Basic Concept of Disaster and Risk (Lesson 1)

- PANGEA - All earth’s continent were once combined in one super continent
- ALFRED WEGENER – He proposed the continental drift theory
- VOLCANOES - An opening in earth’s crust that allows molten rock, gases, and debris to escape
to the surface
- CONTINENTAL DRIFT - The movement of continents resulting from the motion of tectonic
plates
- EARTHQUAKE - A sudden and violent shaking of the ground
- TYPHOON - A giant, rotating storm that brings wind, rain, and destruction
- PLATE TECTONICS - The theory that earth’s outer shell is divided into large slabs of solid
rocks, called “plates,” that glide over earth’s mantle
- MOUNTAIN - It is an elevated portion of the earth’s crust
- EPICENTER - It is the point where an earthquake or underground explosion originates
- CONTINENTS - Is a large continuous mass of land conventionally regarded as a collective
region
DISASTERS OF OUR DAILY LIVES
- Relationship Problems
- Financial Problems
DISASTER
- a natural or manmade emergencies that cannot be handled by affected communities who
experience severe danger and incur loss of lives and properties causing disruption in its social
structure and prevention of the fulfillment of all or some of the affected community’s essential
function.
- a serious disruption of the functioning of a community or a society involving widespread human,
material, economic or environmental losses and impacts which exceeds the ability of the affected
community or society to cope using its own resources.
EMERGENCY
- Any situation in which life or well-being of a community will be threatened unless immediate and
appropriate action is taken, and which demands an extraordinary response and exceptional
measures.
HAZARD
- Any phenomenon that has a potential to cause disruption or damage to humans and their
environment.
EXPOSURE
- People or properties which are directly affected by natural disasters
VULNERABILITY
- Factors in the community that allow a hazard to cause a disaster.
- Factors that increase the susceptibility of a population to the impact of hazard
FACTORS OF VULNERABILITY
- Physical / Material
- Social/ Organizational
- Economic
- Environmental
DISASTER READINESS
- Also known as “disaster preparedness” refers to measures taken to prepare for and reduce the
effects of disasters.
DISASTER REDUCTION
- Disaster reduction is a systematic approach to identify, assess, and reduce the risk of disaster.
CAPACITIES
 - Positive resources and abilities which are helpful to individuals, families and community in
mitigating, preparing for, responding to and recovering from the hazard impact

DISASTER RECOVERY
- It is an area of security planning that aims to protect an organization from the effects of
significant negative events.
HAZARD
- Anything that can cause harm
- Something that has the potential to harm you
RISK
- How great the chance that someone will be harmed by the hazard
- The likelihood of a hazard to causing harm
HOW CAN A HAZARD BE A DISASTER?

DISASTER RISK
- Is expressed as a function of hazard, exposure, and vulnerability
- It seeks not only express the chance of disaster but also to quantify the impact.
𝑓(ℎ𝑎𝑧𝑎𝑟𝑑 𝑥 𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑥 𝑣𝑢𝑙𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑏𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑦)
- Disaster risk = 𝐶𝑜𝑝𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝐶𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦
- ELEMENTS: Hazard, Exposure, Vulnerability, and Coping Capacity
MAGNITUDE OF DISASTERS DEPENDS ON:
1. Severity of the natural event
2. Quantity of exposure of elements at risk
3. Vulnerability level or quality of exposure
FACTORS THAT CONTRIBUTE TO THE DISASTERS IN THE PHILIPPINES
1. Geographic and Geologic setting
2. Poverty
3. Education
4. Climate change
5. Human induced and environmental changes

NATURE AND EFFECTS OF DISASTERS (LESSON 2)

DISASTER ELEMENTS
1. Hazard
2. Capacity
3. Vulnerability
4. Exposure
5. Disaster Risk
NATURE OF DISASTERS
NATURAL DISASTERS
- Natural processes that occur on Earth with or without warning
HUMAN-MADE DISASTERS
- Usually has a precursor but sometimes occur without any warning
CLASSIFICATIONS OF DISASTERS
GEOLOGIC - when natural geologic forces cause wanton death and destruction in an area.
- Earthquake
- Volcanic Eruptions
- Tsunami
- Landslides
- Floods
- Subsidence
HYDROMETEOROLOGICAL - cause by extreme meteorological and climate events
- Typhoons
- Tornadoes
- Drought
- Thunderstorms
- Storm Surges
ANTHROPOGENIC - can result in the form of a human-made disaster
- Hazardous materials
- Acid Rain
- Global Warming
BIOLOGICAL - caused by an enormous spread of a certain kind of living organism
- Insect infestation
- Epidemic
- Wildfires
CHARACTERISTICS OF DISASTER
- Unexpected
- Quick
- Cannot be manage through normal means
- Create demands beyond the capacity of the government
- Knows no political boundary
- Requires restructured and new responding organizations
- Creates new tasks and requires more people as disaster responders
- Renders inutile routine emergency response equipment and facilities
- Worsens confusion in understanding the roles of people and organizations
- Exposes lack of disaster planning response and coordination.

