Time: connecting words and expressions BE. One thing before another had written to her prior to meeting the committee. (formal/written style) Itwasniceto be in Venice. Previously I'd only been to Rome. (fariyformal, moreinformal would be Before that, |...) Iwasiin the office from2.30. |was out earlier on. [before then; fairly informal] Thestreet is now called Treetop Avenue. Formerly it was Hedge Lane. fairly formal, typicallywritten; used when something has changed its name, state, etc) Dinner will be ready in about an hour. In the meantime / Meanwhile, relax and havea drink. [between now and thettime ofthe meal] GE Things happening at the same time ‘She was entering (at) the very time / the very moment I was leaving. (these two are strongerand more precise than as orjust as) The two events happened simultaneously. [started and ended at exactly the same time] During the wer, she lived in Dublin. Throughout the war, they remained in the city. Language During does not specify how long within a period of time, Throughout means from the beginning to the end of a period of time, BE One thing after another Read this personal statement by someone hoping to work foran international corporation in China. The words in bold are rather formal. Following! my first visitto Beijing, Iread several books about China and subsequently” decided to take six-month course in Mandarin Chinese. I revisited China on several occasions thereafter? and now feel that have a good knowledge of the country andits culture. after Zatsometime afterthat 3 afterfinishing the course Note also immediate (adjective), e.g. The government removed the price regulations and the immediate result was a 10% price rise. [which happened at once] Time when ‘The moment / The minute | saw his face knew I'd met him before. I stayed in that hospital the time (that) broke my leg. Imet Paula at Mark’s wedding, Onthat occasion she was with adifferent man. (more formal) Non-specific time expressions We can discuss the budget now. Ata later stage we can discuss the detailed arrangements ‘At some point we will have to replace our computers, but we're OK forthe moment. [atanunspecified timeinthe future] 128 English Vocabulary in Use Upper.intermediateExercises 61.1 Look at these pages from the personal diary of Laura, a businesswoman who travels a lot, and then do the exer Mon Paris —day 5 -Pompidou Centre Up early. Said goodbye to Nick and Fri 12 then theatre. left. Saw bad accident on motorway, 16 Tue Been away 6 days! Paris OK, but Answered all the emails, then felt Sat 13 miss home. | could watch 7 Wed Left Paris 10 am. Huge pile of Lots of phone calls - Kate, Ellie ‘Sun 14 emails waiting! and George all ina row! Lazy day! 1B ‘Thu Manchester, then Glasgow. Met Book tickets for Dublin 24th Notes 15 Manuela at Nick's. the gaps with time expressions from A and B opposite. You are given the first letter. _.to going to Manchester, Laura was in Paris rip after Glasgow sto Dublinon the 24th. | she can relaxathome. 3 Shewasawayforaweek. ...... 4 Shewasin Glasgow on the 15th. € .. 5 Shewentto the theatre in Parison Monday. P Pompidou Centre she had lots of emails to deal with. On she had been in Manchester. .uthat, she had been tothe 6F sasamet Visitto Nick, she saw a bad accident on the motorway. 7 OnSunday, she had alotofphonecallsd .. athe day. 8 Them... .n- She put the phone down itrang again. This time it was George. 61.2 _ Rewrite the words in bold using words or phrases from opposite. 1 Lemailed Jamesand gota reply straight away. 2 Iwill contactyou ata time | ean’t specify to arrange to get together to discuss things, 3 Thetwo committees were meeting at exactly the same time. 4 Lwas living in Budapest when | was offered the job in Paris. 61.3 Read the comments and then answer the questions. Gunilla twasin Edward ‘Iwas Kim atthe fanaa Josep ‘Ivisited Oriotroughout_ |inbenstora, | [wari ) pases Vonburgata the summer. week, then in ‘was in Rome, ae laterstage| went Josep visited me Rome fortwo Edward was ae toBerlin’ duringthat time.” weeks thereafter? inRome? " occasion’ 1 Which two people were in the same place at the same time? Kim and Edvard 2 Did Liba see Edward when she was in Athens? Yes/No. = 3 Did Gunilla spend part of the summer or all summer in Oslo? 4 Where did Josep go first - Berlin of HAMBUFE? anon 5 Howmany weeks in total did Edward spend in Athens anc 6 Did Josep spend the whole summer in Oslo or probably just part of it? 64 Oa Complete the sentences so they are true for you. 1 The moment |wake up, | 3 1'm doing vocabulary right now. Eatlier on, | was 2 Throughout my childhood | 4 Prior to going on holiday, l always. 