Session 6

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Module 6
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XSL and XSLT
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Module Overview
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In this module, you will learn about:
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 Introduction to XSL
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 Working with XSL
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@ Aptech Limited Modern Markup for Data Interchange/ Module 6/ 2 of 53

Lesson 1 – Introduction to XSL
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In this first lesson, Introduction to XSL, you will
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learn to:
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 Define Extensible Stylesheet Language (XSL),
Extensible Stylesheet Language Transformations
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(XSLT) and their purpose.
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 Explain the structure and syntax of XSL.
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 Distinguish between Cascading Style Sheet (CSS)
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and XSL.
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Stylesheets 1-2
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 It is a collection of commands that tells a
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processor how to render the visual appearance of
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content in a web page.
Stylesheets typically contain instructions like:
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
 Number figures sequentially throughout the
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document.
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 Display hypertext links in blue.
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 Position text and images on a Web page.

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 Create a layout optimized for small displays for

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mobile phones.
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Stylesheets 2-2
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 CSS is used for HTML content formatting.
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 XSL is used to describe how the XML document
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should be displayed.
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Extensible Stylesheet Language (XSL)
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 XSL Transformations (XSLT)
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 An XML language for transforming XML documents.
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 XML Path Language (XPath)
A language for navigating the XML document.
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
XSL Formatting Objects (XSL-FO)
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
An XML language for formatting XML documents.


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XSL Transformations
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 The transformation component of the XSL stylesheet
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technology is XSLT.
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 It describes the process of transforming an XML
document, using a transformation engine and XSL.
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XSL Processing Model
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 It reads an XML document and processes it into a
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hierarchical tree.
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 It starts with the root node in the tree and performs
pattern matching in the stylesheet.
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XSLT Structure and Syntax
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 It uses a standard document introduction, matching
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closing tags for any opening tags that contain
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content, and a proper syntax for empty elements.
The style rules are written in a file with the extension
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
.xsl.
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Syntax
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<xsl:stylesheet version=”1.0”
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xmlns:xsl=”http://www.w3.org/1999/XSL/Transform”>
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………
………
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</xsl:styleheet>
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where,
<xsl:stylesheet>: Root element of the stylesheet.
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xmlns:xsl=”http://www.w3.org/1999/XSL/Transform”: refers
to the official W3C XSLT namespace. You must include the attribute
version=”1.0” if you use this namespace.
Top Level XSLT Elements
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 An element occurring as a child of an xsl:stylesheet element is
called a top-level element.
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 It can occur directly inside the xsl:stylesheet element.
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Element Name Description
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xsl:attribute-set Adds a list of attributes to the output node tree
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xsl:import Used to import contents of one stylesheet into another. The
importing stylesheet takes precedence over the imported
xsl:namespace-alias C
stylesheet
Replaces source document Namespace with a new
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Namespace in the output tree node
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xsl:output Specifies the output for the result tree. It contains a list of
attributes. The most important one is the method attribute
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which dictates if the type of output is HTML, text, or XML

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xsl:template Used to define a template that can be applied to a node to

produce a desired output display
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xsl:variable Defines a variable in a stylesheet or template, and to

assign it a value

CSS and XSL
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 They are two different style languages recommended by the World
Wide Web Consortium (W3C).
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 XSL is more powerful and complex than CSS.
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CSS XSL
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Stylesheet language to create a style Stylesheet language to create a style
for HTML and XML documents for XML documents
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Determines the visual appearance of a Provides a means of transforming XML
the source document C

page, but does not alter the structure of documents
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Does not support decision structures Supports decision structures and can
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and it cannot calculate quantities or calculate quantities or store values in

store values in variables variables
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Uses its own notation Uses an XML notation

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Highly effective and easy to learn for Designed to meet the needs of more
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simple applications complex applications for richer style

sheets

Lesson 2 – Working with XSL
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In this last lesson, Working with XSL, you will
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learn to:
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 Explain XSL templates.
 Describe the use of select attribute.
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 State how to use xsl:value-of element.
 Describe how to use xsl:for-each element.

