WATER SUPPLY ENGINEERING LAB REPORT

TABLE OF CONTENTS
TABLE OF FIGURES .................................................................................................................... 2
TABLES IN THIS REPORT .......................................................................................................... 3
ABSTRACT .................................................................................................................................... 4
EXPERIMENT NO ........................................................................................................................ 5
1 TO MEASURE THE TURBIDITY OF GIVEN WATER SAMPLE IN LABORATORY
USING TURBIDITY METER ....................................................................................................... 5
1.1 INTRODUCTION:........................................................................................................... 5
1.2 OBJECTIVE: ................................................................................................................... 5
1.3 SAMPLING: .................................................................................................................... 5
1.4 METHODOLOGY: .......................................................................................................... 5
1.5 EXPERIMENTAL STEPS:.............................................................................................. 6
1.6 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: ..................................................................................... 6
1.7 CONCLUSION: ............................................................................................................... 7
EXPERIMENT NO ........................................................................................................................ 8
2 DETERMINATION OF pH IN WATER ................................................................................ 8
2.1 INTRODUCTION:........................................................................................................... 8
2.2 OBJECTIVE: ................................................................................................................... 8
2.3 SAMPLING: .................................................................................................................... 8
2.4 METHODOLOGY: .......................................................................................................... 9
2.5 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: ..................................................................................... 9
2.6 CONCLUSION: ............................................................................................................. 10
EXPERIMENT NO ...................................................................................................................... 11
3 TO DETERMINE THE SUSPENDED SOLIDS (SS), DISSOLVED SOLIDS (DS) AND
TOTAL SOLIDS (TS) IN THE GIVEN SAMPLE OF WATER................................................. 11
3.1 INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................... 11
3.2 OBJECTIVES ................................................................................................................ 12
3.3 SAMPLING ................................................................................................................... 12
3.4 METHODOLOGY ......................................................................................................... 12
3.5 CONCLUSION .............................................................................................................. 13

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TABLE OF FIGURES

FIGURE 1 : NEPHELOMETER TO FIND TURBIDITY ................................................................................. 6

FIGURE 2 : STEPS IN THE EXPERIMENTS ........................................................................................... 6

FIGURE 3 : NORMAL RANGES FOR TURBIDITY...................................................................................................7

FIGURE 4 : PH SCALE STANDARD ...................................................................................................................... 8

FIGURE 5 : PH METER ................................................................................................................................................9

FIGURE 6 : TDS, TS, TSS EXPERIMENT .................................................................................................. 11

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TABLES IN THIS REPORT

TABLE 1 : TURBIDITY OF SAMPLES ................................................................................................... 6

TABLE 2 : PH SAMPLES AND TEMPRATURE ............................................................................................. 9

TABLE 3 : TOTAL SOLIDS IN GIVEN SAMPLE ....................................................................................... 12

TABLE 4 : TOTAL DISSOLVED SOLIDS IN SAMPLE .............................................................................. 13

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ABSTRACT
In water supply engineering we deal with development of sources of supply distribution and
treatment of water. To have an idea about the clarity of water, portability, quantity of suspended
particle different types of tests is conducted. They give idea about alkalinity and acidity of water,
presence of heavy metal and hardness. We took sample from our home town, and conducted three
different tests to determine the quality of water. The experiments that were conducted are turbidity
of sample by nephelometric method, pH value of sample, (TDS, TSS, TS) in given sample. The
turbidity of given sample is obtained by comparing sample with standard solution. pH is measured
using a meter, which comprises a detecting unit consisting of a glass electrode, reference electrode
and an indicating unit connected by KCl Bridge to the pH sensitive glass electrode. Total solids
(TS) are found by evaporation, and total dissolved solids (TDS) are obtained by filtration, while
Total suspended solids (TSS) are found by difference of TS and TDS. The turbidity of sample was
normal, pH was alkaline, and TS, TDS ,TSS were adequate and the water was fresh.

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EXPERIMENT NO

1 TO MEASURE THE TURBIDITY OF GIVEN WATER SAMPLES

IN LABORATORY USING TURBIDITY METER

1.1 INTRODUCTION:
Turbidity is the technical term of referring to the cloudiness of a solution and it is the qualitative
characteristic imparted by solid particles obstructing the transmittance of light through a water
sample. Turbidity often indicates the presence of dispersed and suspended like clay, organic
matter, silt and algae etc. In short, turbidity is an expression of the optical property that causes
light to be scattered and absorbed rather than transmitted in straight line through sample.

