cWofo M Ps (Chapter-I)

kl/ro (Introduction)

!=! cWoog k[i7e"ld (Background of the study):-

b]z ljsf;sf nflu dfgj :jf:Yo lgs} dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf v]Nb5 . :jf:Yo
zf/Ll/sdf :jf:Yo dl:tis /x]sf] x'G5 . :jf:Yo cj:yfsf] dfkg ug]{ s]xL ;'rfªs,
pknAw :jf:Yo ;]jfx?sf ;'rfªs ?U0ftfsf] ;'rfªs czQmf b/ kf]if0f
cj:yfsf] ;'rfªs , pknAw :jf:Yo ;]jfx?sf ;'rfªsx? pkef]u ug]{ b/ cflb kb{5g\
. pNn]lvt ;'rfªssf cfwf/df hgtfsf] hLjg:t/ nufot ;d'bfosf hgtfsf :jf:Yo
l:yltsf] n]vfhf]vf ug{ ;lsG5 .

;d'bfo txsf :jf:Yo hgtfsf] dfq kl/jf/, ;d'bfo, b]z /

cGt/f{li6«o ;d'bfosf nflu s]xL of]Ufbfg k'¥ofpg ;S5g\ .
Pp6f :jf:Yo / ;d'bfo / ;dfhn] /fi6« ljsf;sf nflu dxTjk"0f{ of]Ubfg
k'¥ofpg ;S5g\ . ;+;f/sf cGo b]zx?sf t'ngfdf g]kfnsf] cfly{s Pjd\ :jf:Yo
l:ytLsf] b[li6n] oxfFsf hgtfsf] hLjg:t/ lgs} bogLo g} 5 . ljZjdf gj{]n]
dfgj ljsf; ;'rfÍ d'No (HDI Value) )=(( NofP/ ;+;f/s} ;a} eGbf pRr dfgj
ljsf; kªlQmdf ! g+= df k'u]sf] 5 . g]kfnn] dfgj ljsf; ;'rfÍ d'No (HDI
Value) )=%%* NofP/ !&%cf}+ kªlQmdf k'u]sf] 5 . o;af6 klg g]kfnL
hgtfsf] hLjg :t/ s] s:tf] 5 eGg] s'/f :ki6 x'G5 .

g]kfndf g]kfn hLjg :t/ ;j{]If0f t];|f] @)^^÷@)^& sf cg';f/ cem}

klg s'n hg;+Vofsf] @%Ü hg;+Vof ul/jLsf] /]vfd'lg /x]/ afFRg afWo
ePsf 5g\ . ;d'bfodf dBkfg ;fd'bflos :jf:Yo ;d:ofsf] ?kdf /x]sf] 5 . dBkfg
zAbn] hfF8, /S;L, ljo/ h:tf kbfy{nfO{ d'vaf6 vfPsf]nfO{ hgfpFb5 .

1
 g]kfnsf] lxdfnL / u|dL0f If]qdf a;f]af; ug{] dflg;x?sf]
cfly{s ;fdflhs / z}lIfs cfly{s cj:yf Go"g ePsf] x'Fbf dBkfg ug{]x?sf] ;
+Vofdf lbgx'F a[l4 x'b} uPsf] 5 . ;fd'bfodf dBkfg 1fg k|of]u / To;sf]
hgtfdf xfdLn] lj=P8 rf}yf] aif{df cWoog/t ljBfyL{n] ;d'bfosf hgtfdf
dBkfgsf] 1fg, k|of]u / To;sf] c;/ ;DaGwL s'/fx?nfO{ d'Vo cWoogsf]
Pp6f zLif{s lgwf{/0f u/]sf 5f}+ .

!=@ ;fdfGo ;d:of syg

dBkfg Pp6f ;+;f/s} k|d'v hg:jf:Yo ;d:of ePsf] 5 . of] jf:tjdf

Jofjxfl/s :jf:Yo ;d:of xf] . o;sf] cfly{s ;d:ofnfO{ lgDTofpF5 o;n]
ubf{ xfd|f] h:tf] ul/j b]zsf hgtfnfO{ dBkfgsf dxFuf kbfy{ -ljo/, dlb/f_
cflb a:t'x? c? dflg;nfO{ wfs / /jfkm b]vfpg] h:tf Jojxf/x? k|bz{g u/]sf]
kfOG5 . of] ;d:of afns b]lv a[4, a[4fx? ;d]t nfu]sf] kfOG5 . a[4 a[4fx?
n] hfF8, /S;L k|of]u ub{5g eg] o'jf o\jftLx?n] ljo/, x':sL cflb k|of]u u/]/
cfkm' / cfˆgf] jl/kl/sf] dBkfg gug{]x? -cfˆgf kl/jf/_ ;d]t k|ToIf c;/
k'¥ofpg] u/]sf] kfOG5 .

dBkfgdf kfOg] Alcohal n] kmf]S;f] ;DalGw ljleGg ljs[lt / /f]ux?

pTkGg ug{] u5{ . To;}u/L Alcohal n] z/L/ sdhf]/ agfpg] u5{ . dBkfgdf
/x]sf] Alcohal dflg;sf nflu lgs} xflgsf/s dflgG5 . dBkfgn]
hg:jf:Yodf ;d:of lgDTofp5 . ;fy} csf]{lt/ cfly{s ;d:of slxn] sflxF ljleGg
;d'bfo txdf b]Vg ;lsG5 . o:tf ;d:of xfd|f] ;d'bfosf ;dfwfgsf pkfox?
klxrfg u/]/ cufl8 a9\gsf nflu ;fd'bflos :jf:Yosf] 5gf]6 ul/Psf] 5 .

