DATABASE REVIEWER

Lecture 1 • DBMS is generalized software.

DATABASE

• A database is an organized collection of TWO PARTS OF DATABASE MANAGEMENT

structured information, or data, typically stored
electronically in a computer system. A database
is usually controlled by a database management
system (DBMS). Together, the data and the
DBMS, along with the applications that are
associated with them, are referred to as a
database system, often shortened to just
database. (Oracle)
Lecture 2
DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM (DBMS)
• a software that handles all access to the
database.
• is a computerized system that enables users
to create and maintain a database
• a general-purpose software system that
facilitates the processes of defining,
constructing, manipulating, and sharing
databases among various users and applications
1. Data administration
- a planning and analysis function that is
responsible for setting data policy and
standards, for promoting the company’s data as
a competitive resource, for accounting for the
use of data, and for providing liaison support to
systems analysts during application
development.
2. Database administration
- function is more operationally oriented and is
responsible for the day-to-day monitoring and
management of the company’s various active
databases, as well as for providing liaison
support to program designers during
application development - typically carries out
many of the policies set by data administration

• a software utility for storing and retrieving

data that gives the end-

user the impression that the data is well

integrated even though the data can be stored
with no redundancy at all.

ADVANTAGES OF DBMS

• Controlling of Redundancy

• Improved Data Sharing

ADVANTAGES OF DATA AND DATABASE
• Data Integrity ADMINISTRATION

• Security • Data as a shared corporate resource

• Data Consistency • Efficiency in job specialization

• Efficient Data Access • Operational management of data

• Enforcements of Standards • Managing externally acquired databases

• Data Independence • Managing data in the decentralized

environment
• Reduced Application Development and
Maintenance Time

DISADVANTAGES OF DBMS Lecture 3

• It is bit complex. TYPES OF DATABASES

• Uses large amount of memory. 1. Hierarchical

• DBMS system works on the centralized -this database follows the progression of data
system. being categorized in ranks or levels, wherein
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data is categorized based on a common point of
linkage. As a result, two entities of data will be
lower in rank and the commonality would
assume a higher rank.
2. Network Databases
-In Layman’s terms, a network database is a
hierarchical database, but with a major tweak. A
network DBMS is a model that supports many-
to-many relationships, which helps store real-
life relationships between entities. It is an
extension of the hierarchical data management
soluution that allows modelers to design a more
flexible model.
3. Relational databases
-A relational database is a collection of
information that organizes data in predefined
relationships where data is stored in one or
more tables (or "relations") of columns and
rows, making it easy to see and understand how
different data structures relate to each other.
4. Object-Oriented
-An Object-Oriented DBMS — as the name
suggests — is based on object-oriented
programming (OOP). It’s a data management
solution type where entities are represented in
objects and stored in memory database.
Lecture 5
What is Database Architecture?
A Database Architecture is a representation of
DBMS design. It helps to design, develop,
implement, and maintain the database
management system.
A DBMS architecture allows dividing the
database system into individual components
that can be independently modified, changed,
replaced, and altered. It also helps to
understand the components of a database.
A Database stores critical information and helps
access data quickly and securely. Therefore,
selecting the correct Architecture of DBMS
helps in easy and efficient data management.
Types of DBMS Architecture
• One Tier Architecture (Single Tier
Architecture)
• Two Tier Architecture
• Three Tier Architecture
Summary
• An Architecture of DBMS helps in design,
development, implementation, and
maintenance of a database
• The simplest database system architecture is 1
tier where the Client, Server, and Database all
reside on the same machine
In 1-tier architecture, the database and any
application interfacingwith the database are
kept on a single server or device. Because there
are no network delays involved, this is generally
a fast way to access data.
• A two-tier architecture is a database
architecture in DBMS where presentation layer
runs on a client and data is stored on a server
2-tier architectures consist of multiple clients
connecting directly to the database. This
architecture is also known as client-server
architecture.
• Three-tier client-server architecture consists
of the Presentation layer (PC, Tablet, Mobile,
etc.), Application layer (server) and Database
Server
Most modern web applications use a 3-tier
architecture. In this architecture, the clients
connect to a back end, which in turn connects
to the database.
BENEFITS of 3-tier
•Security
•Scalability
•Faster deployment
Presentation Tier: This tier, which is built with
HTML5, cascading style sheets (CSS) and
JavaScript, is deployed to a computing device
through a web browser or a web-based
application. The presentation tier
communicates with the other tiers through
application program interface (API) calls.
Application Tier: The application tier, which
may also be referred to as the logic tier, is
written in a programming language such as Java
and contains the business logic that supports
the application's core functions. The underlying
application tier can either be hosted on
distributed servers in the cloud or on a
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dedicated in-house server, depending on how
much processing power the application
requires.
Data Tier: The data tier consists of a database
and a program for managing read and write
access to a database. This tier may also be
referred to as the storage tier and can be
hosted on-premises or in the cloud. Popular
database systems for managing read/write
access include MySQL, PostgreSQL, Microsoft
SQL Server and MongoDB.
WHAT IS A DATABASE SCHEMA?
A database schema is considered the
“blueprint” of a database which describes how
the data may relate to other tables or other
data models. However, the schema does not
actually contain data.
THREE LEVEL ARCHITECTURE OF DATABASE
1. Physical Level