FOUR PHASES OF DISASTER MANAGEMENT

1. MITIGATION - To prevent future emergencies and take steps to minimize their effects.
2. PREPARATION/PREPAREDNESS - To take actions ahead of time to be ready for an
emergency.
3. RESPONSE - To protect people and property in the wake of an emergency, disaster, or crisis.
4. RECOVERY - To rebuild after a disaster in an effort to return operations back to normal.
EFFECTS OF DISASTER
- PRIMARY - Coming directly from the incident itself
- SECONDARY - Stems from the primary effect
- TERTIARY - Long term effect
- Medical Effects
- Damage to critical facilities
- Disruption of transportation
- Economic impact
- Global environmental change
 - Social and political impact

DISASTER REHABILITATION
- A response strategy for creation of sustainable livelihoods. It encompasses support strategies
that are geared towards the restoration of human-centered services and infrastructure, as well
as the restoration of the physical and ecological integrity of the affected ecosystem.

CONCEPT OF HAZARD (LESSON 3)

HAZARD
- are ‘’potentially damaging physical events, phenomena or human activities that may causes
injury or loss of life, damage to property, social and economic disruption, or environmental
degradation.’’ It is also a threat to our safety and survival. (UNISDR 2007) and by
understanding its nature it can help us to;
• Reduce the possible effects of hazards
• Prepare for those hazards to come
• Respond and recover to hazards
TYPES OF HAZARDS
NATURAL HAZARD – are beyond human control
- Hydro-meteorological
- climatological hazards
- Geologic hazards
- Biological hazards
- Astronomical hazards
HAZARDS INDUCED BY HUMANS - may be due to accidents, carelessness, or inability to implement
protective measure
- Fire
- Industrial
- technological hazards
- Hazards related to high-risk recreation activities such as mountain climbing
- Other hazardous human activities.
HAZARDS PLANNED BY PEOPLE - because of personal or political interests, resulting in massive
loss of lives and properties.
- Arson
- Terrorism
- Wars

VARIOUS IMPACTS OF HAZARDS (LESSON 4)

- ANXIETY - Too much fear and worrying after a loved-one died of COVID-19.
- SLIPPERY - The difficulty to hold firmly or stand on something because it is smooth, wet or
slimy.
- FOREST - The burning of Amazon rainforest in Brazil (2019) leaving many species dead and
homeless.
- CORONAVIRUS - The type of virus identified in 2019, caused by SARS-CoV-2, has caused
millions of deaths around the world as well as lasting health problems in some who have survived
the illness
- UNEMPLOYMENT – “NO WORK, NO PAY”
- DISCRIMINATION - In a world where on culture is not being embraced by another’s culture.
TYPES OF HAZARD IMPACTS
- Physical Impact
- Psychological Impact
 - Socio-Cultural Impact
- Economic Impact
- Environmental Impact
- Biological Impact
IDENTIFICATION OF HAZARD AND RISK ASSESMENT
HAZARD IDENTIFICATION- the process of determining all physical and nonphysical agents in the
workplace or specific environment. Most occupational health and safety problems are caused by hazards
which are not eliminated or managed. In order to prevent untoward incidents in a workplace or
community, elimination or controlling of hazards is crucial.
RISK ASSESMENT- is a way to determine which hazards and risks should prioritized by taking into
consideration the probability and severity of impact. Below are the steps in hazard identification and risk
assessment.
1. Identify the hazards
o Observation
o Material Safety Data Sheets
o Hazard and Risk
o Surveys
o Discussion Groups
o Safety Audits
2. Asses the Risk- Once a hazard has been identified, the likelihood and possible severity of injury
or harm will need to be assessed before determining how best to minimize the risk.
3. Make Changes - Once risks are assessed, the next step is to make decision for some necessary
changes. These changes include removing the hazard and replacing it with something less
hazardous, engineering modifications like installation of exhausts, safety barriers and safety exits,
modification of procedures, etc.
4. Checking the Changes Made - To make sure risk has been minimized, and a further hazard has
not been created, the new safety measures may need to be carefully tested before work begins
again. Risk assessment does not end with making changes. It is essential that these changes made
are monitored and checked. I.