!=# cWoogsf p2]Zo (Objectives of the study):

2
 ;fd'bflos :jf:Yo ;j]{If0f jf cg';Gwfg sfo{nfO{ k|efjsf/L Pjd\
of]hgfj4 9ª\uaf6 ;+rfng u/]/ ;kmn agfpg p2]Zon] lgwf{/0f ul/g' lgs}
cfjZos x'G5 . p2]Zox?nfO{ Vofn gul/sg ul/Psf] s'g}
klg ;fd'bflos :jf:Yo ;j]{If0f jf cg';Gwfg sfo{af6 ck]lIft pknlAw k|fKt
ug{ ;lsb}g . p2]Zox? /fv]/ Ps cWoog ;+rfng u/]sf lyof}F . pQm
cWoogsf p2]Zox? o; k|sf/ /x]sf 5g\ .

!_ hg;f+lVos agf]6 kQf nufpg .

@_ cf+lzs kf7\oef/ k'/f ug{ .
#_ ;d'bfosf hgtfdf dBkfgsf], 1fg, k|of]u / c;/ kQf nufpg .

3
!=$ cWoogsf] dxTj (Signification of Study):

dBkfg ;fd'bflos :jf:Yo ;d:of xf] . dBkfgsf] k|of]u ;DalGw ;d'bfodf

/x]sf ;fdflhs d"No dfGotfn] ubf{ cem} klg ;d'bfodf o'jf, o'jtL,
a[4j[4fx?sf] dBkfgsf] ntdf nfUg] u/]sf] kfOG5 . To;sf/0f cufdL lbgx?
df dBkfg ug{] afgL Jojxf/df ;'wf/ ug{] / ;d'bfodf hgtfdf hgr]tgf hufpg]
h:tf lgs} dxTjk"0f{ / k|efjsf/L e"ldsf v]Ng] ck]Iff ug{ ;lsG5 . To;sf/0f
xfd|f] o; cWoogsf] dxTjnfO{ aF4fut 9ª\ufaf6 o; k|sf/ k|:t't ug{ ;lsG5 .

!_ cf+lzs kf7\oef/ k'/f ug{ .

@_ of] cWoogsf] glthfaf6 cGo uf=kf=÷j8fdf a;f]af; ug{] hgtfdf dBkfg
;DalGw 1fg
k|of]u / c;/sf ;DaGwdf t'nfgfTds cWoog ug{ d2t ub{5 .
#_ ;d'bfodf dBkfg lgoGq0f / ;+rfng ug{ d2t ug{] 5 .
$_ of] cWoogaf6 k|fKt lgisif{ / ;'emfjx?aff6 dBkfg d'Qm ;d'bfo
lgdf{0f ug{ d2t
k'¥ofpg] 5 .

!=% cWoogsf] ;Ldfª\sg (Delimitation of the Study)

;Lldt >f]t ;fwg, ;do, cfly{s kIf / hgzflQmn] ubf{ k|:t't
cWoognfO{ lgDgfg';f/ l;dfª\sg ul/Psf] 5 .

!_ o; cWoogn] a9}oftfn uf=kf= j8f g+= & /fduf}8Lsf

hgtfnfO{ dfq ;d]6sf] 5 .
@_ o; cWoogdf ;d'bfosf hgtfdf dBkfg ;DalGw 1fg k|of]u / c;/x?
nfO{ dfq ;d]6]sf]
5.

4
#_ of] cWoogn] a9}oftfn uf=kf= j8f g+= & /fduf}8Lsf ^) 3/
w'l/nfO{ dfq ;dfj]z u/]sf]
5.
$_ cWoogsf ;d'bfosf hgtf;Fusf] k|ToIf s'/fsfgL – cGtjf{tf{_ /
cjnf]sgaf6 hfgsf/L
/ glthfsf cfwf/df cWoogsf] JofVof ljZn]if0f u/]/ lgisif{df k'u]sf] 5 .

5
!=^ k|of]u u/]sf zAbfjnLsf] kl/efiff (Definition of the form used)

Alcohol: -dBkfg eGgfn] d'vaf6 vfP/ g;fn] jf hfF8, /S;L, ljo/, lj:sL cflb
vfg] k|lsofnfO{ dBkfg elgG5 .

Alcohol:- hfF8, /S;L, ljo/, lj:sL cflbdf kfOg] kbfy{ .

Community Survey: - ;dbfosf ;d:of tyf cfjZostfx? ;dfwfg ug{] p2]Zon]

ltdLx?sf] Jofkstf klxrfg ug{ tYofªsx? ;+sng ug{] clen]v /fVg] /
ljZn]if0f ug{] k|lsofnfO{ g} ;fd'bflos ;j{]If0f elgG5 .

6
 cWofo M b'O{ (Chapter- II)
cWoog ljlw (Metrology)

@=! cWoog If]q (Study Areas):-

k|:t't cWoog alb{of lhNnf a9}oftfn ufFpkflns j8f g+= &

/fduf}8Ldf ;+rfng u/]sf lyof}F . xfd|f] cWoogdf olt glhs} /x]sf]
/fduf}8Ldf a:g] / ;f]xL If]qsf] j8fsf] cflbjf;L ePsf] x'Fbf pQm
j8fnfO{ :ynsf ?kdf 5gf]6 ul/Psf] 5 .

@=@ tYofª\ssf ;|f]tx? (Sources of data's):-

tYofª\ssf] ;|f]tx? ;fd'bflos :jf:Yo ;j{]If0f tyf cg';Gwfgsf] d'Vo

kIfx? x'g\ lsgeg] pQ/ ;|f]tx? dWo]af6 gd'gf 5gf}6 ul/Psf pQ/bftfx?
(Respondets) af6 g} lgwf{l/t k|ZgfjnL ;f]w]/ ;fd'bflos :jf:Yo ;j{]If0fsf
nflu cfjZos kg{] ;"rgf Pjd\ tYofªsx? k|fKt ug{ ;lsG5 . ;d'bfosf hgtfsf]
dBkfg ;DalGw 1fg k|of]u / To;sf] c;/sf] klxrfgsf nflu a9}oftfn
ufFpkflnsf j8f g+= & /fduf}8Lsf hgtfnfO{ cWoogsf] k|d'v ;|f]tsf ?kdf
lnPsf lyof}F .