1.2 OBJECTIVE:
The basic objective of this experiment is to measure the quantity of suspended particles in the
given water sample and to determine its turbidity.

1.3 SAMPLING:
We collected the sample for determining the turbidity in water of Abbottabad city on 16th of
May. The method for sampling was grab sampling.
Grab samples are samples collected at a particular time and space. They present the composition
at that time and place.

1.4 METHODOLOGY:
First, we prepared the turbidity meter for use according to the manufacturer's directions.
Turbidity standards provided with the meter were used to calibrate it. It was made sure that the
readings are accurate, and they are falling in the range in which we are working. The sample was
shaken vigorously and we waited until the bubbles disappeared. We wiped the outside of the
bottle with a cloth, in which sample was to be poured.
Then we poured the sample water into the tube and wiped out the drops on the outside of the
tube. We set the meter for the appropriate turbidity range. We placed the tube in the meter and
read the turbidity measurement directly from the meter display. We repeated the experiment
three times. At the end, we recorded the results on the lab sheet.

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FIGURE 1: NEPHLOMETER TO FIND TURBIDITY

1.5 EXPERIMENTAL STEPS:

FIGURE 2: STEPS IN THE EXPERIMENT

1.6 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION:

SAMPLE TURBIDITY(NTU)
1 5.8
2 6.2
3 6.4
Results:6.1 NTU
TABLE 1: TURBIDITY OF SAMPLES

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Below table shows the turbidity ranges:

FIGURE 3: NORMAL RANGES FOR TURBIDITY

 The turbidity of our sample is 6.13 NTU, which falls in the normal turbidity range, and is
drinkable.
 In drinking water, higher the turbidity level, higher the risk that people may develop
gastrointestinal diseases.
 In drinking water, turbidity should be equal to zero.
 The lower the NTU number, the cleaner the water.

1.7 CONCLUSION:
According to IS 10500:1991 the maximum limit of turbidity is 10 NTU and up to 5 NTU water is
acceptable and above 5 NTU the consumer acceptance decreases. Hence 0.1 NTU as a goal; less
than 1 NTU as a standard and 5 NTU as a special case of consumable water. The turbidity of our
sample is 6.13, which is above 5. This value is an indicator of poor treatment plant efficiency,
filter run timing or contamination of distribution system.
Colloidal particles cause turbidity because of their specific gravity lower than specific gravity of
solution and because of their negative charge. It can be indicated from the amount of light
absorbance and transmittance.

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EXPERIMENT NO

2 DETERMINATION OF PH IN WATER

2.1 INTRODUCTION:
The acidic or basic property of substances is measured in terms of pH. It is a measurement of the
hydrogen ion concentration. pH is defined as the negative logarithm (base 10) of hydrogen ion
concentration.

If the hydrogen ion concentration is very high, the pH value is very low. This is determined using
a scale ranging from 0-14 called the pH scale. It was introduced by a Danish chemist Soren Peder
Lauritz Sorensen.
Substances with pH lower than 7 are acidic, those with pH equal to 7 are neutral and those with
pH greater than 7 are basic in nature.
The pH of pure water is 7. i.e.,

FIGURE 4 : PH SCALE STANDARD

2.2 OBJECTIVE:
The objective of this experiment is to determine the pH of water sample.

2.3 SAMPLING:
We used the same water sample for testing the pH. The method for sampling was grab sampling.

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2.4 METHODOLOGY:
First, we stirred the water sample vigorously using a clean glass stirring rod. We pour 42 mL
sample into the glass beaker using the watch glass for a cover and allowed the sample to stand
for a minimum of one hour to allow the temperature to stabilize.
Then, we measured the temperature of the sample and adjusted the temperature controller of the
pH meter to that of the sample temperature. We standardized the pH meter by means of the
standard solutions provided. We immersed the electrode of the pH meter into the water sample
and waited for 30 seconds to allow the pH to stabilize.
At the end, we noted down the readings, took out the sample and rinsed the electrode well with
distilled water, then dab lightly with tissues to remove any film formed on the electrode.

FIGURE 5: PH METER

2.5 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION:

SAMPLE pH TEMPERATURE(°C)
1 7.98 27.12
2 8.01 27.98
3 8.04 28.00
Result= 8.01
TABLE 2: PH SAMPLES AND TEMPRATURE

 The pH of our sample is 8.01. Neutral pH is 7, and any value above this shows basic
characteristics.
 In drinking water, pH should be 7.
 Lower pH than 7, shows that water is acidic, whereas, higher pH than 7 shows that water
is basic.
 Higher pH makes skin dry and itchy, and it makes the stomach upset.
 High pH causes a bitter taste, water pipes and water-using appliances become encrusted
with deposits, and it depresses the effectiveness of the disinfection of chlorine, thereby
causing the need for additional chlorine when pH is high. Low-pH water will corrode or
dissolve metals and other substances.2

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2.6 CONCLUSION:
The alkalinity of water varies due to the presence of dissolved salts and carbonates, as well as the
mineral composition of the surrounding soil. In general, the higher the alkalinity, the higher the
pH; the lower the alkalinity, the lower the pH.