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 Explain briefly how to use xsl:text element.
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 Describe how to use xsl:number element.

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 Describe how to use xsl:if element.

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 Describe how to use xsl:choose element.

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 Explain how to perform sorting using XSL.

XSL Templates
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The xsl:template Element 1-2
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 It is used to define a template that can be applied to a node
to produce desired output.
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Syntax
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<xsl:template
match=”pattern”
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mode=”mode
name=”name”
>
priority=”number”
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</xsl:template>
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where,
match: Is a pattern that is used to define which nodes will have which
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template rules applied to them. If this attribute is omitted there must be a

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name attribute.
mode: Allows the same nodes to be processed more than once.
name: Specifies a name for the template. If this attribute is omitted there must
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be a match attribute.
priority: Is a real number that sets the priority of importance for a
template. The higher the number, the higher the priority.
The xsl:template Element 2-2
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Code Snippet
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The xsl:apply-templates element 1-4
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 It defines a set of nodes to be processed.
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Syntax
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where,
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select
Used to process nodes selected by an expression.
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mode
Allows the same nodes to be processed more than once. Each
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time the nodes are processed, they can be displayed in a

different manner.

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Code Snippet
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Style Sheet
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where,
match=”GEMEmployees/Designer”
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Represents the Designer child element by specifying the GEMEmployees parent element.
xsl:apply-templates select=”Name”
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Applies the template on Name element.

xsl:apply-templates select=”DOJ”
Applies the template on DOJ element.
xsl:value-of
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Used to extract the value of a selected node.

xsl:template match=”Name”
If the template is matched with Name element, the value of the Name element is displayed in green color with font size 22 pixels.
xsl:template match=”DOJ”
If the template is matched with DOJ element, the value of the DOJ element is displayed in blue color.

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Output
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The select attribute 1-4
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 It can be used to process nodes selected by an expression
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instead of processing all children.
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Syntax
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where,
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select
Uses the same kind of patterns as the match attribute of the
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xsl:template element. If select attribute is not present,

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all child element, comment, text, and processing instruction

nodes are selected.
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Code Snippet
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Style Sheet
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where,
select=”Title”
C Applies the template on Title element.

select=”Author”
Applies the template on Author element.
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Output
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The xsl:value-of element 1-4
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 It is used to write or display text string representing the
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value of the element specified by the select attribute.
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Syntax
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where,
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select
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A mandatory attribute that assigns the node (by name) to the element.
disable-output-escaping
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Specifies how special characters should appear in the output string.

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yes
Indicates that special characters should be displayed as is (for example, a < or >).
no
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Indicates that special characters should not be displayed as is (for example, a > is
displayed as >).

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Code Snippet
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Style Sheet
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where,
xsl:value-of select=”FirstName”
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Display the value of the element FirstName.

xsl:value-of select=”LastName”
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Display the value of the element LastName.

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Output
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The xsl:for-each element 1-4
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 It can be used to iterate through the XML elements of a
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specified node set.
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Syntax
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where,
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select=”expresion”
The expression is evaluated on the current context to determine
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the set of nodes to iterate over.

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Fo

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Code Snippet
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Style Sheet
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where,
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Iterates through the Employee node and
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applies a template.
xsl:value-of select=”Department”
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Displays the value of Department element.

xsl:value-of select=”Name”
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Displays the value of Name element.

xsl:value-of select=”Salary”
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Displays the value of Salary element.

xsl:value-of select=”Language”
Displays the value of Language element.
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</xsl:for-each>
End of for-each loop.

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Output
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The xsl:text element 1-4
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 It is used to add literal text to the output.
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Syntax
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where, C
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disable-output-escaping
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Turns on or off the ability to escape special characters.

yes
pt
If the value is yes, a > will appear as a >.