@=# gd"gf 5gf]6 k|s[of (Sampling Procedure):-

a9}oftfn ufFpkflnsf j8fx?dWo] cWoogsf] ;'ljwfsf b[li6sf]0fn] j8f

g+= & df /x]sf s'n @)) 3/ w'/L dWo] ^) cyjf #) k|ltztn] ^) k|ltzt
3/w'/Lx?nfO{ ;/n k|of]u ;/n gd'gf 5gf}6 ljlw (Simple random sampling
method) k|of]u u/]/ gd''gf 5gf]6 u/] k|To]s 3/df n]lvPsf 3/ g+=sf
cfwf/df cWoggdf 3/d'nLnfO{ ;dfj]z u/fO{ cWoog u¥of}F .

@=$ tYofª\s ;+sng ;fwgx? (Tools of data collection)

7
 ;fd'bflos :j:Yo ;j{]If0fsf qmddf kg{] ;'rgf Pjd\ tYofª\sx? k|fKt
ug{sf nflu cGtjf{tf{ tflnsfnfO{ k|d'v ;fwgsf ?kdf k|of]udf NofOPsf]
lyof] . cGtjf{tf{ tflnsf cWoogsf ;Dk"0f{ ;b:ox?sf] ;
+o'Qm ;xof]u / ;xeflutf, 5nkmn / cfGtl/s ;'kl/j]Ifssf] k|]/0ffbflos /
dfu{ 5gf]6sf cfwf/df lgdf{0f u/]sf lyof}F .

@=% tYofª\s ;+sng ug]{ a}wtf (Validation of data collection tools):-

tYofª\s ;+sng ug]{ ;fwg cGtjf{tf{ tflnsfnfO{ ljZj;gLo / bf]if/lxt

agfpgsf nflu a9}oftfn ufpFkflnsf j8f g+= & /fduf}8L a;f]af; ug]
{ o; ;d'bfosf !% 3/w'/L dfly k|of]u u/]sf lyof}F . o; lsl;dsf] k"j{
kl/If0faf6 k|fKt ePsf] glthfsf cfwf/df k|Zgx?nfO{ kl/dfh{g tyf kl/jt{g
u/]sf lyof}F . cufl8 ;'kl/If]ssf] c;n ;/;Nnfx / ky k|bz{snfO{ cfwf/ dfg]/
k|ZgfjnLnfO{ cem} :t/Lo ;/n z'¢ Pjd\ ljZj;gLo agfpg] sfo{ ePsf]
lyof}F .

@=^ tYofª\ssf] ljZn]if0f / JofVof (Analysis and interpretation of

data's):-

;fd'bflos :jf:Yo ;j]{If0fsf qmddf ;+slnt tYofª\sx?nfO{ ;f+s]lts

ul/of] . To; kl5 juL{s/0f u/L pQm tYofª\snfO{ ljleGg ;d'x / pk ;d'xdf
ljefhg u/]/ tflnlss/0f u¥of}F ;j]{If0faf6 k|fKt tYofª\snfO{ a9L ;/n / :ki6
agfpgsf lglDt ljleGg tflnsf kfO rf6{af6 / u|fkmsf] dbt lnP/ ;fwf/0f
tYofªs ljlw k|of]u u/]/ tYofª\ssf] ljZn]if0f Pjd\ JofVof u/]sf lyof}F .

8
 cWofo M tLg (Chapter -III)
tYofª\ssf] ljZn]if0f / JofVof
(Analysis and Interpretation of Data)

#=! hg;fª\lVos ljj/0f (Demographic Description)

o; cGtu{t pTt/bftfx?sf] lnË , lzIff, k];f, hflt, wd{ cflbsf ljj/0fx?

dWo] lzIff / k]zfnfO{ ljleGg pkzLif{sx?df /fv]/ ljZn]if0f Pjd\ JofVof
ul/Psf] 5 .

#=@ lzIffsf cfwf/df pTtbftfsf] agf]6 (Composition)

lzIffsf ;d'bfodf /x]sf] c;dfgtf / lje]bnfO{ lgd{"n kfg{ dbt u5{ .

o;n] ;b\efj, bof, s?0ff :g]xf / k|]d h:tf dfgjLo u'0fx?sf] k|:k'm6g ug{ dbt
k'¥ofpFb5 . o; cWoog If]qsf pTt/bftfx?sf] z}lIfs l:yltnfO{ x]bf{
lg/If/, ;fOIf/ / pRr lzIffsf] l:ylt o; k|sf/ kfOof] .

tflnsf g+= ! lzIffsf cfwf/df pTt/bftfsf] agf]6

pTt/bftfsf] ;
qm= ; ljj/0f k|ltzt
+Vof
! lg/If/ @@ #^=&Ü
@ ;fIf/ !* #)Ü
# pRt lzIff @) ##=#Ü
hDdf ^) !))Ü

9
 :tDe lrq !
40

30

20

10

0
lg/If/ ;fIf/ pRr lzIff

k|:t't af/ u|fkm x]bf{ o; j8f g+= & df ^) hgf pTt/bftfsf] z}lIfs
l:yltnfO{ x]bf{ lg/If0f @@ hgf -#^=& k|ltzt_, ;fIf/ !* hgf -#) k|ltzt_ /
pRr lzIff k|fKt u/]sf @) hgf -##=& k|ltzt_ /x]sf] :ynut cWoogaf6 kfP .
o;/L x]bf{ pSt j8fdf cem}F #) k|ltzt hg;+Vof lzIffsf] pHofnf] ls/0faf6
al~rt ePsf] kfP .