A physical schema combines contextual and
logical information while adding technical
requirements. It contains the syntax needed to
create data structures within the disk storage.
Facts about Internal schema:
• The internal schema is the lowest level of data
abstraction
• It helps you to keeps information about the
actual representation of the entire database.
Like the actual storage of the data on the disk in
the form of records
• The internal view tells us what data is stored
in the database and how
• It never deals with the physical devices.
Instead, internal schema views a physical device
as a collection of physical pages
2. Conceptual Level
The conceptual level is at a higher level than the
physical level. It is also known as the logical
level. It describes how the database appears to
the users conceptually and the relationships
between various data tables. The conceptual
level does not care for how the data in the
database is actually stored.
Facts about Conceptual schema:
• Defines all database entities, their attributes,
and their relationships
• Security and integrity information
• In the conceptual level, the data available to a
user must be contained in or derivable from the
physical level
3. External Level
This is the highest level in the three level
architecture and closest to the user. It is also
known as the view level. The external level only
shows the relevant database content to the
users in the form of views and hides the rest of
the data. So different users can see the
database as a different view as per their
individual requirements.
Facts about external schema:
• An external level is only related to the data
which is viewed by specific end users.
• This level includes some external schemas.
• External schema level is nearest to the user
• The external schema describes the segment of
the database which is needed for a certain user
group and hides the remaining details from the
database from the specific user group
Storage Manager
• Low level data stored – Storage Manager –
Application Programs
• Queries submitted to the system
• Interaction with file manager
• Raw data are stored on the disk using file
system provided by OS
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• Translates various data manipulation language
(DML) into love level file system commands
• Responsible for storing , retrieving and
updating data
Storage Manager
Components
• Authorization and Integrity Manager
• Transactions Manager
• File Manager
• Buffer Manager
Data Structures
• Data Files
• Data Dictionary
• Indices
Buffer Manager is responsible for allocating
space to the buffer in order to
store data into the buffer.
File Manager is a system software responsible
for the creation, deletion, modification of the
files and managing their access, security and the
resources used by them.
Authorization and Integrity Manager tests the
integrity constraints and checks the
authorization of users to access data.
Transaction Manager ensures that no kind of
change will be brought to the database until a
transaction has been completed totally.
Lecture 6
CASE Tools – Computer Aided Software
Engineering
CASE tools are set of software application
programs, which are used to automate SDLC
activities. CASE tools are used by software
project managers, analysts and engineers to
develop software system.
There are number of CASE tools available to
simplify various stages of Software
Development Life Cycle such as Analysis tools,
Design tools, Project management tools,
Database Management tools, Documentation
tools are to name a few.
Use of CASE tools accelerates the development
of project to produce desired result and helps
to uncover flaws before moving ahead with
next stage in software development.
Case Tools Types
Advantages of the CASE approach:
It provides better documentation.
It improves accuracy.
It provides intangible benefits.
It reduces lifetime maintenance.
It is an opportunity to non-programmers.
It impacts the style of working of the company.
It reduces the drudgery in software engineer’s
work.
It increases the speed of processing.
It is easy to program software.
Disadvantages of the CASE approach:
• Cost: Using a case tool is very costly. Most
firms engaged in software development on a
small scale do not invest in CASE tools because
they think that the benefit of CASE is justifiable
only in the development of large systems.
• Learning Curve: In most cases, programmers’
productivity may fall in the initial phase of
implementation, because users need time to
learn the technology. Many consultants offer
training and on-site services that can be
important to accelerate the learning curve and
to the development and use of the CASE tools.
• Tool Mix: It is important to build an
appropriate selection tool mix to urge cost
advantage CASE integration and data
integration across all platforms is extremely
important.
Analysis Tools
These tools help to gather requirements,
automatically check for any inconsistency,
inaccuracy in the diagrams, data redundancies
or erroneous omissions. For example, Accept
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360, Accompa, CaseComplete for requirement

analysis, Visible Analyst for total analysis.

Design Tools

These tools help software designers to design

the block structure of the software, which may
further be broken down in smaller modules
using refinement techniques. These tools
provides detailing of each module and
interconnections among modules.

Documentation Tools

Documentation in a software project starts prior

to the software process, goes throughout all
phases of SDLC and after the completion of the
project. Documentation tools generate
documents for technical users and end users.
Technical users are mostly in-house
professionals of the development team who
refer to system manual, reference manual,
training manual, installation manuals etc. The
end user documents describe the functioning
and how-to of the system such as user manual.
For example, Doxygen, DrExplain, Adobe
RoboHelp for documentation.

Change Control Tools

These tools are considered as a part of

configuration management tools. They deal
with changes made to the software after its
baseline is fixed or when the software is first
released. CASE tools automate change tracking,
file management, code management and more.
It also helps in enforcing change policy of the
organization.

Programming Tools

These tools consist of programming

environments like IDE (Integrated Development
Environment), in-built modules library and
simulation tools. These tools provide
comprehensive aid in building software product
and include features for simulation and testing.
For example, Cscope to search code in C,
Eclipse.