129Cy Ren nie 130 Words connecting sentence parts Inaddition toif, there are several other words and phrases for expressing condition. 1 You can’t come in unless you have aticket. 2 Youcanborrow the bike on condition that [..-ifyou donot have ticket) you return it by five o'clock, 3 Incase of fire, dial 112. [When thereis...; usually seen onnotices; you can also sayinthe evento] 4 Youcan stay, as/so long.as you don’t mind sleeping on the sofa. (as tongasislessformalthansolongas And less formal and not so st’ong as on condition that) 5 Provided/Providing you don’t mind cats, you can stay with us. (providing (that) or provided (that) can also be used in examples 2 and 4; they are ess formal and not so strong as on condition that but stronger and more restricting than as/se long as) UTC} Don't confuse in ease of with in case. Take your umbrella in case it rains means ‘Ii raining but t might rain? Supposing ... and What if Note the use of supposing and whatif (both usually found in spoken language) for possible situations in the future, Whatifis more direct. Mick: Ethan's coming tomorrow. He'll help us. Alice: Supposing / What if he doesn’tturn up -what shall we do then? Conditions with -ever The-ever su ixmeans ‘it does not matter which ..., The stress isnormally on ever. Te eae CMR alg oe Sete eee rien vc eacices Bet Pre au cars bus. Public ver you go here, Whoever wins thenext election should try to lower fares. Cauca These sentences can also be expressed using no matter. Note the stress. No matter how you decide to travelin this country, itwill cost you lot of money. No matter who wins the next election, they should try to lower fares. erty With the condition phrases in A, B and C the present tense is used in the conditional clause. Take a jacket in case it gets cold later on, (NOT Take a jacket in case Hewitt get cold later on.) Some nouns which express condition Certain conditions must be met before the peace talks can begin. (ratherformal) Agood standard of English is a prerequisite /pri:'rekwztt/ for studying at a British university. absolutely necessary; veryformal] Whatare the entry requirements /ra'kwatsmonts/ for doing a diploma in Management at your college? [oicialconditions;rather formal] Iwouldnot move to London under any circumstances. (fairly formal) English Vocabulary in Use Upper.intermediate62.1 62.2 62.3 62.4 Exercises the gaps with a suitable word or phrase from A and B opposi 1 Youcan come tothe party 5 om, .you don’t bring that awful friend of yours. 2 emergency in the machine room, sound the alarm and notify the supervisor at once. 3B catia seensermmnaee! HAY from you, 4 Aperson may take the driving test again within the previous 14 days. 5 Hentyou my car, would that help? assume you are coming, _.they have not already taken atest Change the sentences with -ever to no matter, and vice versa. 1 Wherever she goes, she always takes that dog of hers. No matter where she goes, she always takes that deg of hers. 2 Manyone rings, Idon'twantto speak to them, no matter who itis. 3 Nomatter what Ido, | always seem to do the wrong thing. 4 Itllprobably have meat nit, whichever dish you choose. They don't caterfor, vegetarians here. 5 Nomatter how I doit, that recipe never seems to work. 6 However hardyoutry, you'll never be ableto do itall on your own, ‘The pictures show conditions that must be met to do certain things. Make different sentences using words and phrases from the opposite page. EXAMPLE 7You can havea passenger on a motorbike provided they wear a hebuck / Unless you wear a helmet, you can trideon a motorbike What would your answers be to these questions? 1 Are there any prerequisites for the job you do or would like to do in the future? 2 Under what circumstances would you move from where you're living at the moment? ‘3 What are the normal entry requirements for university in your country? ‘4 0nwhat condition would you lend a friend your house/flat? aan(PE CUM Peei mes cs BE) cause and reason You probably know how to use words like because, since and as to referto the cause of or reason forsomething, Here are some other ways to express cause and reason The collisionwas due te the icy conditions. The collision was caused byice on the road. The cause of the collision was ice on the road. ‘The heavy rain caused the riverte flood. ‘Owing te the icy conditions, the two cars collided. Wren you use owing to with a clause, you must follow it with the fact that. In