#=!=@ k]zfsf cfwf/df pTt/bftfsf] agf]6 (Composition of

Respondents by Occupation)

o; cWoog If]qdf 5gf]6 ul/Psf pTt/bftfx?sf] k];fut

agf]6nfO{ s[lifdf $! hgf -^*=# k|ltzt_, Jofkf/df !) hgf -!^=& k|ltzt_ /
gf]s/Ldf ( hgf -!% k|ltzt_ /x]sf] s'/f tnsf] tflnsfaf6 :ki6 x'G5 .

tflnsf g+= @ k]zfsf cfwf/df pTT/bftfsf] agf]6

qm=; pTt/bftfsf] ;
ljj/0f k|ltzt
= +Vof

! s[lif $! ^*=#Ü

@ Jofkf/ !) !^=&Ü

# gf]s/L ( !%Ü

10
 hDdf ^) !))Ü

kfO rf6{ !
15

s[lif
16.7 Jofkf/
gf]s/L

68.3

k|:t't j[Qlrqdf x]bf{ s[lif k];fnfO{ cfTd;ft ug]{x? ^*=#Ü hg;ªVof /x]sf]
kfOof] . To;}ul/ Jofkf/df !) hgf -!^=&Ü_ cfˆgf] ;fgf]]]]]ltgf] Jofkf/ ug]
{ kfOof] hals !%Ü hg;+Vof gf]s/Ldf cfa¢ ePsf] ;fd'bflos ;j]{If0fdf
kTtf nfUof] alb{of lhNnf s[ifsx?sf] afx'No ePsf] x'Fbf oxfFsf] j8f g+=
& sf hgtfx?n] klg k]zfnfO{ hf]8 lbPsf] kfP .

tflnsf g+= M # dBkfg ;]jg ug]{sf] ljj/0f

qm=; ljj/0f ;+Vof k|ltzt
! ug]{ $@ &)Ü

@ gug]{ !* #)Ü

11
 :tDe lrq @
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
ug]{ gug]{

k|:t't tflnsfaf6 dBkfg ;]jg ug]{ gug]{ ;DalGwt cWoog

ubf{ pSt ;d'bfodf &)Ü n] dBkfg ;]jg u/]sf] / #)Ü n] ;]jg gu/]sf] kfOof] .
o:tf] x'g'df dBkfg ;]jg ug{ k/Dk/fut ;+:sf/ jf o;sf] bL3{sflng c;/ ga'em]/
u/]sf] kfOof] .

tflnsf g+= $ dBkfgsf] c;/ ;DalGw ljj/0f

ljj/0f hgf k|ltzt
l/ªu6f nfUg' % *=%Ü

d'v uGxfpg' !) !^=^Ü

kmf]S;f] sn]hf]sf] c;/ $) ^^=^Ü

cg'xf/ cFfvf /ftd] % *=%Ü

12
 kfO rf6{ @
8.5 8.5
l/ªu6f nfUg'
16.6 d'v ugfpg'
kmf]S;f] sn]hf]sf] c;/
cg'xf/ cfvf /ftf]

66.6

pQm ;d'bfodf dBkfgsf] c;/sf] af/]df ;f]wk'5 ubf{ l/ª\u6f nfUg',d'v

uGxfpg' sn]hf] kmf]S;f] c;/ / cfFvf /ftf] x'g' h:tf c;/x?sf] af/]df s|dz *=
%Ü, !^=%Ü, ^^=%Ü / *=%Ü ';DalGw 1fg ePsf] kfOof] .
pQm ;d'bfodf dBkfgsf] ;]jgaf6 kg{ ;Sg] c;/x? vf;} 1fg gePsf] kfOof] .

;'?df dBkfgsf] k|of]u ug]{ tl/sf ;DalGw ljj/0f

ljj/0f hgf k|ltzt
n's]/ l;s]sf] $) &&=%

;a} hgf b]Vg] u/L @) ##=%

l;s]sf]

hDdf ^) !))

13
 :tDe lrq #
100
80
60
40
20
0
n's]/ l;s]sf] ;a} hgfn] b]Vg] u/L l;s]sf]

pQm ;d'bfodf ;'?df dBkfg ;]jg s;/L u/] eGg] s'/fsf] cWoog ubf{ n's]/
^^=%Ü / ;a} hgfn] b]Vg] ul/ l;s]sf] ##=%Ü kfOof] . o;f] x'g'sf] d'Vo
sf/0f v'Nnf ;fdflhs kl/j]z tyf dBkfgsf] c;/sf] af/]df 1fg gePsf] kfOof] .
dBkfgsf] k|of]u ;DalGw ljj/0f
ljj/0f hgf k|ltzt
;fem $) ^^=%
lbpF;f] !% !@=@
ljxfg % *=#
hDdf ^) !))Ü

nfOg u|fkm !
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
;fFem lbpF;f] ljxfg

pQm ;d'bfodf dBkfgsf] ;]jg ug]{ ;fFem ^^=%Ü lbp;f] @%=@Ü / ljxfg
*=#Ü ;]jg u/]sf] kfOof] . o;f] x'g'sf] d'Vo sf/0f s]xL JolQmx? lbgel/sf]
sfdsf] ysfjtn] / s]xL JolQmx? /dfOnf] ug{sf nflu ;]jg u/]sf] kfOof] .