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EXPERIMENT NO

3 TO DETERMINE THE SUSPENDED SOLIDS (SS),

DISSOLVED SOLIDS (DS) AND TOTAL SOLIDS (TS) IN THE
GIVEN SAMPLE OF WATER.

3.1 INTRODUCTION
Water contains different types of impurities like suspended colloidal and dissolved materials in
it. Based on its contaminants water can be broadly defined as mixture of different types of solids
in a liquid base. Solids may be classified as settle able, suspended, dissolved, volatile and fixed.
All these types together called as total solids. The settle able solids are those, which can settle
when, placed in a quiescent condition. The suspended solids are those which are not soluble in
water and remain in suspension for a long period. These solids impart turbidity to the water. The
dissolved solids impart color and odor to water.
Total Dissolved Solid (TDS) is the amount of combined contents of all inorganic and organic
substances contained in a liquid in molecular, ionized or micro-granular (colloidal solution)
suspended form.
Total Suspended Solids (TSS) are solids that can be trapped using a filter in water. TSS can
include a wide variation in material, such as silt, decaying plant and animal matter, industrial
wastes, and sewage. High concentrations of suspended solids can cause several problems to
stream health and aquatic life.
Total Solids (TS) can be found by summation of TSS and TDS.
Volatile Suspended Solids (VSS) are the suspended solids associated with volatile fraction.
Fixed Suspended Solids (FSS) are the suspended solids associated with the mineral fraction.

FIGURE 6 : TDS, TS, TSS EXPERIMENT

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3.2 OBJECTIVES
The main objective of this experiment is to find out TS, TDS and TSS in the given sample of
water.

3.3 SAMPLING
This sample is taken from Abbottabad on 16th May, 2022 through grab sampling technique.

3.4 METHODOLOGY
I. Measurement of Total Solids (TS)
First we took a clear dry glass beaker of 150 ML capacity (which was kept at 103°C in an oven
for 1 hour) and put appropriate identification mark on it. We weighed the beaker and noted the
weight. We pour 100ml. of the thoroughly mixed sample, measured it by the measuring cylinder,
in the beaker. We place the beaker in an oven maintained at 103°C for 24hours. After 24 hours,
when whole of the water has evaporated, we cooled the beaker and weight.
We found out the weight of solids in the beaker by subtracting the weight of the clean beaker
determined in above mention procedure.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
We calculated total solids (TS) as follows:
Total Solids in water= Difference of weight of the beakers / Volume of sample x 1000
DESCRIPTION WEIGHT (g)
Weight of clean procelain evaporating dish W1 35.43 35.43 35.43
Weight of dish and residue W2 35.449 35.78 35.52
Weight of residue W 0.0169 0.035 0.011
Volume of sample (ml) V 50 50 50
Total Solids (mg/l) TS 338 700 220
TABLE 3: TOTAL SOLIDS IN THE GIVEN SAMPLE

I. Measurement of Total Dissolved Solids (TDS)

Same as above, we took a 100 ml. of sample and filtered it through a double layered filter paper
and collected the filtrate in a beaker.
Then we repeated the same procedure by last of the total solids determination.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Dissolved solids, TDS (mg/l) = mg of solids in the beaker / (volume of sample) x 1000
Also total solid (TS) = Suspended Solids + Total dissolved Solids (TDS)

DESCRIPTION WEIGHT (g)

Weight of clean filter paper W1 1.632 35.43 35.43
Weight of dish and residue W2 1.6531 1.678 1.652
Weight of residue W 0.0202 0.035 0.011

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Volume of sample (ml) V 100 100 100

Total Suspended Solids (mg/l) TDS 20.2 35 11
TABLE 4: TOTAL DISSOLVED SOLIDS IN THE SAMPLE

3.5 CONCLUSION
Water can be classified for amount of TDS per liter
 Fresh water < 1500 mg/L
 Brackish water 1500 to 5000 mg/L
 Saline water > 5000 mg/L
As all the results are fall under 1500 mg/L so it is Fresh Water.

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