Unit 3: Three Phase Transformer

Introduction:
✓ In three phase systems the voltage is lowered or raised either by a
bank of 3 single phase transformer or by one three phase transformer.
✓ The windings may be connected in Y-Y, ∆ − ∆; 𝑌 − ∆; ∆ −
𝑌 𝑒𝑡𝑐.(possible only in case of 3 single phase transformers bank)
✓ generation is at low voltages of 11 kV/13.2 kV or higher.
✓ Transmission at higher voltages of 110 kV, 132 kV, 275 kV, 400 kV,
750 kV needs three phase transformer to step up the generated
voltage to that of transmission line.
✓ At load centers, the transmission voltages are reduced to distribution
voltages of 6600, 4600, 2300 Volts, further the distribution voltages
are reduced to 440,220, 110 Volts with the help of three phase step
down transformer.
Advantages of 3-phase transformer over 3-single phase bank
1. Less cost
2. Less weight
3. Requires less space
4. Somewhat higher efficiency.

Disadvantages:
1. Greater cost of stand by units
2. Increased cost and inconvenience of repairs
1. Bank of 3-single phase transformer
❖Three similar transformers can be connected to
form a three phase transformer
❖Primary and secondary winding may be connected
in star or delta.
Star:
𝑉𝐿 = 3𝑉𝑃ℎ ; 𝐼𝐿 = 𝐼𝑃ℎ
Delta:
𝑉𝐿 = 𝑉𝑃ℎ ; 𝐼𝐿 = 3𝐼𝑃ℎ
𝑠𝑒𝑐.𝑝ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑁2
Phase transformation ratio(k)= =
𝑝𝑟𝑖.𝑝ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑁1
2. 3-phase transformer:
Can be constructed by having three primary and
secondary windings on a common magnetic circuit.
Principle:
If the primary is energized from a three phase supply,
the central limb (i.e) unwound limb) carries the fluxes
produced by three phase primary windings.
IR+IY+IB=0 at any instant, the sum of three fluxes
passing through them central limb must be zero.
Hence no flux exists in the central limb and it may be
eliminated. This gives a three leg core type three
phase transformer.
In this case, any two legs will acts as a return path for
the flux in the 3rd leg.
Three phase transformer connections.
Star-Star (Y-Y) connection:
✓economical for small, high voltage transformers
because the number of turns/phase and the
amount of insulation required is minimum.(𝑉𝑝ℎ =
𝑉𝐿
) (high voltage, low current applications)
3
✓Used for a 11000/400 V distribution transformers
and three phase, 400 V as well as 230 V single
phase supply. (figure)
✓Use full for balanced load only
Delta-delta (∆ − ∆)connections:
✓used for low voltage and high current applications
Star-Delta (𝑌 − ∆)connections:
✓Is step down and use at the substation end of the
transmission line where the voltage is to be stepped
down.
✓This connections works satisfactorily under both
balanced and unbalanced loading conditions.
✓Has no problems with 3rd harmonics components
because they are consumed in a circulating current
in the delta winding.
Delta-Star (∆ − 𝑌)connections:
✓Is step up and used where it is necessary to step up
the voltage (ex. Beginning of HT transmission
system)
✓Used in end of power plant site.
Three phase transformer connections.
▪ Zig-Zag or interconnected star connection:
▪ The secondary side of three phase transformer is divided into six windings and are connected
as shown in the figure below.
▪ This type of connection is used to remove the phase displacement when transformer is
connected as ∆-Y fashion.
▪ The resultant voltage of a and b’ is displaced by 30° as shown in the vector diagram.

25/04/2023 16
Phase or vector group of 3-Ф transformer.
Winding connection designation:
▪ First Symbol: for High Voltage: Always capital letters.
▪ D=Delta, Y=Star, Z=Interconnected star, N=Neutral
▪ Second Symbol: for Low voltage: Always Small letters.
▪ d=Delta, y=Star, z=Interconnected star, n=Neutral.
▪ Third Symbol: Phase displacement expressed as the clock hour number (1,6,11)
▪ Example – Dyn11
Transformer has a delta connected primary winding (D) a star connected secondary
(y) with the star point brought out (n) and a phase shift of 30 deg leading (11). The
point of confusion is occurring in notation in a step-up transformer. As the IEC60076-
1 standard has stated, the notation is HV-LV in sequence. For example, a step-up
transformer with a delta-connected primary, and star-connected secondary, is not
written as ‘dY11′, but ‘Yd11′. The 11 indicates the LV winding leads the HV by 30
degrees. Transformers built to ANSI standards usually do not have the vector group
shown on their nameplate and instead a vector diagram is given to show the
relationship between the primary and other windings.

25/04/2023 DC machines and Transformer 17

Vector group and phase shift

25/04/2023 DC machines and Transformer 18

Phase Groups of Three phase transformers:
Three phase transformers can be classified into four
groups
1. Group 1: zero phase displacement (Yy0; Dd0;Dz0)
{12 o’ clock}
Vector diagrams:
Yy0
Vector diagrams:
Dd0
Vector diagrams:
Dz0
2. Group 2: 180° phase displacement (Yy6; Dd6; Dz6)
{6 o’ clock}
Vector diagrams
Yy6
Vector diagrams
Dd6
Vector diagrams
Dz6
3. Group 3: 30° lag (-30°) phase displacement (Dy1;
Yd1; and Yz1){1 o’clock)
Vector diagrams
Dy1
Yd1
Yz1
4. Group 4: 30° lead (+30°) phase displacement
(Dy11; Yd11; and Yz11) {11 o’clock}
Vector Diagrams
Dy11
Yd11
Yz11
Open delta (V-V) connections:
If one of the transformers of a ∆ − ∆ bank is removed
and three phase supply is connected to the primary,
then three equal three phase voltages will be
available at the secondary terminals on no load. This
method of transforming three phase power by means
of only two transformers is called the open delta or V-
V connection.
Parallel operation of three phase transformers:
Conditions:
All the conditions specified in single phase
transformer parallel operation plus following
1. The voltage ratio must refer to the terminal
voltage of primary and secondary.
2. Phase displacement between primary and
secondary be same
3. Phase sequence must be same
4. Same construction either core or shell.
 44

Transformer ratings: Information

Plate
Rated voltage, currents, and (or)
power is typically shown on the
transformer’s information plate.

Additional information, such as per-

unit series impedance, type of
cooling, etc. can also be specified on
the plate.

ELEN 3441 Fundamentals of Power Engineering Spring 2008

References:
1. Theory and performance of Electrical Machines JB
Gupta
2. Principles of Electrical Machines VK Metha and
Rohit Metha
3. Electrical Machine-1 Tarlok Singh
4. Textbook of Electrical Technology Vol-II AC and DC
Machines BL Thereja and AK Thereja