14
 dBkfg ;]jgn] a9L zl//sf] cËdf kfg]{ c;/

ljj/0f hgf k|ltzt

d'6' % *=%
Sn]hf] @) ##=@
k]6 #% %*=#
^) !))

kfO rf6{ #
8.5

d'6'
sn]hf]
33.2 k]6
58.3

pQm ;d'bfodf dBkfg ;]jgaf6 c;/ ;f]wcWoog ubf{ zl//sf] gf]S;fg x'g]
cËx? dWo] ;a} eGbf al9 k]6df %*=#Ü, sn]hf]df ##=@Ü / d'6'df *=
%Ü c;/ b]vf k/]sf] kfOof] . of] x'g'sf] sf/0f vfgf gvfg] / dBkfg dfq ;]jg
ug{] x'Fbf k]6df al9 c;/ k/]sf] kfOof] .
#=!=# dBkfg ug'{sf sf/0fx? (Causes of Alcoholism)
dBkfgn] hgtfsf] :jf:Yofdf tTsnLg bL3{sflng c;/x? kfOG5g\ . o:tf]
x'Fbfx'b} klg ;d'bfosf dflg;x?n] dBkfgsf] ntdf km:g k'U5g\ . cWoog
ubf{ o; cWoog If]qsf ^) hgf pQ/bftfx?nfO{ dBkfg ug'{sf sf/0f s]–s]
x'g < egL ;f]lwPsf] k|Zgsf] k|ltlqmof lgDGlnlvt 5g\ .

15
!_ ;fyLefOsf] k|efj
@_ csf{sf] gSsn ug{]
#_ b'Mv kL8f lj;{g
$_ k'/fgf] ;+:sf/n] ubf{
o;/L dBkfg ug{sf] sf/0fx?df ;a} eGbf a9L ;fyLefOsf] k|efjn] g} /x]sf]
kfP .

16
 cWofo M rf/ (Chapter-Four)
;f/f+z, glthf, lgisif{ / ;'emfj
(Summary, Findings, Inclusions and Recommendations)

$=! ;f/f+z (Summary)

s'g} klg b]zsf] hgtfsf] hLjg:t/ clea[l4 ug{ :jf:Yo ;]jf / ;'ljwfsf]
pknAwtfsf] dxTjk"0f{ e"ldsf /xG5 eg] hgtfdf hgr]tgfsf] klg Tolts}
dxTj /xG5 . hgr]tgfsf] cefjn] ubf{ dflg;x? laleGg s'ntdf nfUg] u/]sf]
kfOG5 . dBkfg hgr]tgfsf] sldn] ubf{ ;d'bfodf Jofjxfl/s :jf:Yo ;d:of
/x]sf] 5 . o;nfO{ Jofjxfl/s :jf:Yo ;d:ofsf] ;+:sf/ klg eGg] ul/G5 .
o;n] ;d'bfodf cfly{s ;d:ofnfO{ lgDTofpF5 .

;d'bfodf dBkfgnfO{ ;fdfGo ?kdf x]g]{ rng 5 . dBkfgn] SofG;/,

kmf]S;f];DaGwL /f]ux? / Uofl:6«s h:tf /f]ux? nfUg k'¥ofpF5 . o;
lsl;dsf] ;d:ofaf6 cfh ;+;f/sf w]/} h;f] b]zsf hgtfn] d[To'j/0f ug{ k'u]sf
5g . olx jf:tljstfnfO{ lu/f]wfo{ u/]/ xfdLn] a9}Foftfn ufpFkfnLsf j8f
g+= & /fduf}8Ldf a;f]af; ug]{ hgtfdf dBkfgsf] 1fg, k|of]u /
c;/ ;DaGwL ;d:ofsf] cWoog ;~rfng u/]/ pQm sfo{ k'/f u/]sf lyof}F .

;fd'bflos :jf:Yo ;j]{If0fsf nflu d}n] pQm j8f g+= & nfO{ 5gf]6
u/]sf lyof}F . To; j8fdf /x]sf hDdf pQm 3/w'/L @)) /x]df ^) 3/w'/L
cyf{t #) k|ltzt 3/w'/LnfO{ ;/n ;+of]u gd'gf 5gf]6 ljlw4f/f pQm 3/w'/Lsf
3/d'nLx?nfO g} cWoogdf ;dfj]z u/fPsf lyof}F . tYofª\s ;+sngsf nflu
cGtjf{tf{ tflnsf / cjnf]sg ?h';"rL cflbnfO{ k|of]udf NofPsf lyof}F . o;df
;wf/0ftof k|ultsf] ;xof]uaf6 tYofªs a9L /f]rs / :ki6 kfg{ k|of; u/]sf
lyof}F . cWoog :yndf afl;Gbfx?df dBkfg c;/x? dBkfg lsg ul/G5 .
17
dBkfg eg]sf] s] xf] < eGg] h:tf s'/fx?sf ;DaGwdf /fd|f] 1fg gePsf]
kfof}F .

18
$=@ glthf (Findings)

k|:t't ;fd'bflos :jf:Yo ;j]{If0faf6 k|fKt ePsf glthfx? o; k|sf/ /x]sf 5g\ .

!_ o; cWoogsf ;xefuL ePsf pQ/bftfx?sf] ;+Vof ^) lyof] .

@_ cWoogdf ;xefuL ePsf pQ/bftfx? 3/d'nLx? g} lyP .

#_ pQm ;d'bfodf :jf:Yo ;j]{If0faf6 k|fKt ePsf glthfx? o; k|sf/ /x]sf 5g\ .

$_ pQm ;d'bfodf dBkfg ;]jg ug]{sf] ljj/0f &)Ü / gug]{sf] #)Ü kfOof] .

%_ pQm ;d'bfodf dBkfgsf] c;/sf] af/]df ;f]wk'5 ubf{ l/ª\u6f nfUg' d''v
uGxfpg', sn]hf] kmf]S;f]sf] c;/ / cfFvf /ftf] x'g' h:tf c;/x?sf] af/]df
qmdz *=%Ü, !^=%Ü, ^^=%Ü / *=%Ü ;DalGw 1fg ePsf] kfOof] .

^_ pQm ;d'bfodf ;'?df dBkfg ;]jg s;/L u/] eGg] s'/fsf] cWoog ubf{ n's]/
^^=%Ü / ;a} hgfn] b]Vg] ul/ ;s]sf] ##=%Ü kfOof] .

