tzH;k yg xnfo h iG ;f &onf/
(3) axmifrh eS af cgufenf;ESifh bm*smacgufenf; ESprf sKd ;vH;k (2) ab;csKyt f wGuf azmifq&JG mwGif pmazmifwpfazmifEiS fh
a&maESmí acgufjcif;wdjYk zpfonf/ wpfazmif xyfí qGJ&onf/ tzHk;udkyg xnfhrqGJ&yg/
cG c sKyf c sKyf j cif ; (1) acgif;pnf;ygpmrsufESm Title Page udk ayusHjcif;ESihf

cGcsKyfcsKyfjcif;qdkonfrSm pmazmifESihf tzHk;yg twlwuGcGí pkwfNyJjcif;rS umuG,f&ef?
(odrYk [kw)f taESmihb f ufrS twlwuGwí JG csKyxf m;jcif;udk ac:onf/ (2) tzH;k uyf (odrYk [kw)f uwfxjl ym;\ twGi;f buftjcrf;
¤if;udk csKyf&mwGif aMu;eD0g,meef;BudK; (odkYr[kwf) tyfcsnfBudK; tm; aooyfaumif;rGefatmif zHk;tkyfxm;&ef?
wdkYjzihf csKyfvkyfEdkifonf/ (3) pmtkyt f zH;k ESifh taESmihMf um;wdu
Yk kd tiftm;wpf&yftae
cGcsKyfpmtkyfrsm;rSm pmrsufESmenf;? ta&twGufenf;aom jzihf qufuyfay;xm;&efwkdYjzpfonf/
pmtkyyf g;rsm;jzpfonf/ ¤if;csKyef nf;onf Mum&Sncf ikd cf efrY I r&Sad om tcef Y c sKyf j cif ;
aMumihf tywfpOfxkwf? vpOfxkwf pmapmifrsm;ESihf wpfESpfoHk; *E¬0ifajrmufpmayusr;f *efrsm;? twwfynmbmom&yfqikd &f m
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ab;csKyf c sKyf j cif ; toHk;jyKaompmtkyfrsm;udk a&&SnfcdkifcefYap&ef uwfxlzHk;rsm;jzihf
ab;csKyfcsKyfjcif;rSm pmazmifrsm;udk wpfazmifESihf wpfazmif tcefYcsKyfMuonf/ ¤if;csKyfenf;udk tuf'D&Sif;bdkif;'if; (Edition
xyfí pmazmif\ nmpGe;f tm; ab;bufrcS sKyjf cif; jzpfonf/ ab;csKyf Binding) odr Yk [kwf vufwmy&ufbikd ;f 'if; (Letter Press Binding)
&mwGif cGcsKyfuJhodkY tzHk;rxnfh&yg/ ab;csKyfudk aMu;eD0g,mBudK; [kac:onf/ xdo k Ydk csKy&f eftwGuf csKyef nf;wGif atmufygtcsurf sm;
jzpfap? BuKd ;jzihf jzpfap csKyMf uonf/ 0g,mjzihcf sKyyf gu pufjzihcf sKyí
f a,bk,syg0if&onf -
BuKd ;jzihcf sKyyf gu vufjzihcf sKyMf uonf/ ¤if;csKyef nf;rsm;onf Mum&Snf (1) BudK;oDcsKyfcsKyfenf;jzihf csKyfjcif;?
cdkifcefYrI r&Sdyg/ vpOfxkwfr*¾Zif;ESihf tcgtm;avsmfpGmxkwfaom (2) a&cH (End Sheet) puúLygjcif;?
0w¬Krsm;udk csKyMf uonf/ ab;csKypf mtkyrf sm;wGif r*¾Zif;rSví JG usef (3) taESmihv f ;kH jcif; (Rounding) ESifh taESmihw
f if (Backing)
pmtkyfrsm;udk a&cHpuúLxnfh&onf/ ab;csKyfpmtkyf\ a&SUqHk;ESihf xm;&Sdjcif;?
aemufqHk;wGif aumfjzihfuyfíxnfh&onf/ (4) uwfxl (Straw Board) ygjcif;?
a&cH p uú L (5) tzH;k ydwpf (Binding Cloth) odrYk [kwf om;a& (Leather)
a&cHpuúLtrsdK;rsdK;&Sdaomfvnf; trsm;tm;jzihf a&cHrSm av; ygjcif;wdjYk zpfonf/
rsufESm&Sdaom wpfcsdK;acgufpuúLtjzLudk oHk;avh&Sdonf/ a&cHpuúL Bud K ;oD c sKyf c sKyf j cif ;
xnfo h iG ;f tok;H jyK&onfh &nf&,
G cf suo
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k nfrmS tyfcsnf (odrYk [kw)f Edik v
f eG cf snf
rsm;udk toHk;jyKí pmazmifwpfazmifESihf wpfazmif BudK;jzihfqufí puú L t&G , f t pm;rsm;