this example, the clause is underlined, Owing to the fact that the conditions were icy, the two cars collided. (NOT Owingteshe conditions wereicy, ...) Hereare some other ‘cause’ words and typical contexts. They are all rather formal, and more suitable forwritten use The rise in prices sparked (off) alot of political protest. (often used for very trong, perhaps violent, reactions to events) The President's statement gave rise to / provoked / generated allot of criticism. (slightly less strong than spark (off)) ‘Thenew law has brought about /led to great changes in education. (often used fr political/social change) This problem stems from the inflation of recent years. (explaining the direct origins of events and states) ‘The court case arose from / out of allegations made ina newspaper. (the allegationsstarted the process that le to the court case) EEE) 0 Reasons for and purposes of doing things Herreason for not going with us was that she had no money. or The reason (why) she didn’t go with uuswas that... (less formal) ‘The following sentences are all fairly formal, and more frequent in written English: Iwonder what his metives were in sending that email? (purpose) Iwonder what prompted herto send that message? (reason/cause) She wrote to the press with the aim of exposing the scandal. (ourpose) I'veinvited you here with a view to resolving our differences. (soundsa bit moreindirectthan withthe aim of) He refused to answer on the grounds that his lawyer wasn’t there, (reason) ‘The purpose of her visit was to inspect the equipment. TS eeu: Most of these expressions are fairly formal, and more frequent in written English: He did no work. Asa result /Asa consequence / Consequently, he failed his exams. ‘Theresult/consequence ofall these changesi that no one is happy any more. The examples with consequence/consequently sound more formal than result. His remarks resulted in everyone getting angry. (verb +in) The events had an outcome that no one could have predicted. [result ofa process or events, or of, meetings, discussions, etc] The upshot of all these problems was that we had to start again. (lessformalthan outcome) When the election results were announced, chaos ensued. (very formal) 132 English Vocabulary in Use Upper.intermediate63.1 63.2 63.3 63.4 Exercises Make two sentences into one u opposite if you aren’t sure. 1 There was acontroversial decision, She wrote to the local newspaper to protest. (prompt) The controversial decision prompted her to write tothe local newspaper te protest 2 Ididn’t contact you. 'd lost your phone number. (reason) 3 Iwillnot sign. This contractis illegal. (grounds) 4 The government passed anew law. Itwas in order to control prices. (aim) 5 She sent everyone flowers. lwonder why? (motives) 6 Thesalarywas high. She applied for the job. (prompt) ig the ‘reason and purpose’ words in brackets. Look at B Make full sentences using ‘cause and reason’ words from A opposite. 1 closure of 20 mines — strikes in coal industry The elesure of 20 mines sparked (oft) strikes in the coal industry. 2 Theannouncement of higher taxes -»a strong attack from the opposition 3 ThenewActofParliament — great changes in industry 4 The failure of the electrical system — the train crash 5 Aviolent storm — the wall collapsed 6 Food shortages — serious riotsin several cities 1 The food shortages bad economic policies Fillin the missing prepositions. 1 My reasons LP. emo Mot joining the club are personal. 2 Thepurpose ~uthis pedals to control the speed. BUCAMENETE soennnennn the aim resolving our dispute. 4 His stupidity has resulted ‘everyone having to do more work. 5 Allthisarose ‘one small mistake we made. 6 Itwasdone _naview .lowering inflation 7 That pressarticlehas given rise alot of criticism. Use the sures to describe the causes and results of events in different ways. 1... the road was blocked. There was heavy 2 ...everyone got arefund, snow, which caused the read to be blocked. & [ | pls 3 ..., the customers got angry. 4 ..wehadtowalkhome. 