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no
If the value is no, a > will appear as a > in the text.
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Code Snippet
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Style Sheet
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where,
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xsl:for-each select=”Orders/Item”
Iterates through the Item element.
xsl:value-of select=”Name”
Displays the value of Name element.
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<xsl:text>,</xsl:text>
Inserts a comma (,) after each name value.
<xsl:text>!!!!</xsl:text>
Inserts four exclamation marks (!) at the end of the output.

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Output
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The xsl:number element 1-4
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 It can be used to determine the sequence number for the
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current node.
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Syntax
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where,
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count=”pattern”
Indicates what nodes are to be counted. Only nodes that match the pattern are counted.
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format=”{ string }”
Sequence of tokens that specifies the format to be used for each number in the list.
value=”expression”
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Specifies the expression to be converted to a number and output to the result tree.

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Code Snippet
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Style Sheet
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where,
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position()
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The current node’s position in the source document.

format=”1.”
User-provided number starts with 1.
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format=”I.”
User-provided roman number starts with I.

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Output
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where,
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1.Water Bottle, I.Water Bottle
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The first item is numbered with number 1 and roman number I.

4.Mobile Phone, IV. Mobile Phone
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The fourth item is numbered with number 4 and roman number IV.
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The xsl:if element 1-4
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 Evaluates a conditional expression against the content of the
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XML file.
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Syntax
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where,
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test=expression
The condition in the source data to test with either a true or false.
pt
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Fo

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Code Snippet
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Style Sheet
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pt
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where,
<xsl:for-each select=”Catalog/Book”>
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Iterates through the Book node.

<xsl:if test=”Price > 50”>
Checks if the price of the book is greater than 50. If true, Author, Title and Year are displayed.
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Output
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The xsl:choose element 1-5
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 It is used in conjunction with xsl:when and xsl:otherwise
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to express multiple conditional tests.
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Syntax
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where,
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xsl:when test=”expression”
The xsl:when element is examined in the order of occurrence. If the test
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expression is true, the code contained in that element is executed.

xsl:otherwise
If all the test conditions in any xsl:when element are false, then the
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xsl:otherwise element is automatically selected and the code associated with

that element is executed.

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Code Snippet
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Style Sheet
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Fo

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Style Sheet
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se
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where,
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xsl:when test=”Price > 100”

Checks whether the price of the book is greater than 100. If true, the details like Author, Price
and Year are displayed with magenta as the background color.
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xsl:otherwise
If all the conditions are false, this block is executed. Here, all other book details are printed in normal
background color.

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Output
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Sorting in XSLT 1-4
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 It can be used to sort a group of similar elements.
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Syntax
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where,
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case-order
Indicates whether the sort will have upper or lowercase letters listed first in the sort output. The
default option is to list uppercase first.
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data-type: Specifies the data type of the strings.

Number: Sort key is converted to a number.
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Qname: Sort is based upon a user-defined data type.

Text: Specifies that the sort keys should be sorted alphabetically.
Order: The sort order for the strings. The default value is “ascending”.
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Select: Expression that defines the key upon which the sort will be based. The expression is
evaluated and converted to a string that is used as the sort key.

Sorting in XSLT 2-4
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Code Snippet
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Sorting in XSLT 3-4
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Style Sheet
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where,
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select=”UnitPrice”
Sort is based on UnitPrice element.
order=”descending”
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The sorting order for UnitPrice is descending in that the higher value will be
displayed first.

Sorting in XSLT 4-4
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Output
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Summary
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 Introduction to XSL
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 XML provides the ability to format document content.
XSL provides the ability to define how the formatted XML content is
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
presented.
An XSL Transformation applies rules to a source tree read from an
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
XML document to transform it into an output tree written out as an
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XML document.
 Working with XSL C

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 An XSL template rule is represented as an xsl:template element.
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 You can process multiple elements in two ways: using the

xsl:apply-templates element and the xsl:for-each element.
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The xsl:stylesheet element allows you to include a stylesheet

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directly in the document it applies to.

The xsl:if element produces output only if its test attribute is
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true.