&_ pQm ;d'bfodf dBkfgsf] ;]jg ug]{ ;fFem ^^=%Ü, lbpF;f] @%=
%Ü / ljxfg *=#Ü ;]jg u/]sf] kfOof] .

*_ pQm ;d''''bfodf dBkfg ;]jgaf6 c;/ ;f]wcWoog ubf{ zl//sf] gf]S;fg

x'g] cª\ux? dWo ;a} eGbf a9L k]6df %*=#Ü sn]hf]df ##=@Ü /
d'6'df *=%Ü c;/ b]vf k/]sf] kfOof] .

$=# lgisif{x? (Conclusion)

pNn]lvt glthfx?sf cfwf/df lgDglnlvt lgisif{x? lgsfNg ;lsG5 .

!= hgtfdf dBkfg ;DalGw 1fg yf]/} ePsf] kfOG5 .

@= dBkfg ug{] ntdf nfUg] sf/0fx?df clwsf+z JolQmx?n] ;fyLefOsf]

k|efjx?nfO{ d"No sf/0fsf ?kdf lnOPsf kfof}+ .

#= cWoog If]qdf s[lif k]zfnfO{ cfTd;ft ug{] afl;Gbfx?sf] ;+Vof a9L

kfOof] .

19
$= cWoog If]df ;fIf/ pRr lzIff tflnd u/]sf eGbf lg/If/sf] ;+Vof s]xL sd
kfOof] .

20
$=$ ;'wf/sf nflu l;kmfl/;x? (Recommendation Improvement)

pNn]lvt glthf / lgisif{sf cfwf/df o; j8fdf

ul/Psf ;fd'bflos :jf:Yo ;j{]If0fsf] lgDglnlvt ;'emfjx? k|:t't u/]sf 5f}+ .

!= o; j8fdf /x]sf lg/If/nfO{ ;fIf/ agfpg] cleofg rnfpg' kg{] x'G5 .

@= o; j8fsf afl;Gbfx?df s[lif sfo{;DalGw cfw'lgs Pjd\ a}1flgs k|ljlw

ckgfpg clek|]l/t ug'{ kb{5 .

#= dBkfgn] lnG5 Hofg eGg] s'/fnfO{ 6f]ndf u/fP/ hgr]tgf

d"nsfo{qmdx? ;~rfng ug'{kb{5 .

$= cleefjsx?n] cfˆgf 5f]/f5f]/Lx?nfO{ dBkfgk|lt ljt[i0ff hufpg]

vfnsf ;"rgfx? lbg' kb{5 .

%= cleefjsx?n] cfˆgf kfl/jfl/s ;b:ox?nfO{ dBkfg ug{]x?sf] ;+utdf / k|

efj kg{af6 arfpg' k5{ .

^= Alcohol hGo kbfy{sf] pTkfbg, ljqmL, ljt/0f / cf];f/kf];f/df

lszf]/lszf]/Lx?nfO{ nufpg' x'b}g .

&= ;d'bfosf afl;Gbfx?nfO{ dBkfgsf tTsflng / bL3{sfnLg c;/x?

sf ;DaGwdf ;/f]sf/jfnf lhDd]jf/L lgsfo / hg:jf:Yo;+u ;DalGwt ;
+3;+:yfx?af6 ;do–;dodf r]tgf d"ns :jf:Yo sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug'{kb{5 .

21
 cWofo M kfFr (Chapter-Five)
:jf:Yo lzIff PS;fg sfo{qmd
(Action Progeamme on health Education)

%=! sfo{qmdsf] k[i7e"ld (Background of the Programme):-

xfd|f] cWoogsf] k[i7e"ld a9}oftfn ufpFkflnsf j8f g+= &

/fduf}8Ldf a;f]af; ug]{ afl;Gbfx?df dBkfg;DaGwL 1fg , k|of]u / c;/
Pjd\ dBkfg ug'{sf sf/0fx?sf ;DaGwdf cWoog ug]{ k|oTg u/]sf lyof} .
To;} cg';f/ cWoog sfo{ / ;fd'bflos :jf:Yo ;j]{If0f ptm If]qnfO{ u/]sf
lyof}F . s'n @)) 3/w'/Lx? dWo] ^) hgfnfO{ ;/n ;+of]u gd'gf 5gf]6 ljlw
(Simpal random sampling method) af6 5gf]6 u/]sf lyof} . tL dWo]
dBkfgsf] c;/x? To;sf af/]df /fd|f] 1fg gePsf] ;fy} dBkfgsf ntdf k/]sf @)
hgf / -$) k|ltzt_ pQ/bftfx? :jf:Yo;DaGwL ;d:ofx?df k/]sf xF'bf
pQm ;d:ofnfO{ lg/fs/0f ug{sf nflu xfd|f] cWoogn] hgr]tgfd"ns dBkfg
lj?4sf] :jf:Yo sfo{qmd ;+rfng u/]sf lyof} .

sfo{qmddf pQ/ If]qdf a;f]af; ug]{ afl;Gbfx? / ;j{;fw/0f hgtfx?

nfO{ klg cfdGq0f u/]/ dBkfgn] dfgj :jf:Yodf ug]{ tTsfnLg / bL3{sflng
:jf:Yo ;d:ofsf ;DaGwdf cfjZos 1fgd"ns ;Gb]zx? k|bfg ug]{ / plgx?sf]
afgL Jojxf/nfO{ ?kfGt/0f ug{ d2t k'¥ofpg] lsl;dsf] sfo{qmd o;
cWoogdf xfdLn] hg:jf:Yosf] If]qdf sfd ug]{ ;fyL efOx? j8fsf] ;a}
hgfnfO{ kfos kg]{ :yfgdf ;~rfng u/]sf lyof} .