133Concession and contrast BEY vers of concession Concession means accepting one part of an idea or fact, but putting another, more important. argument orfact against. Itcan be expressed witha conjunction, e.g. Although they were poor, they were independent, oran adverb, e.g. Heis abit stupid. He’s very kind, nevertheless, or through verbs like those in the table below. fo [Eee lacknowledge/accept that he has worked L agree but... (accepts less formal than hard butitisn'tenough acknowledge) ladmit | was wrong, but I still think we U accept 'm guilty of what m accused of were right to doubt her. Iconcede that you are right about the You have won this pointin our argument, goal, but not the method. (cather formal, used in debates/arguments) BED Adverbs and other phrases showing contrast ‘These examples are fairly informal: OK, you're sorry. That’s all well and good / That’s all very well, but how are you going to pay usback? Youshouldn’tseem so surprised. Afterall, | did warn you. It’s all very well saying you love dogs, but who will take it for walksifwe do get one? He is boring, and he israther cold and unfriendly, = but, for allthat, he isyouruncle and weshould 4 invite him, These examples are more formal Admittedly, she puta lot ofeffortin, but twas all wasted. Ithought she didn't like me. In fact, the reverse was true, In Europe they use metric measurements. In contrast, the USA stilluses many non-metric measurements. It’s not actually rainingnow. Onthe other hand, it may rain, later, so take the umbrella BD Collocating phrases for contrast When it comesto politics, Jamie and Isla are poles apart. There's a world of difference between beinga friend anda lover. ‘There's great divide between city residents and people who live in the country. ‘Ayawning gap divides the rich and poor in many countries. There's a huge discrepancy between his ideals and his actions, We'renot almostthere at all Quite the opposite: we've got fivemiles to goyyet. U'] ‘On the other hand means ‘that is true and thisis aso true if we look at it rom a different Viewpoint e.g. Life in the country is nice and quiet. On the other hand, you have to go a long way to _get to the shops. On the contrary isa rather formal expression which means ‘that isnot true; the opposite is true, eg. A: You must be pleased with your exam results. B: On the contrary, I thought they would be much better, 134 English Vocabulary in Use Upper.intermediate64.1 Exercises these sentences using the most likely verb from A opposite (there is usually more than sssibility). 1 Iknow that you weren't solely to blame, but you must take some responsibility. 1 acept that you weren't solely te blame bu you must take some responsibilty. 2.0K, Ok, was wrong, youwereright;heisanice guy. 3 The companys prepared to accept that you have suffered some delay, but we do not accept liability. 4 She didn’t deny that we had done all we could, but she was still not content. Complete the sentences with phrases from B opposite. 1 OK, you've cleaned the kitchen; 2 Noneed to panic. 3 She's bossy and sly, but = very.well., butwhat meneinas _ about the diningroom? doesn’t start till six. sheisa friend. eet = 5 Iknowyou've been very busy = saying preparing for the school concert. you'llpaymebacksoon; nt a. but you still when iswhat! want to know! mustn’tneglect your homework. 4 Use the word in brackets in an appropriate collocation to make comments on these statements. 1 Some people believe in nuclear weapons, somein world disarmament, (divide) There's a great divide between those who believe in nuclear weapons, and those whe believe in world disarmament 2. She says one thing, She does quite the opposite. (discrepancy) 3 Toby believes in saving as much as possible. Catalina prefers to spend all the money they earn. (poles) 4 Beinga student's one thing; being teacher's quite another. (world) 5 People in the north of the country have a totally different standard of living from thosein the south. (gap) Write a sentence before each of these sentences. 1 Legpected Lydia te be tall and dark. The reverse was true; she was short, with fairhair. 22 oon the other hand, itdoes havea big garden, so! think we shouldrentit. 3 sececscentecaneeuno increasing yearly. .Onthe contrary, the number of carson the road is. Incontrast, in Britain you drive on the lef “Quite the opposite; feel quite full. had a huge breakfast. Choose between on the other hand and on the contrary and explain what the speaker means. Vmnotworried; 24 the contrary, eel quite calm. 5 not rue that om worried. Wsexpensive,but_ ,wedoneedit Insomeways I'd like to change myjO, DUE nn sau» l'dmiss all my colleagues. Ion think he’s 125 0 cmnunnnrnomnns he puts ina great deal of effort. She doesn't speak Japanese well, , she only knows a couple of phrases. This hotel looks very attractive; it’s more expensive than the first one we looked a. 135,65 Addition 7) exorimotstntineimentitoe Pinar! Sener For this job you need a degree you need at least two year Additionally, experience. ‘Smartphones are becoming more Furthermore, Mereover, they are becoming