oDjcif;udk ac:onf/ A t&G , f t pm;rsm;
BudK;oDcsKyfcsKyfxm;aom pmtkyfonf ab;csKyfpmtkyfuJhodkY
A t&G,ftpm;rsm; rD v D r D w m vuf r
pmazmifrsm;pGmudk xnfhí wpfBudrfwnf; csKyfxm;jcif;r[kwfbJ
4A0 1682 _2378 66.22 _ 93.62
pmazmifwpfazmifcsi;f pD BuKd ;jziho
f í D csKyx f m;jcif;aMumihf pmtkyu
f kd
2A0 1189 _1682 46.81 _ 66.22
vSefí zwf&mwGif tqifajyonf/ ydkrdkcdkifcefYonf/ Mum&SnfpGm
A0 841 _1189 33.11 _ 46.81
cHonf/
A1 594 _ 841 23.39 _ 33.11
a&S;u BuKd ;oDcsKyu
f kd vufjzihf csKyv
f yk Mf uaomfvnf;? aemufyikd ;f
A2 420 _ 594 16.54 _ 23.39
wGif pufrsm;jzifhvnf; wGifus,fpGm csKyfvkyfvmMuonf/
A3 297 _ 420 11.69 _ 16.54
aumf u yf c sKyf j cif ; A4 210 _ 297 8.27 _ 11.69
aumfuyfcsKyjf cif; (Perfect Binding) onf xkwv f yk rf v I yk if ef;
A5 148 _ 210 5.83 _ 8.27
pOfrsm;udk wpfqufwnf;aygif;NyD; pmazmifrsm;udk tpDtpOft&
A6 105 _ 148 4.13 _ 5.83
pkpnf;jcif;tqihrf S aemufq;kH tzH;k rm? tzH;k aysmph mtkyrf sm;? pmapmif
A7 74 _ 105 2.91 _ 4.13
txlrsm;ESifh uwfwavmufpmtkyrf sm; txdaqmif&u G Ef ikd yf gonf/
A8 52 _ 74 2.05 _ 2.91
BuKd ;oDcsKyef nf;ESifh 0g,mcsKyef nf;rsm;ae&mwGif tpm;xd;k toH;k jyKjcif;
A9 37 _ 52 1.46 _ 2.05
jzpfonf/ ,if;enf;onf pm&Gufrsm;udk taESmihfrS aumfESihfuyfNyD;
A10 26 _ 37 1.02 _ 1.46
wGxJ m;onfeh nf; jzpfygonf/ xdek nf;wGif pmazmifrsm;onf pm&Guv f w G f
tjzpfa&mufapNy;D ? taESmihw f iG f aumfow
k jf cif; jzpfygonf/ aumfow k f B t&G , f t pm;rsm;
rnfhtaESmihfudk aumfpGJ&ef Murf;zGmNyD; aqmif&Gufygonf/ B t&G , f t pm;rsm; rD v D r D w m vuf r
rS w f c suf / / tajccHpmtkyfcsKyfenf;rsm;rSm -- B0 1000 _1414 39.37 _ 55.67
(1) cGcsKyf B1 707 _1000 27.83 _ 39.37
(2) ab;csKyf B2 500 _ 707 19.68 _ 27.83
(3) BudK;oDcsKyf B3 353 _ 500 13.90 _ 19.68
(4) BuKd ;rJah umfuyfcsKyef nf;[lí av;enf;&Syd gonf/
B t&G , f t pm;rsm; rD v D r D w m vuf r uGyfua&mif; (Quad Crown) 30″ _ 40″

B4 250 _ 353 9.84 _ 13.90 -- 'Drikd ;f (Demy) ƒ″ ƒ″
B5 176 _ 250 6.93 _ 9.84 (Double Demy) ƒ″ ″
B6 125 _ 176 4.92 _ 6.93 (Quad Demy) ″ ″
B7 88 _ 125 3.46 _ 4.92 (Medium) ″ ″
B8 62 _ 88 2.44 _ 3.46 (Double Medium) ″ ″
B9 44 _ 62 1.73 _ 2.44 (Quad Medium) ″ ″
B10 31 _ 44 1.22 _ 1.73 (Royal) ″ ″
C t&G , f t pm;rsm; (Double Royal) ″ ″
C t&G , f t pm;rsm; rD v D r D w m vuf r (Imperial) ″ ″
C0 917 _1297 36.10 _ 51.06 (Double Imperial) ″ ″
C1 648 _ 917 25.51 _ 36.10
C2 458 _ 648 18.03 _ 25.51
C3 324 _ 458 12.76 _ 18.03
C4 229 _ 324 9.03 _ 12.76
C5 162 _ 229 6.38 _ 9.02
C6 114 _ 162 4.49 _ 6.38
C7 81 _ 114 3.19 _ 4.49
C8 57 _ 81 2.25 _ 3.19
refrmEdkifiHwGiftoHk;jyKcJhaom puúLt&G,ftpm;ESihf tac:
jref
ta0:rsm;
-- ua&mif; (Crown) 15″ _ 20″
'yfb&,fua&mif; (Double Crown) 20″ _ 30″
yH k E S d y f v k y f i ef ;
pmwnf;wpfOD; avhvmxm;oifhaom pmtkyfrsm;

ta&;tom;o'´ g ES i f h owf y H k o wf ñ T e f ; rsm;
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pmyHkESdyfvkyfief; odaumif;p&mrsm;
pma&;enf;vrf;ñTef
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jrefrmpm? jrefrmpum;
jrefrmo'´g

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