%=@ sfo{qmdsf p2]Zox? (Objectives of the programme)

22
 o; j8fsf] ;fd'bflos :jf:Yo ;j]{If0faf6 k|fKt kl/0ffd tyf lgisif{df
cfwfl/t eP/ pQm If]qdf /x]sf sdLsdhf]/Lx?nfO{ Go"lgs/0f ug]
{ p2]Zon] of] sfo{qmd ;~rfng u/]sf lyof} . h;sf p2]Zox? o; k|sf/
lyP .
!_ ;d'bfosf afl;Gbfx?nfO{ dBkfgsf tTsflng / bL3{sflng c;/x?
sf ;DaGwdf hfgsf/L u/fpg' .
@_ ;d'bfosf afl;Gbfx?sf] Jofjxf/df ck]lIft;'wf/ Nofpg hg:jf:Yosf
If]qdf sfo{/t dfgjLo ;|f]t klxrfg u/]/ Jofjxfl/s 1fg k|bfg ug'{ .
#_ dBkfgn] xfd|f] sn]hf] d'6'df c;/ kfg{] ePsfn] dBkfg ug'{ hLjg
5f]6\ofpg' g} eGg] dx;'; u/fpg' .
$_ ;d'bfo txdf /x]sf ju{, tx, hflt, blnt ;a} Joltmx?df dBkfg lj?4
hgr]tgf km}nfpg] lsl;dsf sfo{qmdx? ;~rfng ug{ cflb .
%=# nlIft afl;Gbfx?sf] ;+Vof (Number of Forget Inhabitants)

o; a9}oftfn ufpFkflnsf j8f g+= & /fduf}8Ldf ;fdf'bflos :jf:Yo ;j]

{If0f stf{n] cWoog u/]sf] ^) 3/w'/Lx? -pQ/bftfx?_ g} nlIft afl;Gbfx?
lyP . o; cltl/Qm pQm j8fdf a;f]af; ug]{ lzIfs, lzlIfsf, :jf:YofsdL{x?,
a'l4lhjL ljleGg /fhg}lts kf6L{x?df cjf4 ePsf sfo{stf{, ;fdfh;]jLx? klg
pQm sfo{qmddf pkl:yt eP/ :jf:Yo / bL3{ hLjgsf nflu j8f dBkfg d'Qm
agfpg / ;d:of ;dfwfgsf ;DaGwdf Jojl:yt 1fg k|fKt ug{] cj;/ kfPsf lyof}+
.

%=$ ljifoa:t' (Subjective Matter)

o; sfo{qmddf lgDglnlvt ljifoa:t'x? ;+sng ul/Psf lyP .

!= dBkfgsf] kl/ro, k|sf/ / To;sf] tTsfnLg / bL3{sfnLg c;/x? .

23
@= kmf]S;f] , sn]hf] , d'6'df kg{ ;Sg] c;/x? .

#= dBkfgsf] ntdf gnfUgsf nflu ckgfpg' kg]{ pkfox? .

$= dBkfgsf] lj?4 rflng] hgr]tgfd"ns sfo{qmd .

%=% ef}lts tyf dfgjLo ;|f]tx? (Physical and Human Resources)

%=%=!= ef}lts ;|f]tx? (Physical Resources)

of] dBkfg lj?4sf] hgr]tgfd"ns sfo{qmd ;~rfng ug{sf nflu dBkfgn]

ubf{ z/L/sf ljleGGf cªx?df SofG;/ agfPsf] kf]:6/, rf6{, >fJo ,
b[Zo ;fdfu|L, 5nkmn, k|jrg / hg:jf:Yo lzIffnfO{ k|of]udf NofPsf lyof}F
.

%=%=@ dfgjLo ;|f]tx? (Human Resources)

o;df ;+nUg hg:jf:Yo If]qdf ;+nUg Joltmx? / SofG;/, cN;/

/f]u;DagwL /fd|f] cg'ej u/]sf lrlsT;snfO{ ;|f]t JolQmsf ?kdf k|of]udf
NofPsf lyof}F .

%=^ ck]lIft pknlAw (Expected Outcomes)

o; sfo{qmdn] pQm j8fdf /x]sf afl;Gbfx?df /x]sf] dBkfgsf] k|

of]usf] l:ylt dBkfgn] hg:jf:Yodf kf/]sf] tTsflng / bL3{sflng c;/x?
sf ;DjGwdf jf:tljstf klxrfg u/]/ plgx?nfO{ afgL Jojxf/df ;s/fTds kl/jt{g
NofP/ pQm j8fnfO{ dBkfg d'Qm j8f 3f]if0ff ug{ dbt k'¥ofpgsf lgldQ
o; j8fsf ;Dk"0f{ hghftL, blnt, dlxnf, k'?if, afnaflnsf, j[4j[4f cflbsf lardf
dBkfg lj?4sf] hgr]tgfd"ns sfo{qmdnfO{ ;+zQm agfpg] cfzfsf ;fy k|z:t
sfo{qmd u/]sf lyof}F .

24
25
C. ljBfno :jf:Yo sfo{qmdsf] ;j]{If0f ug{ cg';Gwfgstf{sf nflu tof/
ul/Psf]

Observation Form

qm
ljj/0f cj:yf
=;=
! ljBfno ejgsf] :jfldTj lglh ;/sf/L
cw{kS
@ ljBfno ejg slRr kSsL
sL
# sIffsf]7f e]lG6n]zg 5 5}Gf
$ sIffsf]7fsf 8]S; a]Grsf] Joj:yf 5 5}g
% ljBfnodf lkpg] kfgLsf] ;|f]t wf/f 6o"j]n s'jf
ljBfnosf] kmf]x/d}nfsf]
^ y'kf/]/ uf8]/ hnfP/
Joj:yfkg
& ljBfnodf vfhf vfg] 5 5}g
* lzIf0f l;sfO{df ljBfyL{ ;lqmotf /fd|f] dWod Go"g
( sIffsf]7f ;/;kmfO{ ;kmf kmf]xf]/
!) v]ns'b d}bfg 5 5}g
sIffsf]7fdf sfnf]kf6Lsf]
!! ;]tf] sfnf]
Joj:yfkg
!@ ljBfno k':tsfnosf] Joj:yfkg 5 5}g