cheaper. sophisticated, What's mere’, Children should respect their parents. | Equally, they should respect their Likewise, teachers, Welllhave all the stress of going to (On top of (all) that"*, ‘we'll have to pay the lawyers’ court and giving evidence. bills, “furthermore and moreover are normally interchangeable, and are both rather formal; what’s more is informal; what is more is rather formal ** emphatic: used mostly in informal spoken English. You can also use plus, e.g. To keep fit you need a good diet plus (you need) regular exercise. (normally used to connect noun phrases, but can connect clauses in informal speech) Expressions at the end of sentences/clauses They sell chairs, tables, beds, and so on /ct 'setra/. (and soenis more informal than ete.) Ill go to the committee, then to the board, then to another committee, and so on and so forth. [suggests long continuation; infil] He was good sportsman and an excellent musician inte the bargain / to boot. [emphasises the combination of items; infrnl] Expressions that begin, or come in the middle of, sentences/clauses Further to my telephone call to you yesterday, |amnow writing to... (formal openingfora letter oremail) In addition to winning the gold medal, she also broke the world record In addition to his BAin History, he has a PAD in Sociology. {fairly formal) Alongside her full-timejob asa dentist, she does voluntary conservation work at weekends. Ihave to go to the bank today, as well as getting myhair cut. Besides / Apart from having salary, he also has apprivateincome. ‘Apart from her many other hobbies, she restores old racing cars. JoEvanswas there, along with / together with a few other peoplewho I didn'tknow. ETIEY The words and expressions in Care followed by nouns, noun phrases, or a verb plus -ing, e.g. As well «as speaking Japanese, she also speaks French, (NOT Aswellaeshe-speaks Japanese, she also speaks French.) 136 English Vocabulary in Use Upper.intermediate65.1 65.2 65.3 65.4 65.5 Exercises n words and phrases. Try to doit without looking at the opposite pa oe Cat Dear Mes Coldstream, Farther to... my letter of 16 Marc, | should ike to give you more information conceming my qualifications and experience. ? holding 2 Diploma in Catering, also have an Advanced Certificate in Hotel Management, The course covered the usual areas: finance, lront services, publicity, space allocation : eons also wish to point out that holding these qualifications, have now been working inthe hotel trade for five years. 5 ‘iy experience prior to that was also connected \with tourism and hespitality. | hope you will give my application due consideration Yours sincerely, ‘Gemma Weaver Rewrite the sentences using the word or phrase in brackets at the end. 1 Physical labour can exhaust the body very quickly. Excessive study can rapidly reduce mental powers t00. equally) Physical labour cam exhaust the body very quick Equally excessive study can rapidly reduce mental powers. 2 My cousin turned up and some schoolmates of his came with him. (along with) 3 He owns abig chemical factory and herunsa massive ol businessin the USA, (aswellas) 4 mtheirscientificadviser and actas a consultantto the Managing Director. (addition) 5 Itwasraining and getting dark. We also had very little petro left in the tank. (top) 6 He's avery good singer. He has a degree in music. (more) Correct the mistakes in the use of addition words and phrases in these sentences. bein Iworkpartstime as wellas tana student, so Ihave a busy ie Besides to have a good job, my ambitions to meet someone nice to share my life with Alongside! have many other responsibilities, now have to be in charge of staff training, Inaddition has. degree, shealso has a diploma Likewise my father won’tagree, my mother’s sure to find something to object to To boot she's a good footballer, she's good athlete. He said he'd have to first consider the organisation, then the system, then the finance and so forth so on. What addition words/phrases can you associate with these pictures? 3 in 4 on Rewrit ing alternatives to ‘and’ and the words i expressions from the opposite page as possible. bold and as many fas ‘To become a successful athlete you will need tm be Stason yell fa ses at ea you will needa very special type of determination and stamina, And you will need support from friends and family, financial support and other things. And a good coach will help a great deal, motivating you and setting goals for you, And withall hose other things you will need that indefinable thing: talent. 137