EARTHQUAKE AND EARTHQUAKE HAZARDS (LESSON 5)

Earthquake
- Is the shaking of the surface of the Earth. To be more scientific, an earthquake results from a
sudden release of energy in the Earth's lithosphere that creates seismic waves.
- The said energy originates from the collision of tectonic plates. Tectonic plates are portions of
the Earth between the crust and uppermost mantle, together referred to as the lithosphere
- When two plates collide, one plate will bend and slide under the other. This process is called
subduction causing a massive release of energy or earthquake. The rising of magna in a volcano
also causes the ground around the volcano to shake.
Fault - is a crack or fracture resulting from the shaking of the ground. Areas nearest both sides of a fault
experience the most movement during an earthquake. This is the reason why there is more destruction of
structures along or near a fault.
Fault Line - is a track or trace of a fault on the surface of the ground and it is mapped to identify
earthquake hazard areas.

ORIGIN OF AN EARTHQUAKE
- The outermost and thinnest layer of the Earth is the crust, which tends to crack, the reason for the
presence of tectonic plates.
- The boundaries of the tectonic plates are where most earthquakes occur.
- Volcanic Earthquake - is produced by the rising movement of magma beneath volcano.
- Tectonic Earthquake – is produced by the sudden movement of rocks along faults and plate
boundaries.
- Tectonic plate movements produce most earthquakes, but some are caused by natural events such
as volcanic eruptions and meteor impacts.
 - An earthquake originates at the focus or hypocenter, a point inside the earth where the
earthquake begins.
- The point on earth’s surface directly above the focus is called the epicenter, often the greatest
damage can be experienced near the epicenter.

ANATOMY OF AN EARTHQUAKE
- Fault – A fracture in the rocks that make up the earth’s crust
- Epicenter – The point at the surface of the earth directly above the focus
- Focus (Hypocenter) – The point within the earth where an earthquake rupture starts
- Plates – Massive rocks that make up the outer layer of the earth’s surface, and whose movement
along faults trigger earthquakes
- Seismic Waves – Waves the transmit the energy released by an earthquake

THE STRENGTH OF AN EARTHQUAKE

Two terms are used to describe the strength of an earthquake; magnitude and intensity
MAGNITUDE
- is the amount of energy released during an earthquake
- An earthquake has only one magnitude regardless of where the measurement was made.
- The magnitude of an earthquake is measure and recorded by a device called a seismograph,
which uses the Richter scale.
INTENSITY
- Is the estimate of the effects of an earthquake on people, structures, and environment
- The intensity varies, depending on where you are in relation to the epicenter
- Another scale used to describe earthquakes is the Modified Mercalli (MM), it rates the level of
intensity, shaking felt and damage caused, and uses roman numerals

EARTHQUAKE HAZARDS
- Earthquake hazards include any physical phenomenon associated with an earthquake that may
produce diverse effects on human activities.
- Earthquake pose little direct danger to people, most earthquake hazards come from man-made
structures and the shaking that they receive from the quake.
- The real danger is being crushed inside a collapsing building, drowning in a flood, getting buried
in landslide, or being burned in a fire.

EXAMPLES OF EARTHQUAKE HAZARDS

Ground Shaking
- describes the vibration of the ground during an earthquake. The shaking movement can be
horizontal and vertical. Rock and soil materials are displaced sideways in either side of a fault in
a horizontal movement.
- rock and soil materials are displaced downwards in one side of a fault and upwards in the other
side of a fault in a vertical movement.
Liquefaction
- occurs when a saturated or partially saturated soil substantially loses strength and stiffness in
response to an applied stress such as shaking during an earthquake or other sudden change in
stress condition, in which material that is ordinarily a solid behaves like a liquid.
Surface Rupture
- is an offset or rising of the ground surface in one side of a fault. Any structure.
- The actual origin (focus) of an earthquake underground is the hypocenter while the point on the
earth’s surface vertically from the focus is the epicenter.
- scientists determine the location of the epicenter through triangulation wherein data from at least
three seismograph stations are calculated accordingly.
- built across the fault is at risk of being torn apart as the two sides of the fault slip past each other.
Tsunamis

- is a series of waves in a water body caused by the displacement of a large volume of water right
after an earthquake. These waves move toward shores and inland at a high speed.

Sinkholes

- are depressions or holes in the ground caused by some form of collapse of the surface layer
mostly cause by dissolution of surface soil and rocks due to ground shaking

Landslides

- is the movement of rocks, earth, or debris down a sloped section of land after the shaking of the
ground

Subsidence

- is the sudden sinking or gradual downward settling of the ground’s surface with little or no
horizontal motion.

Fire

- results from the destruction of electrical, gas, and chemical installations during an earthquake