26
 cGtjftf{ tfnLsf
(Interview Schedule)

afl;Gbfx?sf] hg;fªlVos ljj/0f (Demographic Description of Inhabitants)

pQ/bftfsf] gfd M
pd]/ M ln+u
lzIff M hft M
k];f M wd{
lgb]{zg M s[kof k|To]s k|Zgsf] pQ/ OdfGbf/L Pjd\ ;Totfk"j{s
lbg'eO{ ;xof]u ug'{x'g cg'/f]w ub{5}f pQm k|ZgfjnLsf pQ/x?
dBkfg;DaGwL ;d:ofx? kQf nufO{ To;sf] ;dfwfgsf pkfox? klxrfg
ug{ k|of]u ul/g]5 .

s_ dBkfgsf] 1fg;DaGwL k|Zgfx? (Question related with the knowledge of

Alcohols)

!= tkfO{nfO{ dBkfg;DaGwL s]xL yfxf 5 <

s_ yfxf 5 v_ yfxf 5}g <
yfxf 5 eg] dBkfg eg]sf] s] xf] <
==================================================
===========================
@= tkfO{n] dBkfg ug'{ x'G5 ls ug'{ x'Gg\ <
s_ u5'{ , v_ulb{g ,
obL dBkfg ug'{x'G5 eg] lsg ug'{x'G5 <
s_ b'Mv kL8f la;{g v_ csf{sf] gSsn u/]/
u_ k'/fgf] ;+:sf/n] ubf{ u_ ;fyLefO{sf] k|efj
#_ tkfO{ s;/L dBkfg ug{ yfNg' eof] <
27
s_ :jfb klxrfg ug{ v_ lk8f ljif{gsf nfuL
u_ unt ldqsf] ;ªutn] ubf{ 3_ c?sf] gSsnn] ubf{

28
$_ dBfkfgn] hg:jf:yodf c;/ u5{ eGg] s'/f tkfO{nfO{ yfxf 5 <
s_ yfxf 5 v_ yfxf 5}g
olb yfxf 5 eg] s'g dfWofdaf6 yfxf kfpg'eof] <
s_ /]l8of] v_ kqklqsf
u_ ;8s gf6s u_ l6=eL
%_ tnsf dWo dWo] dBokfgsf] bL3{sdnLg c;/x? s]–s] x'g\ <
s_ l/ªu6f nfUg' v_ d'v ugfpg'
u_ kmf]S;f]sf] SofG;/ x'g' u_ cg'xf/ /ftf] x'g'
^_ tkfO{ dBkfgfsf s'g–s'g k|sf/x? ;]jg ug'{x'G5 <
s_ /S;L v_ hfF8
u_ ljo/ 3_ dfyLsf ;a}
v_ dBkfgsf] k|of]u / c;/;DaGwL k|Zgfx? (Question related about the
affect of Smoking)

!_ tkfO{n] dBkfg n's]/ ug'{x'G5 ls b]Vg] u/L <

s_ n's]/ v_ ;a}n] b]Vg] u/L
@_ dBkfghGo lbgdf kbfy{x?sf] vl/b–lals| / k|of]u ug'{ /fd|f] x'G5 .
s_ x'G5 v_ x'b}g
#_ tkfO{n] lbgdf slt k6s dBkfg ug'{x'G5 <
s_ @ k6s v_ $ k6s
u_ ^ k6s 3_ * k6s
$_ dBkfghGo kbfy{sf] lj1fkgn] w]/} dfgL;x?nfO{ k|efj k/]sf 5 <
s_ nfU5 v_ nfUb}g
%_ tkfO{sf] larf/df dBkfg ;]jgn] zl//sf] s'g c+unfO{ gf]S;fg u5{ <

29
s_ kmf]S;f] v_ d'6'
u_ sn]hf] 3_ k]6
^_ dBkfghGo kbfy{sf] lj1fkgn] tkfO{nfO{ s"tf] cg'e"lt lbG5 <
s_ nfG5 v_ v/fa
u_ pQ]lht 3_ cGo
&_ dBkfghGo kbfy{sf] lj?4sf] hgr]tgf hufpg s]–s] ug'{ knf{ <
s_ rnlrq dfkm{t dBkfg lj?4sf] cleofg rnfpg]
v_ kqklqsf dfkm{t u_ l6le dfkm{t 3_ cGo
*_ dBkfghGo kbfy{n] d'v / kmf]S;f]df s] s:tf] c;/x? kfb{5g <
==================================================
==================================================
==
(_ tnsf jfSo k9]/ ;xdt eP …;Ú c;xdt eP …c;Ú / lglZrt eP …clgÚ
/fVg'xf];\ <
s_ dBkfg ug'{ :jf:Yosf nfuL /fd|f] x'G5 .
v_ ;xdt u_ c;xdt 3_ clglZrtf
!)_ tkfO{sf] eljrf..df o; j8fnfO{ dBkfg d'Qm u/fpg s] ug'{knf{ <
==================================================
==================================================

30
 ;Gbe{ ;|f]tx? (References)

 Acharya Krishna Prasad (2008) Community Health.

 Education for Health (1988) annual on HE in PHC WHO Geneva.
 Karki Asok Kumar (2002) community health knowledge and practical a cource
book Kathmandu Kshitik Publications.
 Adhikari Ganesh Prasad (2000 AD) proposal and thesis writing, Ratna Pustak
Bhandar.
 Best, John W.jemes V Kahn (1992), Research in Education, prentice-Hall in
India Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi.
 Kumar De Anilet al (2007) Environmental studies, New Delhi.

31