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Fo

@ Aptech Limited Modern Markup for Data Interchange/ Module 6/ 2 of 53

Extensible Stylesheet Language Transformations

@ Aptech Limited Modern Markup for Data Interchange/ Module 6/ 3 of 53

 Number figures sequentially throughout the

 Position text and images on a Web page.

 Create a layout optimized for small displays for

@ Aptech Limited Modern Markup for Data Interchange/ Module 6/ 4 of 53

@ Aptech Limited Modern Markup for Data Interchange/ Module 6/ 5 of 53

XSL Formatting Objects (XSL-FO)

An XML language for formatting XML documents.

@ Aptech Limited Modern Markup for Data Interchange/ Module 6/ 6 of 53

@ Aptech Limited Modern Markup for Data Interchange/ Module 6/ 7 of 53

@ Aptech Limited Modern Markup for Data Interchange/ Module 6/ 8 of 53

which dictates if the type of output is HTML, text, or XML

xsl:template Used to define a template that can be applied to a node to

xsl:variable Defines a variable in a stylesheet or template, and to

@ Aptech Limited Modern Markup for Data Interchange/ Module 6/ 10 of 53

the source document C

and it cannot calculate quantities or calculate quantities or store values in

Uses its own notation Uses an XML notation

simple applications complex applications for richer style

@ Aptech Limited Modern Markup for Data Interchange/ Module 6/ 11 of 53

 Describe the use of select attribute.

 Describe how to use xsl:for-each element.

 Describe how to use xsl:number element.

 Describe how to use xsl:if element.

 Describe how to use xsl:choose element.

 Explain how to perform sorting using XSL.

@ Aptech Limited Modern Markup for Data Interchange/ Module 6/ 13 of 53

template rules applied to them. If this attribute is omitted there must be a

@ Aptech Limited Modern Markup for Data Interchange/ Module 6/ 15 of 53

time the nodes are processed, they can be displayed in a

@ Aptech Limited Modern Markup for Data Interchange/ Module 6/ 16 of 53

@ Aptech Limited Modern Markup for Data Interchange/ Module 6/ 17 of 53

Applies the template on Name element.

Used to extract the value of a selected node.

@ Aptech Limited Modern Markup for Data Interchange/ Module 6/ 18 of 53

@ Aptech Limited Modern Markup for Data Interchange/ Module 6/ 19 of 53

xsl:template element. If select attribute is not present,

all child element, comment, text, and processing instruction

@ Aptech Limited Modern Markup for Data Interchange/ Module 6/ 20 of 53

@ Aptech Limited Modern Markup for Data Interchange/ Module 6/ 21 of 53

C Applies the template on Title element.

@ Aptech Limited Modern Markup for Data Interchange/ Module 6/ 22 of 53

@ Aptech Limited Modern Markup for Data Interchange/ Module 6/ 23 of 53

Specifies how special characters should appear in the output string.

@ Aptech Limited Modern Markup for Data Interchange/ Module 6/ 24 of 53

@ Aptech Limited Modern Markup for Data Interchange/ Module 6/ 25 of 53

Display the value of the element FirstName.

Display the value of the element LastName.

@ Aptech Limited Modern Markup for Data Interchange/ Module 6/ 26 of 53

@ Aptech Limited Modern Markup for Data Interchange/ Module 6/ 27 of 53

the set of nodes to iterate over.

@ Aptech Limited Modern Markup for Data Interchange/ Module 6/ 28 of 53

@ Aptech Limited Modern Markup for Data Interchange/ Module 6/ 29 of 53

Displays the value of Department element.

Displays the value of Name element.

Displays the value of Salary element.

@ Aptech Limited Modern Markup for Data Interchange/ Module 6/ 30 of 53

@ Aptech Limited Modern Markup for Data Interchange/ Module 6/ 31 of 53

Turns on or off the ability to escape special characters.

If the value is yes, a &gt; will appear as a >.

If the value is yes, a > will appear as a >.