8/2/22, 2:59 PM Cell Division

Please verify your phone number. Click here to verify

Cell Division
 
We will learn about cell division, cell cycle and mitosis and meiosis.
 

6.1 Cell Division

 
 
Karyokinesis involves the division of the nucleus.
Cytokinesis involves the division of the cytoplasm.

 
Organism cell consists of somatic and gamete cell:
 
Somatic cell

Body cells apart from gametes

Somatic cells are produced through the mitosis process
It contains a diploid number of chromosomes, that is, each cell contains two sets of chromosomes or 2n. In human somatic cells, 2n=46
In diploid cells, one set of chromosomes originate from the male parent (paternal chromosomes),  another set is from the female
parent (maternal chromosomes)

 
Gamete cell

Gametes are reproductive cells

Gametes are produced through the meiosis process
It contains a haploid number of chromosomes, that is, each cell contains one set of chromosomes or n.In human gametes, n=23

6.2 Cell Cycle and Mitosis

 
1. The division of the nucleus, followed by cytoplasmic division (cytokinesis) that produces two genetically identical daughter nuclei.
2. Controlled by the cell cycle; interphase (G1, S, and G2 phase) and M phase.
3. After mitosis is completed, cytokinesis occurs to form two identical daughter cells.
4. Cytokinesis occurs in animal and plant cells.
5. Animal cells form a cleavage furrow to form two separated individual cells.
6. Plant cells form a cell plate to produce two separate cells.

 
The Cell Cycle and M phase:
 
Interphase

G1 phase

Synthesized proteins and new organelles

The metabolic rate of the cell is high
Chromosomes are thin, known as chromatin

 
S phase

Synthesized DNA
Form two identical sister chromatids through DNA replication

 
G2 phase

The cell continues to grow

Enzymes for cell division are synthesised
The cell accumulates energy

https://app.pandai.org/note/read/kssm-bg-10-06/kssm-f4-bg-06-01 1/3
8/2/22, 2:59 PM Cell Division

M phase

Prophase

Chromosomes become condense and visible under the microscope

Two sister chromatids joined at the centromere
Centrioles move to the opposite poles
Spindle fibres are formed
Nucleolus and nuclear membrane disappear

 
Metaphase

Chromosomes aligned on the metaphase plate

Spindle fibres form completely

 
Anaphase

Spindle fibres pull the two sister chromatids at the centromere

Causing the two sister chromatids to separate

 
Telophase

Begins when both chromosomes reached completely at the poles

Chromosomes uncoiled and became chromatin again
Spindle fibres disappear, and the nuclear membrane begins to form
Now the M phase is complete

 
The necessity of mitosis:
 
For embryo development and organism growth, mitosis ensures that rapid cell growth occurs.
When the body is injured, mitosis will produce new cells to replace cells that are dead or damaged.
Stem cell therapy uses stem cells from bone marrow to treat damaged cartilage.
Through the mitosis process, the lizard is able to grow a new tail (regeneration) if the tail breaks.

 
Effects of Uncontrolled Mitosis:
 
1. Can produce cancer cells.
2. Cancer cells are abnormal cells that compete for nutrients and energy with the normal cells for growth, which cause the normal cells to
malfunction and die.

6.3 Meiosis

 
1. A process of nuclear division that reduces the number of chromosomes into half.
2. Produces haploid gametes.
3. Provides genetic variation from one generation to another through the process of crossing-over, independent assortment and random
fertilisation.
4. Occurs in the gonads; testes and ova (humans); anther and ovary (flowering plants).
5. Consists of two separate nuclear divisions; meiosis I and meiosis II.
6. The cell undergoes interphase before entering meiosis.

 
Meiosis I:
 

https://app.pandai.org/note/read/kssm-bg-10-06/kssm-f4-bg-06-01 2/3
8/2/22, 2:59 PM Cell Division

Phase Key event

Chromosomes condensed and thickened.
Homologous chromosomes paired up to form bivalents through synapsis.
Non-sister chromatids of homologous chromosomes exchange the DNA segments through crossing-over.
Prophase I It leads to genetic recombination.
Centrioles migrate to opposite poles and form spindle fibres.
Nucleolus and nuclear membrane disappear.

Spindle fibres pull the homologous chromosomes to the middle cell and aligned at the metaphase plate side
Metaphase I by side.
The homologous chromosomes are arranged independently.

Spindle fibres pull the homologous chromosomes to the opposite poles.

Anaphase I Each chromosome still consists of two sister chromatids.

The chromosomes arrived at both poles.

Each pole now has a haploid daughter nucleus because it contains one set of chromosome.
Telophase I and Spindle fibres disappear, nucleolus and nuclear membrane reappear.
cytokinesis Produce two haploid daughter cells.
Each daughter cell receives one chromosome from the homologous pair.

 
Meiosis II:
 
1. The process is similar to mitosis.
2. Produce four haploid cells which are genetically different from one another and parent cell.

 
Effects of Uncontrolled Meiosis:
 
1. Abnormal meiosis leads to non-disjunction of chromosomes.
2. Non-disjunction chromosomes lead to Turner's syndrome, Klinefelter's syndrome, XYY males and XXX females.

© 2022 Pandai.org All Rights Reserved Made with  in Malaysia

https://app.pandai.org/note/read/kssm-bg-10-06/kssm-f4-bg-06-01 3/3